【発明の詳細な説明】[Detailed description of the invention]
本発明は、マイクロカプセルの製造方法に関す
る。さらに詳しくは、食用油脂類を芯物質とし、
その被膜が水に溶解し難いが消化器内では速かに
溶解し、かつ耐熱性を有するマイクロカプセルの
製造方法に関するものである。
ビタミン類を含有する油脂は栄養価が高く、栄
養を補助する食品として、また高度不飽和脂肪酸
を含有する油脂は心筋梗塞、狭心症等を予防し、
健康を維持する食品として、その必要性が高まつ
ている。しかし、これらの可食性非水溶性物質は
不安定で、熱や空気中の酸素等により変質されや
すく、また直接食するには口中に油状物が広がり
油つぽい味を与え、苦味がある、特異臭がある等
著しく食感が悪い。
このような問題点を防ぐため油脂類のカプセル
化が行なわれているが十分な効果をあげていな
い。
すなわち、油脂または可食物のカプセル化方法
としては、1)ゼラチン膜を使用し成型機で機械
的にカプセル化する方法(ソフトゼラチンカプセ
ル化法)、2)多重管ノズルにより油脂類をアル
ギン酸ソーダ水溶液で被覆し、ついで塩化カルシ
ウム水溶液中に滴下する方法(オリフイス法)、
3)非水溶性物質と被膜形成物質のエマルジヨン
から相分離によりマイクロカプセルを得る方法
(コアセルベーシヨン法)等が知られている。し
かしながらソフトゼラチンカプセル化法およびオ
リフイス法では、得られるカプセルが5〜10mmの
球または楕円状球形で、粒径が大きくしたがつて
飲みずらく、口中でつぶれる、薬を飲むようで不
快感を与える等の欠点がある。さらにコアセルベ
ーシヨン法では口中でざらつきの少い小粒形のも
のが得られ食感は改良されるが、食用とするには
その被膜の耐熱性等に問題がある。すなわち、最
も一般的なコアセルベーシヨン法であるゼラチン
−アラビアゴムで被覆するG−A法により得られ
るカプセルは被膜の強度が弱く、またゼラチンは
30℃付近で融解するため被膜の耐熱性が劣つてい
る。この点を改善する方法としてさらにホルマリ
ンなどのアルデヒド類で硬化する方法があるが、
これによりつくられたカプセルは食用に適しな
い。またさらに改良した方法として、粒状風味料
をゼラチン等で被覆しついで50℃以上の融点を有
する油脂で再被覆する方法(特公昭51−6735)が
あるが、被膜に耐熱性が無く、そのため加熱する
と油脂被膜が溶解し、くつつき合う、殺菌できな
い等の欠点がある。さらに油脂類をゼラチン−ア
ラビアゴムで被覆し、ついでアルギン酸ソーダで
被覆したのちカルシウム塩で硬化する方法もある
がアルギン酸カルシウムによる被膜は耐熱性に優
れているものの消化器内で溶解せず、芯物質が栄
養分として吸収されないという欠点がある。
このような点に着目し、本発明者らが鋭意研究
を行つた結果、食用に適し、食感に優れ、かつ食
品製造工程に必須である加熱殺菌工程によつても
破壊されないマイクロカプセルを得ることができ
本発明に到達したものである。すなわち、本発明
は食用油脂類を、まずゼラチン−アラビアゴムで
被覆し、微粒子状のカプセルを生成させ、次にそ
の上から熱凝固性蛋白質と非熱凝固性蛋白質の被
膜で被覆するかまたは熱凝固性蛋白質、非熱凝固
性蛋白質および多糖類での被膜で被覆したのち、
使用した熱凝固性蛋白質の凝固点以上に加熱する
ことにより、マイクロカプセルを製造する方法で
あり、得られたマイクロカプセルは、消化性に優
れ食用に適し、微粒子で水に溶解せず、ジユー
ス、ネクター、豆乳等の飲料またはバター、チー
ズ、ヨーグルト、豆腐、菓子類、冷凍食品、イン
スタント食品等の食品に任意に配合でき、異物感
を与えず、そのものの有する風味をそこなわない
食品を得ることができる。
本発明に用いる食用油脂類としては、牛脂、ラ
ード等の動物油脂および大豆油、綿実油、パーム
油等の植物油脂およびサバ油、イワシ油、タラ油
等の海産動物油脂およびこれらのエステル交換油
脂および分別油脂、例えば海産動物油脂を分別濃
縮して構成脂肪酸としてエイコサペンタエン酸ま
たはドコサヘキサエン酸を有する油脂成分を高め
た油脂等が挙げられ、またこれらの油脂類を構成
する脂肪酸のエチルエステル、トコフエロールエ
ステル等の脂肪酸の誘導体も使用できる。これら
の食用油脂類をそのまま、または必要に応じ油溶
性ビタミン、フレーバー等を添加し芯物質として
使用する。
本発明に用いるゼラチンとアラビアゴムの混合
物としては、ゼラチンとアラビアゴムの混合物を
水溶液として用いて、油脂に被膜を形成するのに
用いるのであるが、ゼラチンとアラビアゴムの混
合比は、、それぞれ重量にて7:3〜3:7に混
合して用い得るが、6:4〜4:6の比で用いる
のが好ましい。その混合物の水溶液の濃度は5〜
20重量%で用いるのが好ましい。
本発明に用いる熱凝固性蛋白質としては卵白ア
ルブミン、乳アルブミン、グロビン、ロイコシン
等のアルブミン類およびβ−ラクトグロブリン、
リゾチーム、ミオシン、グリシニン等のグロブリ
ン類が挙げられる。
非熱凝固性蛋白質としては、加熱により凝固変
性しない蛋白質であればよく、グルテニン、グリ
アジン、カゼイン、カゼインの塩等が挙げられ
る。
また、熱凝固性蛋白質と非熱凝固性蛋白質とを
含有する混合蛋白質としては、肉蛋白質、魚肉蛋
白質、牛乳蛋白質、卵白蛋白質、卵黄蛋白質、小
麦蛋白質、大豆蛋白質等が挙げられる。
これらの蛋白質群より選ばれた熱凝固性蛋白質
の少くとも1種を20〜80重量%と非熱凝固性蛋白
質の少くとも1種を80〜20重量%とを混合し、こ
の蛋白質混合物を芯物質である食用油脂に対し、
0.25〜2重量倍使用する。
また、混合蛋白質を使用する場合にはその成分
から計算し、必要に応じ熱凝固性蛋白質または非
熱凝固性蛋白質を加え、前記の比率になるよう調
整する。
本発明に用いられる多糖類としては、食用に用
いられる多糖類で水溶性であり、かつその水溶液
が増粘作用を有するものであれば良く、グアーガ
ム、ローカストビーンガム、カラーギーナン、ペ
クチン、アルギン酸、アルギン酸ソーダ、キサン
タンガム、タマリンドガム、フアーセルラン、寒
天、トラガカントガム等が挙げられる。これらの
多糖類から選んだ少くとも1種を用い、前記熱凝
固性蛋白質と非熱凝固性蛋白質からなる被膜組成
のうち非熱凝固性蛋白質の一部を多糖類で置き換
えて使用する。多糖類の使用量は2次被膜組成物
全量の30重量%以内である。
本発明のマイクロカプセルを製造するには、ま
ず食用油脂類をゼラチン−アラビアゴムで被覆
し、微粒子状カプセル(以下このようなマイクロ
カプセルを「G−Aカプセル」と称す)を生成さ
せ、次にその上に熱凝固性蛋白質および非熱凝固
性蛋白質からなる凝固被膜または熱凝固性蛋白
質、非熱凝固性蛋白質および多糖類からなる凝固
被膜を形成させる。
G−Aカプセルを製造するには、常法に従つて
芯物質である食用油脂類に対し0.2〜1重量倍の
ゼラチン−アラビアゴム混合物(重量比でゼラチ
ン:アラビアゴム=1:1)を、水に溶解し5〜
20%濃度の水溶液を調整する。この水溶液を攪拌
しながら5%苛性ソーダ水溶液を用いてPH9〜
9.5に調整し、、40〜50℃に保ちながら食用油脂類
を添加し急速攪拌して、油脂の粒径が1〜100μ、
好ましくは5〜20μの0/Wエマルジヨンとする。
ついで、この乳化液を、あらかじめPH9〜9.5に
調整した2〜10重量倍の温水(40〜50℃)と混合
し、さらに5%酢酸水溶液を用いて、PH4.3〜4.8
に調整し、油脂粒子の周囲にゼラチン−アラビア
ゴムを相分離させる。その後5〜10℃まで冷却し
被膜をゲル化し、さらにろ過し、水洗して、ゼラ
チン−アラビアガムの1次被膜で覆われたG−A
カプセルを得る。G−Aカプセル製造において、
ろ過によりマイクロカプセルの破壊、収率の低下
が認められる場合には、ろ過を省略し、マイクロ
カプセルの分散している液をそのままの状態で次
工程に用いても良い。
次にG−Aカプセルに2次被膜を形成させるに
は、まず熱凝固性蛋白質20〜80重量%と非熱凝固
性蛋白質80〜20重量%とからなる蛋白質混合物
を、芯物質に対し0.25〜2重量倍用い水に溶解
し、1〜20重量%、好ましくは3〜10重量%の水
溶液を調整する。この水溶液にろ過したG−Aカ
プセルを加え分散させ、次いで5%酢酸水溶液を
用いてPHを4〜5に調整しG−Aカプセルの周囲
に混合蛋白質の被膜を形成させる。ここで前記の
ろ過工程を省略したG−Aカプセルの分散液を用
いる場合には、分散液のPHを6〜7に調整し、蛋
白質混合物の高濃度水溶液を加え、その後蛋白質
混合物の濃度が上記の範囲になるよう水分を調整
し、さらにPHを4〜5に調整して、G−Aカプセ
ルの周囲に被膜を形成させる。次にこの分散液
を、使用した熱凝固性蛋白質の凝固点以上、好ま
しくは80℃以上まで加熱し、熱凝固性蛋白質を凝
固変性させる。熱凝固性蛋白質は80℃以上で5分
前後で凝固し、長時間加熱する必要はない。また
同条件は食品の加熱殺菌の条件でもあり、被膜の
凝固と同時にマイクロカプセルの殺菌も行われ
る。その後分散液を冷却し、ろ過し、水洗して目
的のマイクロカプセルを得る。得られるマイクロ
カプセルの凝固被膜は、熱凝固性蛋白質と非熱凝
固性蛋白質とが20〜80:80:20重量%からなる被
膜が耐熱性および強度に優れ、熱凝固性蛋白質が
80重量%以上では耐熱性は良いがもろい被膜とな
り、20重量%以下では被膜の耐熱性が劣る。
またG−Aカプセルに熱凝固性蛋白質、非熱凝
固性蛋白質および多糖類からなる2次被膜を形成
させるには、熱凝固性蛋白質20〜80重量%、非熱
凝固性蛋白質と多糖類の合計量80〜20重量%(多
糖類は2次被膜組成物全量の30重量%以下)との
混合物を芯物質である食用油脂類に対して0.25〜
2重量倍用い、水に溶解しその混合物の濃度が1
〜20重量%、好ましくは3〜10重量%の水溶液を
調整する。この水溶液にG−Aカプセルを加え分
散し、前記と同様に分散液のPHを4〜5に調整
し、G−Aカプセルの周囲に2次被膜を形成さ
せ、使用した熱凝固性蛋白質の凝固点以上、好ま
しくは80℃以上に加熱し、2次被膜を凝固したの
ち、冷却し、ろ過水洗して目的のマイクロカプセ
ルを得る。ろ過を省略したG−Aカプセルの分散
液を用いる場合も前記と同様に熱凝固性蛋白質、
非熱凝固性蛋白質および多糖類の水溶液の濃度を
調整し反応して目的のマイクロカプセルを得る。
多糖類の使用量が2次被膜組成全量に対し、30重
量%以内で得られる被膜がより耐熱性に優れ、30
重量%以上ではマイクロカプセルの製造時に水溶
液の粘度が増加し、被膜形成物質が単独で凝集
し、G−Aカプセルの周囲に被膜が形成され難く
なる。
以下実施例、比較例を挙げて本発明を更に詳細
に説明する。
実施例 1
A 精製イワシ油の製造
イワシ油2000gを常法により、苛性ソーダ、活
性白土を用いて脱酸・脱色を行い、170〜180℃、
1〜2mmHgの条件下にて水蒸気脱臭を行い、ヨ
ウ素価178.7の精製イワシ油1920gを得た。これ
の脂肪酸組成を測定した結果、EPA15.5%、
DHA9.7%を含んでいた。
B 精製イワシ油のマイクロカプセル化
ゼラチン250g、アラビアゴム250gを水3000g
に溶解し、これを攪拌しながら、10%苛性ソーダ
水溶液を用いてPH9.5に調整し、45℃にて上で得
られた精製イワシ油1000gを加え乳化させ、O/
W型エマルジヨンとする。これに温水(45〜50
℃)20000gを加え攪拌したのち、10%酢酸水溶
液にてPH4.5に調整し、5〜6℃に冷却し、15時
間静置する。その後ろ過し、水洗して、G−Aカ
プセル化物(A)2500gを得た。
次にオボアルブミン40g、酸カゼイン40gを水
1200gに溶解して得られる20℃の水溶液にG−A
カプセル(A)100gを加え、攪拌し、分散させる。
この分散液のPHは6.2を示した。つぎに、5%酢
酸水溶液にてこの分散液のPHを4.8に調整し、蛋
白質の被膜をカプセルの周囲に形成させ1時間で
80℃に昇温し、同温度で5分間保持し、蛋白質を
熱変性した。その後、30℃に冷却し、ろ過し水洗
して、平均径80μを有する白色粒状のマイクロカ
プセルを220g得た。このマイクロカプセルはイ
ワシ油を45重量%含有し、被膜の強度、耐熱性、
消化性に優れていた(表−1)。
実施例 2
A 濃縮イワシ油の製造
実施例−1のAで得られた精製イワシ油800g
をアセトン3000gに溶解し、−40℃に10時間冷却
したのち、ろ過して結晶を除去する。ろ液よりア
セトンを留出したのち、150〜170゜、1mmHg以下
にて水蒸気蒸留を行い脱臭し、濃縮イワシ油250
gを得た。この脂肪酸組成は、EPA25.8%、
DHA13.4%、ヨウ素価247.5、酸価0.1、過酸化物
価0.03であつた。
B 濃縮イワシ油のマイクロカプセル化
ゼラチン15g、アラビアゴム15gを水200gに
溶解し、これを攪拌しながら、10%苛性ソーダ水
溶液を用いてPH9.0に調整し、38℃にて上で得ら
れた精製イワシ油100gを加え乳化させ、、O/W
型エマルジヨンとする。これに温水(45〜50℃)
1800gを加え攪拌したのち、10%酢酸水溶液にて
PH4.3に調整し、5〜6℃に冷却し、5時間静置
して、G−Aカプセルの分散した溶液を得た。同
分散液を5%苛性ソーダ水溶液にてPH6.0に調整
し、さらに大豆蛋白質7.5g、レンネツトカゼイ
ン17.5gを溶解した水溶液100gを添加し混合す
る。つぎに5%酢酸水溶液にてPH4.8に調整し、
G−Aカプセルの周囲に蛋白質を凝集し、被膜を
形成した。PH調整後1時間で80℃に昇温し、同温
度に1分間保持して大豆蛋白質中の熱凝固成分を
凝固変性した。その後分散液を25℃に冷却し、ろ
過し水洗して平均径100μを有する白色のマイク
ロカプセル320gを得た。
得られたマイクロカプセルは80℃に加熱しても
破壊せず、また耐熱性および被膜の強度は良好で
あつた(表−1)。
実施例 3
A ビタミンE含有サフラワー油のマイクロカプ
セル化
常法により精製したサフラワー油(酸価0.04、
ヨウ素価143)200gにビタミンE4.0g、レシチン
4.0gを溶解しビタミンE含有サフラワー油を得
た。
ゼラチン40g、アラビアゴム40gを水800gに
溶解し、これを攪拌しながら、10%苛性ソーダ水
溶液を用いてPH9.0に調整し、40℃にてて上で得
られたビタミンE含有サフラワ−100gを加え乳
化させ、O/W型エマルジヨンとする。これに温
水(45〜50℃)2500gを加え攪拌したのち、10%
酢酸水溶液にてPH4.5に調整し、5〜6℃に冷却
し、4時間静置して、G−Aカプセルの分散した
溶液を得た。
上記分散液を5%苛性ソーダ水溶液にてPH6.0
に調整し、ついで卵白蛋白質170g、カゼインソ
ーダ30gを溶解した水溶液400gを加え混合し、
さらに5%酢酸水溶液にてPHを4.8に調整し、G
−Aカプセルの周囲に蛋白質を凝集し、被膜を形
成した。PH調整後1時間で80℃に昇温し、同温度
に1分間保持して蛋白質の熱変性を行つた。熱変
性後25℃に冷却し、ろ過水洗して、平均径70μを
有するマイクロカプセル750gを得た。得られた
マイクロカプセルは耐熱性に優れ、被膜の強度、
消化性は良好であつた(表−1)。
実施例 4
大豆蛋白質9.0g、ゼラチン16.2g、アルギン
酸ソーダ4.8gを水200gに溶解し、20℃に保つた
同溶液に実施例1で得た精製イワシ油のG−Aカ
プセル(A)250gを加え、分散させる。これに水
2000gを加え攪拌したのち、10%酢酸水溶液にて
PH5.0に調整し、2時間攪拌し、マイクロカプセ
ルの周囲に蛋白質と多糖類の被膜を形成する。そ
の後1時間で80℃に省温し、同温度に10分間保持
して熱変性蛋白質成分を凝固変性させる。ついで
室温に冷却し、ろ過水洗して平均径120μを有す
るマイクロカプセル340gを得た。得られたマイ
クロカプセルは耐熱性、皮膜強度、消化性共良好
であつた(表−1)。
実施例 5
ゼラチン20g、アラビアゴム20gを200gの水
に溶解し、これを攪拌しながら、10%苛性ソーダ
水溶液を用いてPH9.2に調整し、40℃にて実施例
2で得た濃縮イワシ油100gを加え乳化させ、O/
W型エマルジヨンとする。これに温水1400gを加
え攪拌したのち、10%酢酸水溶液にてPH4.7に調
整し、5〜6℃に冷却し、3時間静置して、G−
Aカプセル分散液を得た。ついでラクトグロブリ
ン50g、レンネツトカゼイン35g、カラギーナン
15gを溶解した水溶液500gを、PH6.0に調整した
上記分散液に加え、攪拌しながら5%酢酸水溶液
にてPH5.0に調整した、この操作によりG−Aカ
プセルの周囲に蛋白質と多糖類の被膜が形成され
た。その後、1時間で80℃まで加熱し、同温度に
3分間保持し、熱凝固性蛋白質成分を熱変性し、
さらに30℃に冷却し、ろ過洗浄して、平均径
100μを有するマイクロカプセルを得た。得られ
たマイクロカプセルは耐熱性、被膜強度、消化性
共良好であつた(表−1)。
実施例 6
ゼラチン40g、アラビアゴム40gを350gの水
に溶解し、これを攪拌しながら10%苛性ソーダ水
溶液を用いてPH8.8に調整し、40℃にて実施例3
で得たビタミンE含有サフラワー油100gを加え
乳化させたのち、実施例5と同様に温水1500gを
加えPH4.4に調整し、8℃に冷却し、3時間静置
し、G−Aカプセル分散液を得た。
ついで卵白蛋白質50g、レンネツトカゼイン90
g、、LM−ペクチン60gを溶解した水溶液800g
を、PH6.0に調整した上記分散液に加え、攪拌分
散した。
ついでこの分散液を5%酢酸水溶液でPH4.8に
調整して蛋白質−多糖類の被膜をつくり、さらに
80℃まで加熱し、同温度で4分間保持して熱凝固
性蛋白質成分を変性させ、さらに30℃まで冷却
し、ろ過水洗して平均径80μを有するマイクロカ
プセル620gを得た。
得られたマイクロカプセルは耐熱性、被膜強
度、消化性共良好であつた(表−1)。
比較例 1
実施例1で得たイワシ油のG−Aカプセル(A)
100gを2000gの冷水(5℃)に分散し、ホルマ
リン3.0gを加え、5%苛性ソーダ水溶液にてPH
9に調整し、30分攪拌後、1時間で50℃まで昇温
し、5時間反応後ろ過水洗してマイクロカプセル
105gを得た。
比較例 2
実施例1で得たイワシ油のG−Aカプセル(A)
100gを5%卵白蛋白質水溶液1500gに加え、攪
拌して分散したのち、5%酢酸水溶液にてPHを
4.8に調整する。PH調整後1時間で80℃に昇温し、
同温度で3分間保持した後、25℃に冷却し、ろ過
水洗してマイクロカプセル180gを得た。
比較例 3
実施例1で得たイワシ油のマイクロカプセル(A)
100gを1%アルギン酸ソーダ水溶液1000gに加
え、攪拌し、分散させ、この分散液を10000gの
水に加え、分散させる。5分間後、2%塩化カル
シウム水溶液30gを加え、ゲル化させる。5時間
静置して、熟成させたのち、ろ過し水洗して、ゲ
ル状のマイクロカプセル130gを得た。
実施例1〜6および比較例1〜3で得たマイク
ロカプセルの被膜の強度、耐熱性、消化性を測定
しその結果を表−1に示す。
The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing microcapsules. More specifically, edible oils and fats are used as the core material,
The present invention relates to a method for producing microcapsules whose film is difficult to dissolve in water, but quickly dissolves in the digestive system, and has heat resistance. Fats and oils containing vitamins have high nutritional value and can be used as nutritional supplements, and fats and oils containing highly unsaturated fatty acids can prevent myocardial infarction, angina, etc.
The need for it as a food that maintains health is increasing. However, these edible water-insoluble substances are unstable and easily deteriorate due to heat, oxygen in the air, etc., and when eaten directly, an oily substance spreads in the mouth, giving a greasy taste and a bitter taste. It has a peculiar odor and has a noticeably poor texture. Encapsulation of oils and fats has been attempted to prevent such problems, but this has not been sufficiently effective. That is, methods for encapsulating fats and oils or edibles include 1) mechanical encapsulation using a gelatin film using a molding machine (soft gelatin encapsulation method), and 2) a method of encapsulating fats and oils using a multi-tube nozzle in an aqueous sodium alginate solution. A method of coating with calcium chloride and then dropping it into an aqueous calcium chloride solution (orifice method),
3) A method of obtaining microcapsules by phase separation from an emulsion of a water-insoluble substance and a film-forming substance (coacervation method) is known. However, with the soft gelatin encapsulation method and the orifice method, the capsules obtained are spherical or ellipsoidal with a diameter of 5 to 10 mm, and the particle size is large, making it difficult to swallow, crushing in the mouth, and causing discomfort as if swallowing medicine. There are drawbacks such as. Furthermore, although the coacelvation method yields small grains with less roughness in the mouth and improves texture, there are problems with the heat resistance of the coating for making them edible. In other words, capsules obtained by the G-A method, which is the most common coacervation method, in which gelatin and gum arabic are coated, have a weak coating, and gelatin is
The film has poor heat resistance because it melts at around 30°C. To improve this point, there is a method of curing with aldehydes such as formalin.
Capsules produced in this way are not suitable for human consumption. As a further improved method, there is a method (Japanese Patent Publication No. 51-6735) in which granular flavorings are coated with gelatin etc. and then re-coated with an oil or fat having a melting point of 50℃ or higher, but the coating lacks heat resistance, so heating This causes the oil and fat film to dissolve, causing problems such as sticking together and inability to sterilize. Furthermore, there is a method in which fats and oils are coated with gelatin-gum arabic, then coated with sodium alginate, and then hardened with calcium salt, but although the calcium alginate coating has excellent heat resistance, it does not dissolve in the digestive system, and the core substance The disadvantage is that it is not absorbed as nutrients. Focusing on these points, the present inventors conducted intensive research and obtained microcapsules that are edible, have excellent texture, and are not destroyed even by the heat sterilization process that is essential to the food manufacturing process. This is what the present invention has achieved. That is, in the present invention, edible fats and oils are first coated with gelatin-gum arabic to form microparticle capsules, and then coated with a film of heat-coagulable protein and non-thermocoagulable protein, or coated with heat-coagulable protein. After coating with a coating of coagulable protein, non-thermocoagulable protein and polysaccharide,
This method produces microcapsules by heating the thermocoagulable protein used above the freezing point.The resulting microcapsules have excellent digestibility and are suitable for consumption. It can be added to beverages such as soy milk, or foods such as butter, cheese, yogurt, tofu, confectionery, frozen foods, instant foods, etc. to obtain foods that do not give a foreign body sensation and do not impair the flavor of the food itself. can. Edible oils and fats used in the present invention include animal oils and fats such as beef tallow and lard, vegetable oils and fats such as soybean oil, cottonseed oil, and palm oil, marine animal fats and oils such as mackerel oil, sardine oil, and cod oil, and transesterified oils and fats thereof. Fractionated fats and oils include, for example, fats and oils obtained by fractionating and concentrating marine animal fats and fats to increase the fat component having eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid as a constituent fatty acid, and ethyl esters and tocopherol esters of fatty acids constituting these fats and oils. Derivatives of fatty acids such as the following can also be used. These edible fats and oils are used as core materials as they are, or with the addition of oil-soluble vitamins, flavors, etc., if necessary. The mixture of gelatin and gum arabic used in the present invention is used as an aqueous solution to form a film on fats and oils, and the mixing ratio of gelatin and gum arabic is as follows: They can be used in a mixed ratio of 7:3 to 3:7, but preferably used in a ratio of 6:4 to 4:6. The concentration of the aqueous solution of the mixture is 5~
Preferably, it is used at 20% by weight. The thermocoagulable proteins used in the present invention include albumins such as ovalbumin, milk albumin, globin, and leucosin, and β-lactoglobulin.
Examples include globulins such as lysozyme, myosin, and glycinin. The non-thermocoagulable protein may be any protein that is not coagulated and denatured by heating, and examples thereof include glutenin, gliadin, casein, casein salts, and the like. Further, examples of the mixed protein containing a thermocoagulable protein and a non-thermocoagulable protein include meat protein, fish protein, milk protein, egg white protein, egg yolk protein, wheat protein, soybean protein, and the like. 20 to 80% by weight of at least one type of thermocoagulable protein selected from these protein groups and 80 to 20% by weight of at least one type of non-thermocoagulable protein are mixed, and this protein mixture is used as a core. For edible fats and oils, which are substances,
Use 0.25 to 2 times the weight. In addition, when using a mixed protein, the ratio is calculated based on its components, and if necessary, thermocoagulable protein or non-thermocoagulable protein is added to adjust the ratio as described above. The polysaccharides used in the present invention may be edible polysaccharides that are water-soluble and whose aqueous solution has a thickening effect, such as guar gum, locust bean gum, carrageenan, pectin, alginic acid, and alginic acid. Examples include soda, xanthan gum, tamarind gum, furcellulan, agar, and tragacanth gum. At least one selected from these polysaccharides is used, and in the coating composition consisting of the thermocoagulable protein and non-thermocoagulable protein, part of the non-thermocoagulable protein is replaced with the polysaccharide. The amount of polysaccharide used is within 30% by weight of the total amount of the secondary coating composition. To produce the microcapsules of the present invention, first, edible oils and fats are coated with gelatin-gum arabic to form microparticulate capsules (hereinafter such microcapsules are referred to as "G-A capsules"), and then A coagulated film consisting of a thermocoagulable protein and a non-thermocoagulable protein or a coagulated film composed of a thermocoagulable protein, a non-thermocoagulable protein and a polysaccharide is formed thereon. To produce G-A capsules, a gelatin-gum arabic mixture (gelatin:gum arabic = 1:1 in weight ratio) is added in an amount of 0.2 to 1 times the weight of the edible oil or fat as the core material, according to a conventional method. Dissolved in water 5~
Prepare a 20% concentration aqueous solution. Using 5% caustic soda aqueous solution while stirring this aqueous solution, pH 9 ~
9.5, add edible fats and oils while keeping the temperature at 40-50℃ and stir rapidly until the particle size of the fats and oils is 1-100μ.
Preferably, the 0/W emulsion is 5 to 20 microns.
Next, this emulsion is mixed with 2 to 10 times the weight of warm water (40 to 50°C) that has been adjusted to pH 9 to 9.5 in advance, and further adjusted to pH 4.3 to 4.8 using a 5% acetic acid aqueous solution.
The gelatin-gum arabic phase is separated around the oil particles. The film was then cooled to 5-10°C to gel, further filtered, washed with water, and covered with a primary gelatin-gum arabic film.
Get the capsule. In the production of G-A capsules,
If filtration causes destruction of microcapsules or decreases in yield, filtration may be omitted and the liquid in which the microcapsules are dispersed may be used as is in the next step. Next, in order to form a secondary coating on the G-A capsule, first, a protein mixture consisting of 20 to 80% by weight of thermocoagulable protein and 80 to 20% by weight of non-thermocoagulable protein is added to the core material by 0.25 to 80% by weight. It is dissolved in water twice by weight to prepare an aqueous solution of 1 to 20% by weight, preferably 3 to 10% by weight. The filtered G-A capsules are added to this aqueous solution and dispersed, and then the pH is adjusted to 4 to 5 using a 5% acetic acid aqueous solution to form a mixed protein coating around the G-A capsules. When using a dispersion of G-A capsules that omit the above-mentioned filtration step, the pH of the dispersion is adjusted to 6 to 7, a high concentration aqueous solution of the protein mixture is added, and then the concentration of the protein mixture is adjusted to the above level. The water content is adjusted to be within the range of 100 to 100%, and the pH is further adjusted to 4 to 5 to form a film around the G-A capsule. Next, this dispersion is heated to a temperature higher than the freezing point of the thermocoagulable protein used, preferably 80° C. or higher, to coagulate and denature the thermocoagulable protein. Thermocoagulable proteins coagulate in about 5 minutes at temperatures above 80°C, so there is no need to heat them for a long time. The same conditions are also the conditions for heat sterilization of foods, and the microcapsules are sterilized at the same time as the coating coagulates. Thereafter, the dispersion is cooled, filtered, and washed with water to obtain the desired microcapsules. The coagulated coating of the obtained microcapsules has excellent heat resistance and strength, and the coating is composed of 20 to 80:80:20% by weight of thermocoagulable protein and non-thermocoagulable protein.
If it is more than 80% by weight, the film will have good heat resistance but will be brittle, and if it is less than 20% by weight, the film will have poor heat resistance. In addition, in order to form a secondary film consisting of thermocoagulable protein, non-thermocoagulable protein, and polysaccharide on the G-A capsule, 20 to 80% by weight of thermocoagulable protein and the total amount of non-thermocoagulable protein and polysaccharide are required. 80 to 20% by weight (the polysaccharide is 30% by weight or less of the total amount of the secondary coating composition) and the amount is 0.25 to 25% by weight based on the edible fats and oils that are the core material.
Use 2 times the weight and dissolve it in water so that the concentration of the mixture is 1
A ~20% by weight aqueous solution is prepared, preferably 3-10% by weight. G-A capsules were added to this aqueous solution and dispersed, the pH of the dispersion liquid was adjusted to 4 to 5 in the same manner as above, a secondary film was formed around the G-A capsules, and the freezing point of the thermocoagulable protein used was As described above, the secondary coating is preferably heated to 80° C. or higher to solidify, and then cooled, filtered and washed with water to obtain the desired microcapsules. When using a dispersion of G-A capsules without filtration, heat-coagulable protein,
The desired microcapsules are obtained by adjusting the concentrations of the non-thermocoagulable protein and polysaccharide aqueous solutions and reacting them.
A film obtained when the amount of polysaccharide used is within 30% by weight based on the total amount of the secondary film composition has better heat resistance;
If it exceeds % by weight, the viscosity of the aqueous solution increases during the production of microcapsules, and the film-forming substance aggregates by itself, making it difficult to form a film around the G-A capsule. The present invention will be explained in more detail below by giving Examples and Comparative Examples. Example 1 A Production of refined sardine oil 2000 g of sardine oil was deoxidized and decolorized using caustic soda and activated clay in a conventional manner, and heated at 170 to 180°C.
Steam deodorization was performed under conditions of 1 to 2 mmHg to obtain 1920 g of purified sardine oil with an iodine value of 178.7. As a result of measuring the fatty acid composition of this, EPA15.5%,
Contained 9.7% DHA. B Microcapsulation of refined sardine oil 250g gelatin, 250g gum arabic and 3000g water
While stirring, adjust the pH to 9.5 using a 10% aqueous solution of caustic soda, add 1000 g of purified sardine oil obtained above at 45°C, emulsify, and add O/
Make it a W-type emulsion. Add warm water (45-50
After adding 20,000 g of the mixture and stirring, the pH was adjusted to 4.5 with a 10% acetic acid aqueous solution, cooled to 5-6°C, and left to stand for 15 hours. Thereafter, it was filtered and washed with water to obtain 2500 g of GA encapsulated product (A). Next, add 40g of ovalbumin and 40g of acid casein to water.
G-A in a 20℃ aqueous solution obtained by dissolving 1200g
Add 100g of capsules (A) and stir to disperse.
The pH of this dispersion was 6.2. Next, the pH of this dispersion was adjusted to 4.8 with a 5% acetic acid aqueous solution, and a protein film was formed around the capsules for 1 hour.
The temperature was raised to 80°C and maintained at the same temperature for 5 minutes to thermally denature the protein. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled to 30° C., filtered, and washed with water to obtain 220 g of white granular microcapsules having an average diameter of 80 μm. These microcapsules contain 45% by weight of sardine oil, and have excellent coating strength, heat resistance,
It had excellent digestibility (Table 1). Example 2 A Production of concentrated sardine oil 800g of refined sardine oil obtained in A of Example-1
was dissolved in 3000 g of acetone, cooled to -40°C for 10 hours, and then filtered to remove crystals. After distilling acetone from the filtrate, steam distillation is performed at 150 to 170° and below 1 mmHg to deodorize, and concentrated sardine oil 250
I got g. This fatty acid composition is EPA25.8%,
The DHA was 13.4%, the iodine value was 247.5, the acid value was 0.1, and the peroxide value was 0.03. B. Microencapsulation of concentrated sardine oil Dissolve 15 g of gelatin and 15 g of gum arabic in 200 g of water, adjust the pH to 9.0 using a 10% caustic soda aqueous solution while stirring, and prepare the above obtained product at 38°C. Add 100g of refined sardine oil and emulsify, O/W
Make a mold emulsion. Add warm water (45-50℃)
After adding 1800g and stirring, add 10% acetic acid aqueous solution.
The pH was adjusted to 4.3, cooled to 5 to 6°C, and left to stand for 5 hours to obtain a solution in which G-A capsules were dispersed. The dispersion was adjusted to pH 6.0 with a 5% caustic soda aqueous solution, and 100 g of an aqueous solution in which 7.5 g of soybean protein and 17.5 g of rennet casein were dissolved were added and mixed. Next, adjust the pH to 4.8 with a 5% acetic acid aqueous solution,
Proteins were aggregated around the G-A capsule to form a film. One hour after adjusting the pH, the temperature was raised to 80°C and maintained at the same temperature for one minute to coagulate and denature the heat-coagulated components in the soybean protein. Thereafter, the dispersion was cooled to 25° C., filtered and washed with water to obtain 320 g of white microcapsules having an average diameter of 100 μm. The obtained microcapsules did not break even when heated to 80°C, and the heat resistance and film strength were good (Table 1). Example 3 A Microencapsulation of safflower oil containing vitamin E Safflower oil purified by a conventional method (acid value 0.04,
Iodine value 143) 200g contains 4.0g of vitamin E and lecithin
4.0g was dissolved to obtain vitamin E-containing safflower oil. Dissolve 40g of gelatin and 40g of gum arabic in 800g of water, adjust the pH to 9.0 using 10% caustic soda aqueous solution while stirring, and add 100g of the vitamin E-containing safflower obtained above at 40℃. Add and emulsify to make an O/W type emulsion. After adding 2500g of warm water (45-50℃) and stirring, 10%
The pH was adjusted to 4.5 with an aqueous acetic acid solution, cooled to 5 to 6°C, and left to stand for 4 hours to obtain a solution in which G-A capsules were dispersed. The above dispersion was diluted with 5% caustic soda aqueous solution to pH 6.0.
Then, add 400 g of an aqueous solution containing 170 g of egg white protein and 30 g of casein soda and mix.
Furthermore, the pH was adjusted to 4.8 with 5% acetic acid aqueous solution, and G
- Protein was aggregated around the A capsule to form a film. One hour after adjusting the pH, the temperature was raised to 80°C, and the temperature was maintained for one minute to thermally denature the protein. After heat denaturation, the mixture was cooled to 25° C., filtered and washed with water to obtain 750 g of microcapsules having an average diameter of 70 μm. The obtained microcapsules have excellent heat resistance, film strength,
Digestibility was good (Table 1). Example 4 9.0 g of soybean protein, 16.2 g of gelatin, and 4.8 g of sodium alginate were dissolved in 200 g of water, and 250 g of purified sardine oil G-A capsules (A) obtained in Example 1 were added to the same solution kept at 20°C. Add and disperse. This and water
After adding 2000g and stirring, add 10% acetic acid aqueous solution.
Adjust the pH to 5.0 and stir for 2 hours to form a protein and polysaccharide film around the microcapsules. Thereafter, the temperature was reduced to 80°C for 1 hour, and maintained at the same temperature for 10 minutes to coagulate and denature the heat-denatured protein component. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature, filtered and washed with water to obtain 340 g of microcapsules having an average diameter of 120 μm. The obtained microcapsules had good heat resistance, film strength, and digestibility (Table 1). Example 5 20 g of gelatin and 20 g of gum arabic were dissolved in 200 g of water, and while stirring, the pH was adjusted to 9.2 using 10% caustic soda aqueous solution, and the concentrated sardine oil obtained in Example 2 was heated at 40°C. Add 100g and emulsify, O/
Make it a W-type emulsion. After adding 1400 g of warm water and stirring, the pH was adjusted to 4.7 with 10% acetic acid aqueous solution, cooled to 5-6°C, left standing for 3 hours, and G-
A capsule dispersion liquid was obtained. Next, 50g of lactoglobulin, 35g of rennet casein, and carrageenan.
Add 500 g of an aqueous solution in which 15 g of G-A was dissolved to the above dispersion adjusted to pH 6.0, and adjust the pH to 5.0 with a 5% acetic acid aqueous solution while stirring. This operation caused proteins and polysaccharides to be formed around the G-A capsule. A film was formed. After that, it was heated to 80℃ for 1 hour and kept at the same temperature for 3 minutes to thermally denature the thermocoagulable protein component.
Further cooled to 30℃, filtered and washed, and the average diameter
Microcapsules with 100μ were obtained. The obtained microcapsules had good heat resistance, film strength, and digestibility (Table 1). Example 6 40 g of gelatin and 40 g of gum arabic were dissolved in 350 g of water, and while stirring, the pH was adjusted to 8.8 using a 10% aqueous solution of caustic soda, and the mixture was heated at 40° C. Example 3
After adding 100 g of the vitamin E-containing safflower oil obtained in Example 5 and emulsifying it, 1500 g of warm water was added in the same manner as in Example 5 to adjust the pH to 4.4, cool it to 8°C, let it stand for 3 hours, and prepare G-A capsules. A dispersion was obtained. Next, 50g of egg white protein, 90g of rennet casein.
g, 800 g of an aqueous solution containing 60 g of LM-pectin
was added to the above dispersion liquid adjusted to pH 6.0, and stirred and dispersed. Next, this dispersion was adjusted to pH 4.8 with a 5% acetic acid aqueous solution to create a protein-polysaccharide film, and then
The mixture was heated to 80°C and held at the same temperature for 4 minutes to denature the thermocoagulable protein component, and further cooled to 30°C, filtered and washed with water to obtain 620g of microcapsules having an average diameter of 80μ. The obtained microcapsules had good heat resistance, film strength, and digestibility (Table 1). Comparative Example 1 Sardine oil G-A capsule (A) obtained in Example 1
Disperse 100g in 2000g of cold water (5℃), add 3.0g of formalin, and pH with 5% caustic soda aqueous solution.
After stirring for 30 minutes, the temperature was raised to 50℃ in 1 hour, and after reaction for 5 hours, the microcapsules were washed with water.
Obtained 105g. Comparative Example 2 G-A capsule of sardine oil obtained in Example 1 (A)
Add 100g to 1500g of 5% egg white protein aqueous solution, stir to disperse, and then adjust the pH with 5% acetic acid aqueous solution.
Adjust to 4.8. The temperature was raised to 80℃ in 1 hour after adjusting the pH.
After being kept at the same temperature for 3 minutes, it was cooled to 25°C, filtered and washed with water to obtain 180 g of microcapsules. Comparative Example 3 Sardine oil microcapsules obtained in Example 1 (A)
Add 100g to 1000g of 1% sodium alginate aqueous solution, stir and disperse, and add this dispersion to 10000g of water and disperse. After 5 minutes, add 30 g of 2% aqueous calcium chloride solution to gel. After being allowed to stand for 5 hours to ripen, it was filtered and washed with water to obtain 130 g of gel-like microcapsules. The strength, heat resistance, and digestibility of the coatings of the microcapsules obtained in Examples 1 to 6 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 were measured, and the results are shown in Table 1.
【表】
強度試験:300mlの分液ロートにPH5.0の水(20
℃)200mlおよび実施例、比較例で得たマイクロ
カプセルを20g仕込み、同分液ロートを往復振と
う機にて、室温で100往復/分の速度で1時間振
とうし、そののち分散液の状態を顕微鏡(400倍)
により、観察しマイクロカプセルの強度を以下の
基準により判定した。
○……マイクロカプセルから油の分離およびマ
イクロカプセルの変形なし。
△……油の分離がわずかに認められる、または
マイクロカプセルの変形あり。
×……油の分離およびマイクロカプセルの変形
破壊が著しく認められる。
耐熱試験:300mlのビーカーにPH5.0の温水(80
℃)およびマイクロカプセル20gを仕込み、80℃
で30分間緩速攪拌し、室温に冷却後分散液の状態
を顕微鏡(400倍)により観察しマイクロカプセ
ルの耐熱性を判定した。
結果は○、△、×で表示し、その基準は強度試
験に準じた。
消化性試験:300mlビーカーに0.05%ペプシン
水溶液200mlを仕込み、1N−塩酸水溶液でPHを
1.5に調整し、マイクロカプセル20gを添加し、
液温37℃で1時間緩速攪拌したのち、分散液の状
態を顕微鏡(400倍)により観察し、マイクロカ
プセルの消化性を以下の基準により判定した。
○……マイクロカプセルの被膜が溶解し、油が
分離。
△……マイクロカプセルの被膜が一部溶解し、
油の分離がわずかに認められる。
×……マイクロカプセルの被膜が変化せず、油
の分離も認められない。[Table] Strength test: Add water (20
℃) 200 ml and 20 g of the microcapsules obtained in Examples and Comparative Examples were charged, and the separating funnel was shaken at room temperature with a reciprocating shaker for 1 hour at a speed of 100 reciprocations/min. Condition under microscope (400x)
The strength of the microcapsules was determined based on the following criteria. ○...No separation of oil from microcapsules and no deformation of microcapsules. △...Slight separation of oil is observed or deformation of microcapsules. ×... Separation of oil and deformation and destruction of microcapsules were significantly observed. Heat resistance test: PH5.0 warm water (80ml) in a 300ml beaker
℃) and 20g of microcapsules and heated to 80℃.
After stirring slowly for 30 minutes and cooling to room temperature, the state of the dispersion was observed under a microscope (400x magnification) to determine the heat resistance of the microcapsules. The results were expressed as ○, △, and ×, and the standards were based on the strength test. Digestibility test: Pour 200ml of 0.05% pepsin aqueous solution into a 300ml beaker, and adjust the pH with 1N hydrochloric acid aqueous solution.
Adjust to 1.5, add 20g of microcapsules,
After stirring slowly for 1 hour at a liquid temperature of 37°C, the state of the dispersion liquid was observed using a microscope (400x magnification), and the digestibility of the microcapsules was judged according to the following criteria. ○...The microcapsule coating dissolves and the oil separates. △……The coating of the microcapsules was partially dissolved,
Slight oil separation is observed. ×...The coating of the microcapsules did not change, and no oil separation was observed.