JPH0535547B2 - - Google Patents

Info

Publication number
JPH0535547B2
JPH0535547B2 JP61210079A JP21007986A JPH0535547B2 JP H0535547 B2 JPH0535547 B2 JP H0535547B2 JP 61210079 A JP61210079 A JP 61210079A JP 21007986 A JP21007986 A JP 21007986A JP H0535547 B2 JPH0535547 B2 JP H0535547B2
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
electrode
tungsten carbide
molten salt
anode
carbonate
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
JP61210079A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JPS6366856A (en
Inventor
Hayamizu Ito
Chiaki Nagai
Seiji Terada
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd
Original Assignee
Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd filed Critical Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd
Priority to JP61210079A priority Critical patent/JPS6366856A/en
Publication of JPS6366856A publication Critical patent/JPS6366856A/en
Publication of JPH0535547B2 publication Critical patent/JPH0535547B2/ja
Granted legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/86Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/9041Metals or alloys
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/86Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8605Porous electrodes
    • H01M4/8621Porous electrodes containing only metallic or ceramic material, e.g. made by sintering or sputtering
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/86Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8647Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/14Fuel cells with fused electrolytes
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50Fuel cells
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Inert Electrodes (AREA)

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】[Detailed description of the invention]

〔産業上の利用分野〕 本発明は、500〜700℃程度またはその近辺の温
度で作動する溶融塩燃料電池用の電極、詳しくは
ニツケル(Ni)系多孔質板からなるガス拡散電
極に炭化タングステン(WCまたは/およびW2
C)を添加して、シンタリング(過焼結)を防止
するとともに、クリープ特性を向上させるように
した溶融塩燃料電池用の電極に関するものであ
る。 〔従来の技術〕 従来、溶融塩燃料電池としては、溶融アルカリ
炭酸塩を用いる系が最も一般的である。すなわ
ち、炭酸リチウム、炭酸ナトリウム、炭酸カリウ
ムなどのアルカリ金属炭酸塩またはこれらの混合
物を電解質とし、これをリチウムアルミネートな
どの耐溶融塩性の粉末とともに板状に加工し、こ
れを燃料極(アノード)と空気極(カソード)と
の間に保持して電池を構成している。 上記のアルカリ金属炭酸塩を電解質とする溶融
塩燃料電池の場合、その電気化学的反応は次式
(1),(2)のごとく進行し、イオン伝導は炭酸イオン
(CO3 2-)によつて行われる。 アノード:H2+CO3 2-→H2O+CO2+2e (1) カソード:1/2O2+CO2+2e→CO3 2- (2) アノードにおいては、水素が電極細孔内を拡散
して電解質および電極と三相界面を形成し、上記
式(1)の反応が進行して水(スチーム)、炭酸ガス
および電子となる。 一方、カソードにおいては、炭素および炭酸ガ
スが電極細孔内を拡散して、上記と同様に電解質
および電極と三相界面を形成し、上記式(2)の反応
が進行して炭酸イオンとなる。炭酸イオンはカソ
ードからアノードにイオン伝導し、電子は外部回
路を通つてアノードからカソードに到達する。 アノードとしては、還元性雰囲気中で溶融炭酸
塩に耐える必要があるところから、多くの導電性
材料のうち、ニツケルが最も多く取り上げられ、
これに作動時での過焼結(シンタリング)を抑制
する目的でクロム、コバルト、アルミナなどの添
加剤が加えられている。すなわち、従来はNi−
Cr,Ni−Co,Ni−Al2O3などのNi系多孔質板が
用いられている。 一方、カソードとしては、酸化性雰囲気中で耐
溶融塩性を必要とするところから、リチウムをド
ープした酸化ニツケルが最も普通に考えられ試験
されてきた。 すなわち、従来、最も一般的な電池構成として
は、ニツケル/溶融炭酸アルカリ塩+リチウム
アルミネート/リチウムドープニツケル酸化物
である。 〔発明が解決しようとする問題点〕 高い電池出力を得るためには、良好な三相界面
を形成し、かつ安定に維持させることが必要であ
り、そのためには電解質保持能力が高く、かつ内
部抵抗の低い高強度、薄板状電解質体と、電気化
学反応の解媒作用が優れた広い電極表面積と良好
な電極特性を有し、かつ長期にわたつて安定に電
極細孔構造を維持できるアノードおよびカソード
電極が不可欠となる。 しかしながら、従来の電池構成では、シンタリ
ング防止、クリープ特性改善の面で十分満足な結
果を得ることができないという問題点があつた。 本発明は上記の諸点に鑑みなされたもので、従
来の電極の基板であるNi系多孔質板に、炭化タ
ングステンを添加することにより、従来の電極に
比べ、シンタリングが防止され、クリープ特性の
向上を図ることができる溶融塩燃料電池用の電極
の提供を目的とするものである。 〔問題点を解決するための手段および作用〕 本発明の溶融塩燃料電池用の電極は、ニツケル
系多孔質板に炭化タングステンを添加したことを
特徴としている。 本発明の電極は、一例として、Ni,Ni−Cr,
Ni−Co,Ni−Al2O3などのNi系多孔質板に、K2
WO4,Li2WO4,Na2WO4,K2CO3,Li2CO3
Na2CO3などを添加したKCl−LiCl電析浴から炭
化タングステンを電析させて製造される。なお
KCl−LiCl電析浴の代りにKF−LiF電析浴を使用
することも可能である。炭化タングステンは、
WCもしくはW2C、またはWCおよびW2Cの形
として添加される。 また他の製造方法として、WCを含む合金粉末
を焼結する方法、Ni系多孔質板にCVD
(chemical vapordeposition)、PVD(physical
vapor deposition)などによりWCを蒸着させる
方法、Wをプラズマ状態で溶射して蒸着させる方
法などを用いることができる。 しかしながら、上記の種々の製造方法のうち、
電析による製造方法は、反応の制御、析出量の制
御を容易に行えるので、本発明に適用するのに好
適である。 炭化タングステンの含有量は、Niに対して0.1
〜20wt%、好ましくは1〜10wt%である。炭化
タングステンが20wt%を超える場合は、電極抵
抗が大きくなり導電性が悪くなつて好ましくな
い。一方、炭化タングステンが0.1wt%未満の場
合は、シンタリング防止およびクリープ特性改善
の効果が発揮されない。 またニツケル系多孔質板に炭化タングステンを
Niに対して0.1〜20wt%、タングステンをNiに対
して0.1〜15wt%添加して電極を構成すれば、シ
ンタリング防止およびクリープ特性改善の効果に
加えて、電極反応の促進効果を発揮させることが
できる。 〔実施例〕 以下、本発明の好適な実施例を説明する。ただ
し、これらの実施例は、本発明の範囲をそれらの
みに限定する趣旨のものではなく、単なる一例に
すぎない。 実施例 1〜4 下記のNi多孔質板3種類、Ni−10Cr多孔質板
1種類に炭化タングステンを電析させた。 (1) Ni粉末焼結板(気孔径8μ、気孔率60%) (2) Ni繊維焼結板(気孔径13μ、気孔率70%) (3) Ni繊維焼結板(気孔径13μ、気孔率80%) (4) Ni−10Cr粉末焼結板(気孔径10μ、気孔率70
%) 電析条件はつぎの通りであつた。 電析浴:LiCl(58.5mol%)−KCl(41.5mol%) 添加剤:K2WO4,K2CO3 各0.1mol% 温度:700℃ 電析方法:+0.1〜+0.3V(Li/Li+に対して)
で定電位電解 理論電析量:1〜10wt% 上記のようにして得られた電極板をアノードに
用い、平均粒径5μのNi粒を用いて得られたNi焼
結板(36mmφ×厚さ0.8mm)をカソードに用い、
リチウムアルミネートを不活性支持物質(マトリ
ツクス材)として、リチウムおいよびカリウムの
炭酸塩の混合物(モル比62:38、重量比46.7:
53.3)を60wt%含有してなる50mmφ×厚さ2mmの
電解質板を上記アノードおよびカソード間に配設
し、燃料室および酸化剤室をそれぞれ備える集電
端を兼ねたハウジングで、上記電極板および電解
質板を両側から押さえる構造の単セルを構成し、
650℃における初期電池性能、200時間後および
1000時間後の電池性能を測定した。また比較例と
して、Ni粉末焼結板(気孔径5μ、気孔率60%)
をアノードに用いた単セルの650℃における初期
電池性能および200時間後の電池性能を測定した。
その結果を第1表に示す。なお燃料は水素を
80vol%、CO2を20vol%含有するガスを用い、酸
化剤は、空気を70vol%、CO2を30vol%含有する
ガスを用いた。
[Industrial Field of Application] The present invention relates to an electrode for a molten salt fuel cell that operates at a temperature of about 500 to 700°C or around 500°C, specifically, a gas diffusion electrode made of a nickel (Ni)-based porous plate in which tungsten carbide is used. (WC or/and W 2
The present invention relates to an electrode for a molten salt fuel cell in which C) is added to prevent sintering (oversintering) and improve creep characteristics. [Prior Art] Conventionally, the most common molten salt fuel cell is a system using molten alkali carbonate. That is, an alkali metal carbonate such as lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, or a mixture thereof is used as an electrolyte, and this is processed into a plate shape together with a molten salt-resistant powder such as lithium aluminate, which is then used as a fuel electrode (anode). ) and the air electrode (cathode) to form a battery. In the case of a molten salt fuel cell using the above alkali metal carbonate as an electrolyte, the electrochemical reaction is as follows:
The process proceeds as shown in (1) and (2), and ion conduction is performed by carbonate ions (CO 3 2- ). Anode: H 2 +CO 3 2- →H 2 O+CO 2 +2e (1) Cathode: 1/2O 2 +CO 2 +2e→CO 3 2- (2) At the anode, hydrogen diffuses through the electrode pores and becomes the electrolyte and A three-phase interface is formed with the electrode, and the reaction of formula (1) above proceeds to produce water (steam), carbon dioxide gas, and electrons. On the other hand, at the cathode, carbon and carbon dioxide gas diffuse within the electrode pores and form a three-phase interface with the electrolyte and electrode in the same manner as above, and the reaction of formula (2) above proceeds to form carbonate ions. . Carbonate ions are ionically conducted from the cathode to the anode, and electrons reach the cathode from the anode through an external circuit. Among the many conductive materials, nickel is most commonly used as an anode due to its need to withstand molten carbonate in a reducing atmosphere.
Additives such as chromium, cobalt, and alumina are added to this to suppress oversintering during operation. In other words, conventionally Ni-
Ni-based porous plates such as Cr, Ni-Co, and Ni-Al 2 O 3 are used. On the other hand, as a cathode, nickel oxide doped with lithium has been most commonly considered and tested since it requires resistance to molten salts in an oxidizing atmosphere. That is, conventionally, the most common battery configuration is nickel/molten alkali carbonate+lithium aluminate/lithium-doped nickel oxide. [Problems to be solved by the invention] In order to obtain high battery output, it is necessary to form a good three-phase interface and maintain it stably. The anode has a high-strength, thin-plate electrolyte body with low resistance, a wide electrode surface area with excellent dissolution of electrochemical reactions, and good electrode properties, and can maintain a stable electrode pore structure over a long period of time. A cathode electrode is essential. However, the conventional battery configuration has a problem in that it is not possible to obtain sufficiently satisfactory results in terms of preventing sintering and improving creep characteristics. The present invention was developed in view of the above points, and by adding tungsten carbide to the Ni-based porous plate that is the substrate of conventional electrodes, sintering is prevented and creep characteristics are improved compared to conventional electrodes. The object of the present invention is to provide an electrode for a molten salt fuel cell that can improve the performance of the molten salt fuel cell. [Means and effects for solving the problems] The electrode for a molten salt fuel cell of the present invention is characterized by adding tungsten carbide to a nickel-based porous plate. The electrode of the present invention includes, for example, Ni, Ni-Cr,
Ni-based porous plates such as Ni-Co and Ni-Al 2 O 3 are coated with K 2
WO4 , Li2WO4 , Na2WO4 , K2CO3 , Li2CO3 ,
It is manufactured by electrodepositing tungsten carbide from a KCl-LiCl electrodeposition bath to which Na 2 CO 3 etc. are added. In addition
It is also possible to use a KF-LiF electrodeposition bath instead of a KCl-LiCl electrodeposition bath. Tungsten carbide is
It is added in the form of WC or W 2 C, or WC and W 2 C. Other manufacturing methods include sintering alloy powder containing WC, and CVD on Ni-based porous plates.
(chemical vapor deposition), PVD (physical
For example, a method of depositing WC by vapor deposition (vapor deposition), a method of depositing W by thermal spraying in a plasma state, etc. can be used. However, among the various manufacturing methods mentioned above,
The production method by electrodeposition is suitable for application to the present invention because the reaction and the amount of precipitation can be easily controlled. Tungsten carbide content is 0.1 to Ni
-20wt%, preferably 1-10wt%. If the content of tungsten carbide exceeds 20 wt%, electrode resistance increases and conductivity deteriorates, which is not preferable. On the other hand, if the tungsten carbide content is less than 0.1 wt%, the effects of preventing sintering and improving creep characteristics will not be exhibited. In addition, tungsten carbide is applied to the nickel-based porous plate.
By adding 0.1 to 20 wt% of tungsten to Ni and 0.1 to 15 wt% of tungsten to Ni to form an electrode, in addition to preventing sintering and improving creep characteristics, it also has the effect of promoting electrode reaction. I can do it. [Example] Hereinafter, preferred examples of the present invention will be described. However, these Examples are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention only thereto, and are merely examples. Examples 1 to 4 Tungsten carbide was electrodeposited on the following three types of Ni porous plates and one type of Ni-10Cr porous plate. (1) Ni powder sintered board (pore diameter 8μ, porosity 60%) (2) Ni fiber sintered board (pore diameter 13μ, porosity 70%) (3) Ni fiber sintered board (pore diameter 13μ, porosity 70%) (4) Ni-10Cr powder sintered plate (pore diameter 10μ, porosity 70)
%) The electrodeposition conditions were as follows. Electrodeposition bath: LiCl (58.5mol%) - KCl ( 41.5mol %) Additives: K2WO4 , K2CO3 each 0.1mol% Temperature: 700℃ Electrodeposition method : +0.1 to +0.3V (Li /Li + )
Theoretical deposition amount: 1 to 10 wt% The electrode plate obtained as described above was used as an anode, and the Ni sintered plate (36 mmφ x thickness) obtained using Ni particles with an average particle size of 5 μ 0.8mm) is used as the cathode,
A mixture of lithium and potassium carbonates (molar ratio 62:38, weight ratio 46.7:
53.3) A 50 mmφ x 2 mm thick electrolyte plate containing 60 wt% of Constructs a single cell that holds the electrolyte plate from both sides,
Initial battery performance at 650℃, after 200 hours and
Battery performance was measured after 1000 hours. In addition, as a comparative example, Ni powder sintered plate (pore diameter 5μ, porosity 60%)
The initial battery performance at 650°C and the battery performance after 200 hours of a single cell using this as an anode were measured.
The results are shown in Table 1. The fuel is hydrogen.
A gas containing 80 vol% of air and 20 vol% of CO2 was used as the oxidizing agent, and a gas containing 70 vol% of air and 30 vol% of CO2 was used as the oxidizing agent.

〔発明の効果〕〔Effect of the invention〕

以上説明したように、本発明の溶融塩燃料電池
用の電極は、シンタリング防止およびクリープ特
性改善を図ることができ、かつ長期にわたつて高
性能を維持できるので、高い電池出力を長期間維
持することができるという効果を有している。ま
たWC,W2CはCrなどに比べ耐熱・耐食性が優
れているので、長寿命が期待される。
As explained above, the electrode for molten salt fuel cells of the present invention can prevent sintering and improve creep characteristics, and can maintain high performance over a long period of time, so it can maintain high battery output for a long period of time. It has the effect of being able to In addition, WC and W 2 C have better heat resistance and corrosion resistance than Cr, etc., so they are expected to have a long life.

Claims (1)

【特許請求の範囲】[Claims] 1 ニツケル系多孔質板に炭化タングステンを添
加したことを特徴とする溶融塩燃料電池用の電
極。
1. An electrode for a molten salt fuel cell characterized by adding tungsten carbide to a nickel-based porous plate.
JP61210079A 1986-09-05 1986-09-05 Electrode for molten salt fuel cell Granted JPS6366856A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP61210079A JPS6366856A (en) 1986-09-05 1986-09-05 Electrode for molten salt fuel cell

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP61210079A JPS6366856A (en) 1986-09-05 1986-09-05 Electrode for molten salt fuel cell

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPS6366856A JPS6366856A (en) 1988-03-25
JPH0535547B2 true JPH0535547B2 (en) 1993-05-26

Family

ID=16583469

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP61210079A Granted JPS6366856A (en) 1986-09-05 1986-09-05 Electrode for molten salt fuel cell

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JPS6366856A (en)

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS6366856A (en) 1988-03-25

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