JPH0351370B2 - - Google Patents

Description

[Detailed description of the invention]

The present invention relates to a method for cultivating useful plants, and more specifically, the present invention relates to a method for cultivating useful plants, and more specifically, the photosynthetic function of useful plants, which has been reduced by ultraviolet rays of sunlight, is restored by placing the photosynthetic function in a specific light quality atmosphere after sunset. The present invention relates to a method for cultivating useful plants for promoting growth, increasing yield, and/or improving quality. It goes without saying that plants are the only producers on earth that produce organic compounds rather than inorganic compounds by taking in solar energy through photosynthesis. Resource consumption is increasing significantly and it is predicted that there will be a shortage in the future. In addition to the light quality necessary for photosynthesis, sunlight also contains ultraviolet rays that have an adverse effect on photosynthesis. As a method for removing these ultraviolet rays, for example,
Ultraviolet ray cutting materials described in JP-A No. 47383, JP-A-53-98238, and the like have been developed and are widely used. However, these UV-cutting materials are not fully utilized for fruit trees and other trees that are grown over vast areas, and in the cultivation of strawberries and eggplants, the coloring of the fruits is poor, so greenhouse cultivation using UV-cutting film is difficult. There are some cases where this is not possible, and there are certain drawbacks. In addition, so-called supplementary light has traditionally been used to supplement the amount of sunlight necessary for crop growth using artificial light sources in regions, seasons, and times when the amount of sunlight necessary for growing crops is insufficient. There are two types of supplementary lighting: cloudy day supplementary lighting, and nighttime supplementary lighting called electric lighting.The former is economically problematic because it requires strong light intensity, and can also have a negative effect on some types of crops. The latter is simply a long-term irradiation of light with a weak light intensity, but whose wavelength range is different from the light quality of the present invention, mainly near-infrared rays, red-orange, etc., and the photosynthesis decreased due to daytime ultraviolet rays. It has no effect on functional recovery. The present inventors have conducted extensive research on methods for improving the productivity and/or quality of useful plants, mainly in relation to light quality conditions, not only in facility cultivation but also in plants with vast cultivation areas. It was discovered that the photosynthetic function of useful plants, which had been degraded by sunlight's ultraviolet rays, could be restored by placing them in an atmosphere with a specific light quality and intensity of light rays. . However, in cultivating useful plants, the present invention
The useful plants that have been irradiated with light containing substantially ultraviolet rays and whose photosynthetic function has decreased due to the irradiation with ultraviolet rays are treated at least within 1.5 hours after sunset, without the purpose of daytime light supplementation and dormancy adjustment.
50μW/light for 5 to 210 minutes, substantially free of light with wavelengths below 360nm and above 720nm.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for cultivating useful plants, characterized in that the photosynthetic function of the useful plants is restored by irradiating the plants with an intensity in the range of cm ² to 750 μw/cm ² . According to the present invention, all of the above-mentioned drawbacks are improved, and moreover, the growth of useful plants is promoted, and excellent effects such as increased yield and/or improved quality can be obtained. "Cultivation" as used herein refers to cultivation for the purpose of producing agricultural and forestry products in agriculture and forestry;
This includes things aimed at greening. In addition, "useful plants" as used in this specification include agricultural products described in the Agricultural Encyclopedia (Yorando Publishing Agricultural Encyclopedia Editorial Committee, pp. 461-722) and the Illustrated Encyclopedia of Japanese Forestry Trees Volumes 1-5 ( Written by Satoru Kurata, published by Chikyu-sha)
The term refers to the forestry trees and the like described above, but includes any useful plant whose photosynthetic function, which has been degraded by ultraviolet rays, can be restored by the method of the present invention. For example, (1) Agricultural crops Food crops...rice, wheat, corn,
Soybeans, sweet potatoes, potato Garden crops...Fruit trees Apples, pears, persimmons, peaches, plums, grapes, loquats, mandarin oranges Vegetables Kiyu cucumbers, watermelons, tomatoes,
Strawberries Flowers Annual and biennial plants Morning glories, cosmos Perennial plants Birch plants, Oriental orchids Bulb plants Lilies, gladioli Flowering plants Acacia, azalea Greenhouse plants Western orchids, cyclamen Craft crops... Oil crops Rapeseed Sesame Sugar crops Sugar cane, sugar beet Fiber crops Cotton , hemp Starch crops Konjac Medicinal crops Heart, poppy Recreational crops Chia, tobacco, hops Paper crops Mulberry, Mitsumata Dye crops Eyes Flavor crops Geranium Sap action Sumac Forage crops...fodder crops Orchard grass, red clover, white clover Fodder and fertilizer trees Alder, alder tree Green manure crops Astragalus, Alfalfa (2) Forestry trees...coniferous trees Cedar, Japanese cypress, pine Evergreen broad-leaved trees Aoki, Japanese japonica Deciduous broad-leaved trees Oak, beech etc. Preferably (1) Agricultural crops, particularly preferably horticultural crops, more preferably Examples include vegetables and flowers. In addition, forestry trees are preferable because they can be applied to vast areas, and conifers and conifers are more preferable.
Evergreen broad-leaved trees, etc. In the present invention, the term "light rays in which there is substantially no light rays with wavelengths of 360 nm or less and over 720 nm" means 100% complete absence of light in wavelength ranges of 360 nm and below, 720 nm and above. This means that it is not only light rays, but also that there is no problem even if a small amount of light rays outside the above wavelength range, for example, about 20%, does not adversely affect the cultivation of the present invention. The light beams used in the present invention can be produced artificially, but it is desirable that the irradiation intensity of the light beams in the above wavelength range be in the range of 50 μw/cm ² to 750 μw/cm ² . The irradiation time of the light beam is 5 minutes to 210 minutes. In the present invention, "ultraviolet light" in the term "useful plants are irradiated with light rays substantially containing ultraviolet light"
refers to light rays in the wavelength range from 200 nm to 380 nm, and the light source of this ultraviolet light includes both natural light and artificial light, and in this case, ultraviolet light alone or combined light mixed with visible light. Also good. Furthermore, "within 1.5 hours after sunset" refers to 1.5 hours after sunset and the time within that time. Therefore, the cultivation of useful plants according to the present invention does not require any special cultivation management, except for the restriction of using the above-mentioned specific light quality atmosphere, and can be carried out according to conventional methods. Examples of methods for forming the above-mentioned specific light quality atmosphere include facilities such as greenhouses and greenhouses, paddy fields,
In fields, orchards, parks, golf courses and forests,
Artificial light in which light rays with wavelengths of at least 360 nm or less and substantially no light rays exceeding 720 nm are present alone or in combination [In this case, the artificial light source itself emits light with such light quality characteristics; (or the artificial light source may be covered with a transmission filter so that the emitted light has the light quality characteristics described above) with an irradiation intensity in the range of 50 μw/cm ² to 750 μw/cm ² One possible method is to install as many light sources as necessary at appropriate positions so that the useful plants being cultivated are irradiated with light. For example, when cultivating vegetables in a transparent vinyl greenhouse according to the present invention, they can be cultivated under sunlight during the day using a commonly used method.
Within 1.5 hours after sunset, install the above artificial light sources on the outside and/or inside of the house on the ground surface and above, as appropriate.
It can be irradiated. In this case, it is preferable that there be as few strong light sources as possible other than the main light source. For example, when cultivating vegetables (for example, peppers) in a glass greenhouse according to the present invention, during the day,
It can be cultivated using a commonly practiced method under sunlight, and within 1.5 hours after sunset, the above artificial light source is applied to the outside of the greenhouse and/or inside the greenhouse at the ground and/or aerial position of the pepper plants. be installed as appropriate,
By irradiating the light rays specified in the present application, it is possible to provide the light quality atmosphere almost evenly to a plurality of cultivated green pepper plants. In this case, it is preferable that there be as few strong light sources with different light quality characteristics as possible in the vicinity. In addition, when cultivating grapes (for example, Delaware), iron or wooden posts are installed in several places in the vineyard, and the above light source is installed above the posts (the light source is rotated by a motor, etc., and can cover a wide area. ), and a large number of grape plants can be easily irradiated with light having the light quality characteristics defined in the present application from above the grape rack. Regarding the period of time during which the light quality atmosphere is provided to the cultivated useful plants, it is preferable to provide the useful plant continuously during the period when the useful plants are carrying out photosynthesis using chloroplasts in their leaves and stems. The irradiation may be performed only from spring to late summer, or only during the summer when the ultraviolet rays emitted from the sun are strongest. In addition, intermittent irradiation such as every other day or irradiation for only a short period of time may be used. In addition, for useful plants with a short cultivation period, there is no problem in continuously or intermittently feeding from the end of sowing to the end of harvest. The present invention will be explained below with reference to Examples and Comparative Examples. Example A (Preparation of films used in the present invention and comparative examples) (1) 100 parts by weight of polyvinyl chloride, 45 parts by weight of dioctyl phthalate (plasticizer), 1.5 parts by weight of dibutyltin maleate (thermal stabilizer), stearic acid Zinc (heat stabilizer) 1.0 parts by weight, stearic acid (lubricant)
0.1 part by weight, 1.0 part by weight of sorbitan monolaurate (antifogging agent) and 2-(2'-hydroxy-3',
1.5 parts by weight of 5'-di-tert-butylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole (ultraviolet absorber) were thoroughly mixed with each other, and the mixture was melt-extruded at 200°C with an extruder to a thickness of 0.1
A transparent film of mm was obtained. This film will be hereinafter referred to as Film No. 1 and will be used as a covering material in the Examples below. (2) In (1) above, the ultraviolet absorber is
A 0.1 mm thick film was obtained in the same manner as in (1) above, except that hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl)-benzotriazole was used and the amount added was changed to 0.85 parts by weight. This film will be designated as film number from now on.
Call it 2. (3) On the other hand, as a film for comparison, a polyvinyl chloride film (thickness 0.1 mm; manufactured by Mitsubishi Monsanto Chemical Co., Ltd.) is commercially available as a general agricultural covering material.
A commercially available ``Nobiece'' was prepared. This film will be referred to as film No. 3 hereinafter. The wavelength-specific light transmission curves of the above-mentioned films No. 1 to 3 are shown in FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings. Example B (Light source used in the present invention and comparative examples) (1) As a light source in the near ultraviolet wavelength range of about 300 to 400 nm,
FL40SBLB (manufactured by Toshiba Electric Corporation) was selected, and this lamp will be referred to as light source-1 hereinafter and will be used in the examples described later. (2) As a visible light source, FL40SW [Toshiba Electric Corporation]
This lamp is hereinafter referred to as light source-2. (3) FL- mainly used as a light source in the wavelength range of 400 to 500 nm.
4OSB [Toshiba Electric Corporation] was selected, and this lamp will be referred to as light source-3 from now on. (4) FL- mainly used as a light source in the wavelength range of 500 to 600 nm.
4OSG [Toshiba Electric Corporation] was selected, and this lamp will be referred to as light source-4 from now on. (5) FL- mainly used as a light source in the wavelength range of 600 to 700 nm.
4OSPK [Toshiba Electric Corporation] was selected, and this lamp is hereinafter referred to as light source-5. The spectral energy distribution diagrams of the above light sources-1 to 5 are shown in Figures 2 and 3 of the attached drawings. Examples 1 to 4, Comparative Examples 1 to 3 On November 25th, tomato seeds (variety, Wakashio) were sown in lines on a horizontal seed bed (with a spacing of 6 cm between each line), and when they had mostly germinated, each Thin the plants so that the spacing is about 1.5 cm.The first transplant is carried out in a flat row in mid-January, and the second transplant is carried out in another flat row in early February.During this seedling-raising period, Provide a little water, be careful not to let the plant grow too tall, and keep the night temperature below 10℃, and grow seedlings with 7 to 8 true leaves.Pipe house (width 4.5m, depth 15m) ,height
2.1m), make two ridges (height 30, width 1m, ridge spacing 3m), cover the surface with black multi-film (black polyethylene film; thickness 30μ), and install it on February 20th of the following year.
On the same day, the above-mentioned tomato seedlings with 7 to 8 true leaves were planted in the ridge at a spacing of 50 cm. Table 1 shows the fertilizer application methods thereafter. Irrigation was carried out once a week from February 20th to April 30th, and then once every 2 to 3 days until the end of June. As a measure against epidemics, the drug Mannebudeisen-M hydrating agent [active ingredient: Manganese ethylene bisdithiocarbamate, manufactured by Tokyo Organic Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.] 400
The diluted solution was sprayed once a week until the fruit of the first fruit bunch ripened to green. In addition, the film prepared in the above reference example as a coating film for a pipe house
No. 3 was used. After planting tomato seedlings in the greenhouse, every day at sunset 1.5
After a period of time, using the light source shown in Table 2 (the light source part was covered with the film prepared in the above reference example if necessary), the tomato seedlings were exposed to specific wavelength light.
Irradiation was carried out at an intensity of 500 μw/cm ² for 1 hour, and cultivation was continued. The cultivation results are shown in Table 2. As shown in Table 2, it can be seen that the present invention promoted the growth of tomatoes and increased the yield. The survey method for Table 2 is shown below. (1) Survey date: ・Growth: April 5th ・Harvest amount: Total harvest amount until May 25th. (2) Number of stocks to investigate: Randomly select 10 stocks from each house,
Shown as value per share. (3) Plant height Height from the above ground to the growing point. (4) Number of leaves The number of leaves attached to one plant. Examples 5 to 7, Comparative Examples 4 to 5 6 ridges (height 80 cm, width 1.2 m,
(depth 15m, ridge width 1.5m) and covered with film No. 3. One ridge was designated as one test area, and as described later,
Light irradiation was performed. On November 24th, the above ridges were mulched using the black mulching film used in Example 1.
Next, the young seedlings of winter lettuce (variety Green Pake 2B61) sown and raised on October 15th were planted in the mulched test plots on November 25th so that the spacing between the plants was 85 cm. On December 29th, the tunnel was covered with film No. 3, and the tunnel was ventilated through one side of the tunnel. Five rows of lettuce are planted with light of specific wavelengths shown in Table 3 at an intensity of 250 μw/cm ² every day one hour after sunset.
Cultivation was carried out under the light for 45 minutes. Table 3 shows the total yield of each test plot up to February 20th. As is clear from Table 3, the method of the present invention promotes the growth of lettuce and increases the total yield. In methods other than the method of the present invention,
Harvesting was delayed by approximately 7 to 10 days compared to the method of the present invention. In addition, the intensity of light in the same wavelength range as in Example 7 was
When lettuce was cultivated in the same manner as in Example 7 except that it was irradiated at 20,000 μw/cm ² for 2 hours/day, the lettuce had elongated internodes, exhibited a so-called bolting phenomenon with poor head shape, and had loose, tall, loose seeds. There was a noticeable drop in quality. *1 Total harvest: The total harvest of lettuce in each test plot (row) up to February 20th.
The total yield of Comparative Example 5 is shown as 100. Furthermore, it was observed that the growth of cucumber, radish, and potato was also promoted by the method of the present invention, and the yield was increased.

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【table】 [Brief explanation of drawings]

Figure 1 shows the filter used in Examples and Comparative Examples.
This is a diagram of light transmission curves by wavelength for No. 1 to No. 3, and Figure 2 shows the specific energy by wavelength of light source-1, light source-3, light source-4, and light source-5 used in the examples and comparative examples. FIG. 3 is a diagram of a specific energy curve by wavelength of light source-2 used in Examples and Comparative Examples.

Claims (1)

[Claims] 1. When cultivating useful plants, they are irradiated with light that substantially contains ultraviolet rays, and due to ultraviolet irradiation,
The useful plants with reduced photosynthetic function should be exposed to light of at least 360 nm or less within 1.5 hours after sunset, without the purpose of daytime light supplementation or dormancy adjustment.
The photosynthetic function of the useful plant is restored by irradiating it with light that is substantially free of light with wavelengths exceeding 720 nm for 5 to 210 minutes at an intensity range of 50 μw/cm ² to 750 μw/cm ² . Cultivation method of characteristic useful plants.