JPH0368059B2 - - Google Patents

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Publication number
JPH0368059B2
JPH0368059B2 JP62028143A JP2814387A JPH0368059B2 JP H0368059 B2 JPH0368059 B2 JP H0368059B2 JP 62028143 A JP62028143 A JP 62028143A JP 2814387 A JP2814387 A JP 2814387A JP H0368059 B2 JPH0368059 B2 JP H0368059B2
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
aluminum hydroxide
resin
weight
filler
resin composition
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
JP62028143A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JPS63196647A (en
Inventor
Yukio Oda
Mikito Kitayama
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Resonac Holdings Corp
Original Assignee
Showa Denko KK
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Showa Denko KK filed Critical Showa Denko KK
Priority to JP2814387A priority Critical patent/JPS63196647A/en
Publication of JPS63196647A publication Critical patent/JPS63196647A/en
Publication of JPH0368059B2 publication Critical patent/JPH0368059B2/ja
Granted legal-status Critical Current

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  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Polymerisation Methods In General (AREA)
  • Macromonomer-Based Addition Polymer (AREA)

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】[Detailed description of the invention]

(産業上の利用分野) 本発明は、水酸化アルミニウムを不飽和ポリエ
ステル樹脂、アクリル樹脂等に充填して得られる
オニツクス調、マーブル調等の人造大理石製造用
の樹脂組成物に関する。 (従来の技術) 水酸化アルミニウムを不飽和ポリエステル樹脂
やアクリル樹脂に充填し、オニツクス調、マーブ
ル調の成形体を得ることはよく知られている。 最近、成形体の強度、表面平滑性、耐煮沸特
性、及びペースト状態におけるフイラーの沈降を
改良する目的でフイラーとして粒径の細かい水酸
化アルミニウムが使用されるようになつてきた。 また、BMC(バルクモールデイングコンパウン
ド)及び、SMC(シートモールデイングコンパウ
ンド)のプレス成形によつて成形体を得るにあた
つてはプレス時の樹脂とフイラーの分離を防ぐた
めにもフイラーとして粒径の細かい水酸化アルミ
ニウムを用いることが有利である。 しかし、粒径の細かい、すなわち、比表面積の
大きい水酸化アルミニウムを樹脂フイラーとして
用いた場合、フイラーの樹脂への分散不良や、樹
脂ペースト粘度が高いという問題があり、フイラ
ーの高充填が困難になることは避けられない。 これを解決するため、従来、水酸化アルミニウ
ムをステアリン酸などの脂肪酸やビニルシラン、
アミノシラン、エポキシシラン、アクリルシラン
などのカツプリング剤によつて表面処理を行なつ
てきた。 (発明が解決しようとする問題点) 水酸化アルミニウムをステアリン酸などの脂肪
酸やアクリルシランなどのシランカツプリング剤
によつて表面処理することにより、分散不良、高
粘度といつた問題は解決される。しかしこれらの
薬剤処理により成形体が着色するので、人造大理
石のように色合いを重視する用途には上記の薬剤
で処理した水酸化アルミニウムは不向であつた。 また、比表面積の大きな水酸化アルミニウムを
フイラーとした不飽和ポリエステル樹脂組成物
は、水酸化アルミニウムの表面に、硬化促進剤と
して用いられるナフテン酸コバルト等の油溶性酸
化触媒がトラツプされるのでゲル化時間が遅延
し、生産性が低下し、さらに成形体が黄色味を帯
びるなどの問題があり前記のステアリン酸などの
脂肪酸やアクリルシランなどのシランカツプリン
グ剤による表面処理では、上記の問題を解決する
ことはできない。 (問題点を解決するための手段) 発明者は上記の問題点を解決すべく鋭意検討を
重ねた結果、成形体の着色が少なく、かつ、ゲル
化時間遅延の抑制に対し、効果のある表面処理剤
を見出して、本発明を完成した。 すなわち、本発明は下記の一般式(1)で示される
シリコーン化合物(水酸化アルミニウム100重量
部に対し)0.1〜5重量部で表面処理した水酸化
アルミニウムを不飽和ポリエステル樹脂、アクリ
ル樹脂に充填して得られる人造大理石製造用樹脂
組成物を提供するにある。 ここで、m=5〜10の整数、 n=0.3〜0.7、 RはCH3,C2H5,C3H7又は
C2H4OCH3を示す。 ここにおいて、水酸化アルミニウムは例えばバ
イヤー法により製造されるAl2O3・3H2Oないし
はAl(OH)3なる化学式で表わされるものであり、
必要によつて回転ボールミル、振動ボールミル、
ビーズミル、ローラーミルなどの粉砕手段によつ
て粒径を細かくして使用される。そして水酸化ア
ルミニウムの光電白色度計により測定された白色
度が92以上であることが望ましい。 一般式(1)で示されるシリコーン化合物は、水酸
化アルミニウム100重量部に対して0.1〜5重量部
で表面処理することが必要である。0.1重量部以
下では、効果を発揮せず、また、5重量部以上で
表面処理してもそれ以上の効果は期待できず、コ
ストアツプになるだけなので上限を5重量%とす
る。 水酸化アルミニウムに対するシリコーン化合物
の表面処理は、ヘンシエルミキサー、Vブレンダ
ー等でフイラーを強制撹拌しているところに直接
又は溶媒に希釈して添加するか、もしくはフイラ
ーを水に分散させ、スラリー状態になつたところ
に、シラン水溶液を添加した後、フイラーを分
離・乾燥する等の方法で行なう。 その後加熱処理を行ない、シリコーン化合物と
水酸化アルミニウムを反応させるが、その処理温
度は100〜150℃が望ましく、処理時間は、1時間
以上が望ましい。 本発明に用いられる樹脂としては過酸化物硬化
触媒によつて硬化する樹脂、例えば、不飽和ポリ
エステル樹脂、アクリル系樹脂(例えばメチルメ
タアクリレート)などがある。これらの樹脂は無
色透明であり、その屈折率が水酸化アルミニウム
の屈折率1.57に近いことが望ましい。 一般式(1)で示されるシリコーン化合物に、ビニ
ル基、メタクリル基、エポキシ基、アミノ基など
を持つたシランカツプリング剤を併用することに
よつて、樹脂との反応性を付与することも可能で
ある。この場合、一般式(1)で示されるシリコーン
化合物とシランカツプリング剤は、縮合反応を起
こすので、その結合は強固である。 (作用) 一般式(1)で示されるシリコーン化合物で表面処
理した水酸化アルミニウムを充填した樹脂組成物
が着色が少なく、また、ゲル化時間の遅延が抑制
されるのは、次のように考えられる。 一般式(1)で示されるシリコーン化合物は、加水
分解により1分子中に数多くのシラノールを有す
るので、脱水縮合反応により水酸化アルミニウム
の表面を網目状に覆い、水酸化アルミニウムの水
酸基が表面に出て来るのを阻止するため、硬化促
進剤のトラツプが少なくなる。 実施例1及び比較例1 不飽和ポリエステル*1 100重量部 硬化触媒(55%MEKPO) 1 〃 硬化促進剤(6%ナフテン酸コバルト)
0.15 〃 水酸化アルミニウム*2 150 〃 *1 昭和高分子(株)製リゴラツク *2 昭和電工(株)製ハイジライト「H−
320」(平均粒径8μm、BET比表面積3.3m2
g) 上記成分を用いて、樹脂組成物を作成し、本発
明を評価した。 水酸化アルミニウムの表面処理は、次の方法で
行なつた。エタノール:水:表面処理剤=67.5:
7.5:25の混合液を作成し、ヘンシエルミキサー
中に水酸化アルミニウム所定量を入れ均一に撹拌
しながら、既混合液を表面処理剤A又はBをロー
デイング量が1%になるように分液ロートを用い
て5分間にわたつて滴下した。滴下終了後、さら
に10分間均一に撹拌し、トレイに移して130〜150
℃で1時間加熱処理を行なつた。 この水酸化アルミニウムを用い、上記の配合の
樹脂組成物を作成し、粘度及びゲル化時間を測定
した。また、この組成物を室温硬化させた後、50
℃で3時間加熱硬化させた硬化物(3インチφ×
15mm厚)の色調を、スガ試験機(株)製カラーテスタ
ーSM−4−CHで測定し、ハンター色度座標で
表わした。それぞれの測定結果は第1表に示し
た。 ハンター色度座標は(L,a,b)で表わさ
れ、軸Lは明度を示しており、またaおよびbは
知覚色度指数で(+)側と(−)側とがあり、測
色計を用いて測定する。L値は大きくなる程明る
く、aの(−)側は緑味の度合を、bの(+)側
は黄色味の度合を示しており、理論上ではその絶
対値が零に近くなる程無着色になる。 しかしながら測定器によるb値は5未満であれ
ば、肉眼による観察では実用上は無着色と殆ど同
じと感じる。 第1表において、実施例、比較例および参考例
のL値は同じ明度であり、またa値については実
施例、比較例および参考例はいずれもO近傍と無
着色であり実質的に同じである。bの測定値のそ
れぞれは一桁の(+)値であるので一見着色して
いるように判断されるが、前記したことから、肉
眼では実施例の場合は無着色と、参考例の場合は
黄色味を帯びていると、比較例の場合はわずかに
黄色味を帯びていると見え、各々の差異が認めら
れた。
(Industrial Application Field) The present invention relates to a resin composition for producing artificial marble such as onyx-like or marble-like marble obtained by filling an unsaturated polyester resin, acrylic resin, etc. with aluminum hydroxide. (Prior Art) It is well known to fill an unsaturated polyester resin or acrylic resin with aluminum hydroxide to obtain an onyx-like or marble-like molded product. Recently, fine-grained aluminum hydroxide has been used as a filler for the purpose of improving the strength, surface smoothness, boiling resistance, and settling of the filler in a paste state. In addition, when obtaining a molded product by press molding BMC (bulk molding compound) and SMC (sheet molding compound), the particle size of the filler is adjusted to prevent separation of the resin and filler during pressing. It is advantageous to use fine aluminum hydroxide. However, when aluminum hydroxide with a fine particle size, that is, a large specific surface area, is used as a resin filler, there are problems with poor dispersion of the filler into the resin and high resin paste viscosity, making it difficult to fill the filler with high levels. It is inevitable that it will happen. To solve this problem, aluminum hydroxide has traditionally been replaced with fatty acids such as stearic acid, vinyl silane, etc.
Surface treatment has been performed using coupling agents such as aminosilane, epoxysilane, and acrylic silane. (Problems to be solved by the invention) Problems such as poor dispersion and high viscosity can be solved by surface treating aluminum hydroxide with a fatty acid such as stearic acid or a silane coupling agent such as acrylic silane. . However, since the molded product becomes colored by treatment with these chemicals, aluminum hydroxide treated with the above chemicals is not suitable for applications where color is important, such as artificial marble. In addition, unsaturated polyester resin compositions using aluminum hydroxide as a filler, which has a large specific surface area, become gels because an oil-soluble oxidation catalyst such as cobalt naphthenate, which is used as a curing accelerator, is trapped on the surface of the aluminum hydroxide. There are problems such as time delays, reduced productivity, and yellowing of the molded product.Surface treatment using fatty acids such as stearic acid or silane coupling agents such as acrylic silane does not solve the above problems. I can't. (Means for Solving the Problems) As a result of intensive studies to solve the above problems, the inventors have developed a surface that is less colored in the molded product and is effective in suppressing gelation time delay. The present invention was completed by discovering a processing agent. That is, the present invention involves filling an unsaturated polyester resin or acrylic resin with aluminum hydroxide that has been surface-treated with 0.1 to 5 parts by weight of a silicone compound represented by the following general formula (1) (per 100 parts by weight of aluminum hydroxide). To provide a resin composition for producing artificial marble obtained by Here, m = an integer of 5 to 10, n = 0.3 to 0.7, R is CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , C 3 H 7 or
Indicates C 2 H 4 OCH 3 . Here, aluminum hydroxide is expressed by the chemical formula Al 2 O 3 .3H 2 O or Al(OH) 3 produced by the Bayer process, for example,
Rotating ball mill, vibrating ball mill, depending on your needs
It is used after its particle size is made finer by a pulverizing means such as a bead mill or a roller mill. It is desirable that the whiteness measured by an aluminum hydroxide photoelectric whiteness meter is 92 or more. The silicone compound represented by the general formula (1) needs to be surface-treated in an amount of 0.1 to 5 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of aluminum hydroxide. If the amount is less than 0.1 part by weight, no effect will be exhibited, and if the surface treatment is made by more than 5 parts by weight, no further effect can be expected and the cost will only increase, so the upper limit is set at 5% by weight. For surface treatment of aluminum hydroxide, silicone compounds can be added directly or diluted in a solvent while the filler is being forcibly stirred using a Henschel mixer, V-blender, etc., or the filler can be dispersed in water and made into a slurry. This is done by adding an aqueous silane solution to the wetted area, and then separating and drying the filler. Thereafter, a heat treatment is performed to cause the silicone compound and aluminum hydroxide to react, and the treatment temperature is preferably 100 to 150°C and the treatment time is preferably 1 hour or more. The resins used in the present invention include resins that are cured by a peroxide curing catalyst, such as unsaturated polyester resins and acrylic resins (eg, methyl methacrylate). These resins are colorless and transparent, and their refractive index is desirably close to the refractive index of aluminum hydroxide, 1.57. It is also possible to impart reactivity with resins by using a silane coupling agent having a vinyl group, methacrylic group, epoxy group, amino group, etc. to the silicone compound represented by general formula (1). It is. In this case, the silicone compound represented by general formula (1) and the silane coupling agent undergo a condensation reaction, so the bond is strong. (Function) The reason why the resin composition filled with aluminum hydroxide whose surface is treated with the silicone compound represented by the general formula (1) has less coloring and the delay in gelation time is suppressed is thought to be as follows. It will be done. The silicone compound represented by the general formula (1) has a large number of silanols in one molecule due to hydrolysis, so the dehydration condensation reaction covers the surface of aluminum hydroxide in a mesh pattern, and the hydroxyl groups of aluminum hydroxide are exposed to the surface. This reduces trapping of the curing accelerator. Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 Unsaturated polyester *1 100 parts by weight Curing catalyst (55% MEKPO) 1 Curing accelerator (6% cobalt naphthenate)
0.15 〃 Aluminum hydroxide *2 150 〃 *1 Showa Kobunshi Co., Ltd. Rigoratsuku *2 Showa Denko Co., Ltd. Hygilite “H-
320” (average particle size 8 μm, BET specific surface area 3.3 m 2 /
g) A resin composition was prepared using the above components, and the present invention was evaluated. The surface treatment of aluminum hydroxide was carried out by the following method. Ethanol: Water: Surface treatment agent = 67.5:
7. Create a 5:25 mixture, add the specified amount of aluminum hydroxide in a Henschel mixer, and while stirring uniformly, separate the mixed liquid so that the loading amount of surface treatment agent A or B is 1%. The mixture was added dropwise using a funnel over 5 minutes. After dropping, stir evenly for another 10 minutes, then transfer to a tray and mix at 130~150℃.
Heat treatment was performed at ℃ for 1 hour. Using this aluminum hydroxide, a resin composition having the above formulation was prepared, and the viscosity and gelation time were measured. Also, after curing this composition at room temperature, 50
Cured product heated and cured at ℃ for 3 hours (3 inch φ x
The color tone of the sample (15 mm thick) was measured using a color tester SM-4-CH manufactured by Suga Test Instruments Co., Ltd., and expressed in Hunter chromaticity coordinates. The results of each measurement are shown in Table 1. Hunter chromaticity coordinates are expressed as (L, a, b), axis L indicates lightness, and a and b are perceived chromaticity indices, which have (+) side and (-) side, and are used for measurement. Measure using a colorimeter. The larger the L value, the brighter it is, the (-) side of a indicates the degree of greenness, and the (+) side of b indicates the degree of yellowness.In theory, the closer the absolute value is to zero, the brighter it is. It becomes colored. However, if the b value measured by the measuring device is less than 5, it seems practically the same as uncolored when observed with the naked eye. In Table 1, the L values of the Examples, Comparative Examples, and Reference Examples are the same brightness, and the a values of the Examples, Comparative Examples, and Reference Examples are all near O and uncolored, so they are substantially the same. be. Since each of the measured values of b is a single-digit (+) value, it appears to be colored at first glance, but from the above, with the naked eye, the example is uncolored, and the reference example is uncolored. In the case of the comparative example, it appeared to be slightly yellowish, and differences between each were observed.

【表】 なお表面処理剤A(実施例)、B(比較例)は、
以下のものを使用した。 実施例2及び比較例2 メチルメタアクリレートシラツプ*1 100重量部 硬化触媒*2 1 〃 硬化促進剤*3 0.2 〃 水酸化アルミニウム*4 150 〃 *1 三菱レーヨン(株)製アクリシラツプSY
−102 *2 化薬ヌーリー(株)製パーカドツクス16 *3 化薬ヌーリー(株)製NLF−10 *4 昭和電工(株)製ハイジライト「H−
320」(平均粒径8μm、BET表面積3.3m2
g) 上記成分を用いて、樹脂組成物を作成し、本発
明を評価した。 水酸化アルミニウムの表面処理は、次の方法で
行なつた。エタノール:水:表面処理剤=67.5:
7.5:25の混合液を作成し、ヘンシエルミキサー
中に水酸化アルミニウム所定量を入れ均一に撹拌
しながら、既混合液を表面処理剤B又はCをロー
デイング量が1%になるように分液ロートを用い
て5分間にわたつて滴下した。滴下終了後、さら
に10分間均一に撹拌し、トレイに移して130〜150
℃で1時間加熱処理を行なつた。 この水酸化アルミニウムを用い、上記の配合を
脱泡混練後、厚さ6mmのシリコンゴムスペーサー
を用いたガラスセルに注型し、樹脂組成物を作成
し、粘度及びゲル化時間を測定した。また、この
注型した組成物を常温硬化させ、60℃で1.5時間
加熱硬化させ、脱型後100mm×100mm×6mmの色調
測定用試験片を作成した。 色調はスガ試験機(株)製カラーテスターSM−4
−CHで測定し、ハンター色度座標で表わした。
それぞれの測定結果は第2表に示した。 実施例1及び比較例1とは異なる屈折率を有す
る樹脂を用いているため、第2表においてハンタ
ー色度座標L,a,bのそれぞれの値は異なつて
いる。すなわち明度は高く、無着色側に寄つてい
る。a値については殆ど差異が認められず、b値
は厳しく観察すれば実施例の方がより無着色であ
る。
[Table] Surface treatment agents A (example) and B (comparative example) are as follows:
The following were used. Example 2 and Comparative Example 2 Methyl methacrylate syrup *1 100 parts by weight Curing catalyst *2 1 Curing accelerator *3 0.2 Aluminum hydroxide *4 150 *1 Acrylic syrup SY manufactured by Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd.
-102 *2 Parkadox 16 manufactured by Kayaku Nury Co., Ltd. *3 NLF-10 manufactured by Kayaku Nury Co., Ltd. *4 Hygilite "H-" manufactured by Showa Denko Co., Ltd.
320” (average particle size 8 μm, BET surface area 3.3 m 2 /
g) A resin composition was prepared using the above components, and the present invention was evaluated. The surface treatment of aluminum hydroxide was carried out by the following method. Ethanol: Water: Surface treatment agent = 67.5:
7.Create a 5:25 mixed solution, put the specified amount of aluminum hydroxide into a Henschel mixer, and while stirring uniformly, separate the mixed solution so that the loading amount of surface treatment agent B or C is 1%. The mixture was added dropwise using a funnel over 5 minutes. After dropping, stir evenly for another 10 minutes, then transfer to a tray and mix at 130~150℃.
Heat treatment was performed at ℃ for 1 hour. Using this aluminum hydroxide, the above formulation was defoamed and kneaded, then cast into a glass cell using a 6 mm thick silicone rubber spacer to prepare a resin composition, and the viscosity and gelation time were measured. Further, this cast composition was cured at room temperature and heated at 60°C for 1.5 hours, and after demolding, a test piece for color tone measurement of 100 mm x 100 mm x 6 mm was prepared. Color tone was determined using Color Tester SM-4 manufactured by Suga Test Instruments Co., Ltd.
-CH and expressed in Hunter chromaticity coordinates.
The results of each measurement are shown in Table 2. Since a resin having a different refractive index from those in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 is used, the values of the Hunter chromaticity coordinates L, a, and b are different in Table 2. In other words, the brightness is high and closer to the uncolored side. Almost no difference was observed in the a value, and if the b value was closely observed, the Example was more uncolored.

【表】【table】

【表】 なお表面処理剤C(実施例)は、以下のものを
使用した。 (発明の効果) 第1表および第2表から明らかなように、従来
から使用されているカツプリング剤(例えば表面
処理剤B)により表面処理した水酸化アルミニウ
ムを充填した樹脂組成物では、ゲル化時間の遅延
に対して何ら改善の効果がないのに対し、本発明
による樹脂組成物はゲル化時間が短かく、また硬
化物の着色(黄色味)が少なくなつており、人造
大理石製造用の樹脂組成物としてきわめてすぐれ
ている。
[Table] The following surface treatment agent C (Example) was used. (Effects of the Invention) As is clear from Tables 1 and 2, in the resin composition filled with aluminum hydroxide that has been surface-treated with a conventionally used coupling agent (for example, surface treatment agent B), gelation does not occur. While there is no improvement effect on time delay, the resin composition according to the present invention has a short gelation time and less coloration (yellowness) of the cured product, making it suitable for use in the production of artificial marble. It is extremely excellent as a resin composition.

Claims (1)

【特許請求の範囲】 1 水酸化アルミニウム100重量部に対して0.1〜
5重量部の一般式: (ただしm=5〜10,n=0.3〜0.7,RはCH3
C2H5,C3H7,またはC2H4OCH3を示す。) で示されるシリコーン化合物で表面処理した水酸
化アルミニウムを、不飽和ポリエステル樹脂また
はアクリル樹脂に充填したことを特徴とする人造
大理石製造用樹脂組成物。
[Claims] 1 0.1 to 100 parts by weight of aluminum hydroxide
General formula for 5 parts by weight: (However, m = 5 ~ 10, n = 0.3 ~ 0.7, R is CH 3 ,
Indicates C 2 H 5 , C 3 H 7 , or C 2 H 4 OCH 3 . 1.) A resin composition for producing artificial marble, characterized in that an unsaturated polyester resin or an acrylic resin is filled with aluminum hydroxide whose surface has been treated with a silicone compound represented by the following.
JP2814387A 1987-02-12 1987-02-12 Resin composition for artificial marble Granted JPS63196647A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2814387A JPS63196647A (en) 1987-02-12 1987-02-12 Resin composition for artificial marble

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2814387A JPS63196647A (en) 1987-02-12 1987-02-12 Resin composition for artificial marble

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPS63196647A JPS63196647A (en) 1988-08-15
JPH0368059B2 true JPH0368059B2 (en) 1991-10-25

Family

ID=12240544

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP2814387A Granted JPS63196647A (en) 1987-02-12 1987-02-12 Resin composition for artificial marble

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JPS63196647A (en)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2306964B (en) * 1995-11-06 1999-10-20 Inax Corp Acrylic resin compound for artificial marble and method of molding acrylic artificial marble article
JP4352520B2 (en) * 1999-08-26 2009-10-28 パナソニック電工株式会社 Artificial marble composition

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS53115768A (en) * 1977-03-22 1978-10-09 Mitsubishi Rayon Co Ltd Preparation of marblelike cured material

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS63196647A (en) 1988-08-15

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