JPH06304423A - Exhaust gas filter - Google Patents
Exhaust gas filterInfo
- Publication number
- JPH06304423A JPH06304423A JP5331580A JP33158093A JPH06304423A JP H06304423 A JPH06304423 A JP H06304423A JP 5331580 A JP5331580 A JP 5331580A JP 33158093 A JP33158093 A JP 33158093A JP H06304423 A JPH06304423 A JP H06304423A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- exhaust gas
- silica
- fiber
- alumina
- gas filter
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Landscapes
- Processes For Solid Components From Exhaust (AREA)
- Filtering Materials (AREA)
Abstract
(57)【要約】
【構成】 排ガス中の微粒子を除去する無機繊維を構成
成分とする排ガスフィルタにおいて、無機繊維としてア
ルミナとシリカの含有量が９８重量％以上で、繊維の屈
曲強さが１．５Ｋｇ／ｍｍ2 以上の連続アルミナ・シリ
カ繊維を用いることを特徴とする排ガスフィルタ。
【効果】 短期間で破損することなく長期間安定的に微
粒子を捕集し得る排ガスフィルタを供給する。(57) [Summary] [Structure] In an exhaust gas filter containing inorganic fibers for removing fine particles in exhaust gas, the content of alumina and silica as the inorganic fibers is 98% by weight or more, and the bending strength of the fibers is 1 An exhaust gas filter characterized by using continuous alumina / silica fibers of 0.5 kg / mm 2 or more. [Effect] An exhaust gas filter capable of stably collecting fine particles for a long period of time without being damaged in a short period of time is supplied.
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】本発明は排ガスを浄化するフィル
タ、特にディーゼルエンジンの排ガス中の微粒子（パー
ティキュレート）を捕集し、捕集した微粒子を焼却する
ことにより、再生することの可能な排ガスフィルタに関
する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a filter for purifying exhaust gas, in particular, exhaust gas that can be regenerated by collecting fine particles (particulates) in the exhaust gas of a diesel engine and incinerating the collected fine particles. Regarding filters.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】ディーゼルエンジンの排ガスから微粒子
を除去するためには、排気管途中に耐熱性のフィルタを
設けるのが一般的である。フィルタはある程度微粒子を
捕集すると、目詰まりのため圧力損失が増加しエンジン
の出力を低下させるので、適当な間隔で捕集した微粒子
を再燃焼し、フィルタを再生（リゼネレーション）する
必要がある。2. Description of the Related Art In order to remove fine particles from exhaust gas of a diesel engine, it is common to provide a heat resistant filter in the middle of the exhaust pipe. If the filter collects particulates to some extent, pressure loss increases due to clogging and the output of the engine decreases, so it is necessary to reburn the particulates collected at appropriate intervals to regenerate the filter (regeneration). is there.
【０００３】このフィルタはセラミックスモノリシス、
セラミックフォームや金属網が用いられる。しかし、セ
ラミックスモノリシスフィルタは微粒子を再燃焼する
際、局部的な加熱によるクラックや容積損失が発生する
という重大な問題がある。一方、セラミックフォームフ
ィルタは微粒子の捕集効率が不充分である。又、金属網
フィルタは微粒子を再燃焼する際、耐熱性が不充分で破
損してしまう。This filter is a ceramic monolith,
Ceramic foam or metal mesh is used. However, the ceramic monolysis filter has a serious problem that cracks and volume loss occur due to local heating when reburning fine particles. On the other hand, the ceramic foam filter has an insufficient collection efficiency of fine particles. In addition, the metal mesh filter has insufficient heat resistance and is damaged when the fine particles are reburned.
【０００４】特開平３−２７５１１０号公報では０．１
〜１０mmの長さにチョップしたアルミノシリケート繊維
とセラミック原料粉末とからなるセラミックシートの一
方を波板とし、他方の平板と接着したものを積層もしく
は巻き上げ焼成により一体化したセラミック製コルゲー
トハニカム構造のフィルタを提案している。In Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 3-275110, the value is 0.1.
A ceramic corrugated honeycomb structure filter in which one of the ceramic sheets made of aluminosilicate fiber chopped to a length of 10 mm and ceramic raw material powder is used as a corrugated sheet, and the other flat plate is adhered and laminated or laminated by winding and firing. Is proposed.
【０００５】特開平２−２５６８１２号公報では、通気
性支持材と交互に層をなす複数のセラミック繊維濾過材
料及び電気加熱素子とを含み、前記セラミック繊維が特
にアルミナ・ボリア・シリカセラミック繊維である微粒
子トラップを提案している。In Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2-256812, a plurality of ceramic fiber filtration materials and electric heating elements, which are alternately layered with a breathable support material, are included, and the ceramic fibers are particularly alumina-boria-silica ceramic fibers. A particle trap is proposed.
【０００６】[0006]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】特開平３−２７５１１
０号公報では、フィルタ材料がチョップした繊維とセラ
ミック粉末からなっているため、強度が弱く使用中破損
したり、繊維とセラミック粉末の分散が悪く、気孔の大
きさが不均一という問題がある。[Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 3-27511
In JP-A-0, since the filter material is composed of chopped fibers and ceramic powder, there is a problem that the strength is weak and the powder is damaged during use, the fibers and the ceramic powder are not well dispersed, and the pore size is not uniform.
【０００７】一方特開平２−２５６８１２号公報では、
トラップが連続セラミック繊維からできているため微粒
子の捕集効率は高いが、該公報で望ましいセラミック繊
維として教示されている連続アルミナ・ボリア・シリカ
・セラミック繊維を用いた場合に於いても、長期間ディ
ーゼルエンジンの微粒子トラップに使用すると繊維が破
損し、使用不能になるという問題がある。On the other hand, in JP-A-2-256812,
Although the trap is made of continuous ceramic fibers, the trapping efficiency of fine particles is high, but even when the continuous alumina / boria / silica / ceramic fibers taught as desirable ceramic fibers in the publication are used, the trapping efficiency is long. When used as a particulate trap for diesel engines, there is a problem that the fibers are damaged and cannot be used.
【０００８】かかる状況下に鑑み、本発明者等は排ガス
中、特にディーゼルエンジンよりの排ガス中の微粒子を
効率良く、長期間捕集し、再生することの可能な排ガス
フィルタの開発を目的とし鋭意研究した結果、特定の組
成を有し、且つ特定の屈曲強さを有する無機繊維からな
る排ガスフィルタは、長期間安定的に微粒子を捕集し再
生し得ることを見出し、本発明を完成させるに至った。In view of the above situation, the present inventors have earnestly aimed to develop an exhaust gas filter capable of efficiently collecting and regenerating fine particles in exhaust gas, particularly exhaust gas from a diesel engine for a long period of time. As a result of research, it was found that an exhaust gas filter having a specific composition and comprising an inorganic fiber having a specific bending strength can stably collect and regenerate fine particles for a long period of time, and to complete the present invention. I arrived.
【０００９】すなわち、本発明は、排ガス中の微粒子を
除去する無機繊維を構成成分とする排ガスフィルタにお
いて、無機繊維としてアルミナとシリカの含有量が９８
重量％以上で、繊維の屈曲強さが１．５Kg／mm2 以上の
連続アルミナ・シリカ繊維を用いることを特徴とする排
ガスフィルタを提供するにある。That is, according to the present invention, in an exhaust gas filter containing inorganic fibers for removing fine particles in exhaust gas as a constituent component, the content of alumina and silica as inorganic fibers is 98.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an exhaust gas filter characterized by using continuous alumina-silica fibers having a bending strength of 1.5 kg / mm 2 or more at a weight percentage of at least 1.5.
【００１０】以下、本発明を更に詳細に説明する。本発
明の特徴は、排ガス中の微粒子を除去するフィルタは、
アルミナとシリカの含有量が９８重量％以上の連続アル
ミナ・シリカ繊維を用いる。該繊維中のアルミナとシリ
カの含有量が９８重量％未満の場合には、これを使用し
た排ガスフィルタを長期間ディーゼルエンジンの微粒子
トラップに使用すると繊維が破損し使用不可能になるこ
とがある。特に繊維を構成する無機物が酸化硼素、アル
カリ金属又はその酸化物、アルカリ土類金属又はその酸
化物の場合、その量が上記範囲（２重量％）より多くな
ると、短期間で繊維が破損し使用不可能になる。The present invention will be described in more detail below. The feature of the present invention is that the filter for removing fine particles in the exhaust gas is
A continuous alumina-silica fiber having an alumina and silica content of 98% by weight or more is used. If the content of alumina and silica in the fiber is less than 98% by weight, the fiber may be damaged and rendered unusable if the exhaust gas filter using this is used for a particulate trap of a diesel engine for a long period of time. In particular, when the inorganic substance constituting the fiber is boron oxide, an alkali metal or its oxide, an alkaline earth metal or its oxide, if the amount exceeds the above range (2% by weight), the fiber will be damaged in a short period of time and used. It will be impossible.
【００１１】この理由は明らかではないが、排ガスフィ
ルタが再生時に１０００℃付近迄加熱されるため、アル
ミナ・シリカ繊維中に含有される不純物無機物が飛散し
繊維が多孔質化したり、不純物がアルミナやシリカと反
応し微細な構造変化をきたすとか、更には排ガス中のＳ
分等と不純物が反応しこれが繊維の脆化を促進すること
も考えられる。Although the reason for this is not clear, since the exhaust gas filter is heated to around 1000 ° C. during regeneration, the inorganic impurities contained in the alumina / silica fiber are scattered and the fiber becomes porous, and the impurities are alumina and It reacts with silica to cause a fine structural change, and also S in exhaust gas.
It is also possible that impurities and the like react with each other and this promotes embrittlement of the fiber.
【００１２】更に本発明の特徴は、排ガス中の微粒子を
除去するフィルタが屈曲強さが約１．５Kg／mm2 以上、
好ましくは約２．０Kg／mm2 以上の連続アルミナ・シリ
カ繊維からなることにある。A further feature of the present invention is that the filter for removing fine particles in the exhaust gas has a bending strength of about 1.5 kg / mm 2 or more,
It is preferably composed of continuous alumina-silica fibers of about 2.0 kg / mm 2 or more.
【００１３】屈曲強さとは、表面が平滑な直径０．５mm
の金属棒に繊維を３６０度屈曲させて引っ掛け、引張速
度１５０mm／分で引張った時の繊維が破断する強度であ
る。Bending strength means a diameter of 0.5 mm with a smooth surface.
The strength is the strength at which the fiber breaks when the fiber is bent 360 degrees on the metal rod and hooked and pulled at a pulling speed of 150 mm / min.
【００１４】屈曲強さが１．５Kg／mm2 未満の繊維を用
いて排ガスフィルタを作った場合、得られる排ガスフィ
ルタは長期間ディーゼルエンジンの微粒子トラップに使
用すると繊維が破損し使用不可能になる。この理由は明
らかではないが、使用中の繰り返し熱膨張、熱収縮や振
動により、繊維の折り曲げられた部分が破損することが
考えられる。When an exhaust gas filter is made using fibers having a bending strength of less than 1.5 kg / mm 2 , the resulting exhaust gas filter becomes unusable if the fiber is used for a diesel engine particulate trap for a long period of time. . Although the reason for this is not clear, it is conceivable that the bent portion of the fiber may be damaged by repeated thermal expansion, thermal contraction or vibration during use.
【００１５】本発明で用いられる連続アルミナ・シリカ
繊維のアルミナ対シリカの重量比は、９対１〜６対４、
より好ましくは９対１〜７対３の間が望ましい。シリカ
の量がこの範囲より多い場合は耐熱性が低く、長期間デ
ィーゼルエンジンの微粒子トラップに使用した場合、破
損しやすくなる。又、シリカの量が上記範囲より少ない
場合は繊維の伸びが小さく、製織が困難になる。The weight ratio of alumina to silica of the continuous alumina-silica fiber used in the present invention is 9: 1 to 6: 4,
More preferably, it is desired to be between 9: 1 and 7/3. When the amount of silica is more than this range, the heat resistance is low, and when it is used for a particulate trap of a diesel engine for a long time, it is easily damaged. On the other hand, when the amount of silica is less than the above range, the elongation of the fiber is small and weaving becomes difficult.
【００１６】また、本発明で用いられる連続アルミナ・
シリカ繊維は、大気中、１１００℃で１００時間加熱後
の引張強度が１４０Kg／mm2 以上、好ましくは１５０Kg
／mm 2 以上の物性を有するものであることが望ましい。
この場合には更に寿命の長い排ガスフィルターの提供が
可能である。The continuous alumina used in the present invention
Silica fibers are heated in air at 1100 ° C for 100 hours
Tensile strength of 140kg / mm2Above, preferably 150Kg
/ Mm 2It is desirable to have the above physical properties.
In this case, it is necessary to provide an exhaust gas filter with a longer life.
It is possible.
【００１７】本発明で用いられる連続アルミナ・シリカ
繊維の直径は特に規定されないが、繊維の直径が大きく
なると屈曲強さが小さくなるため好適には１５μ以下、
更に好適には１１μ以下が望ましい。The diameter of the continuous alumina / silica fiber used in the present invention is not particularly limited, but it is preferably 15 μm or less because the bending strength decreases as the fiber diameter increases.
More preferably, 11 μ or less is desirable.
【００１８】本発明に適用する連続アルミナ・シリカ繊
維は上記物性を満足するものであれば特にその製造方法
は制限されるものではなく、例えば前駆ポリマー法、無
機塩法、ゾルゲル法、スラリー法等の方法で得ることが
出来る。The continuous alumina / silica fiber applied to the present invention is not particularly limited in its production method as long as it satisfies the above-mentioned physical properties. For example, a precursor polymer method, an inorganic salt method, a sol-gel method, a slurry method, etc. Can be obtained by
【００１９】本発明の排ガスフィルタは、通常公知の構
造のものであればよく、キャンドルタイプやコイルタイ
プ等の排ガスフィルタが使用される。より具体的にはキ
ャンドルタイプのフィルタであれば特開平２−２５６８
１２号の第１図にみられるように、筒状の壁面に開口部
を有するステンレス製管や、或いは金網等の支持材の上
に、連続アルミナ・シリカ繊維を巻付け、その上に電気
加熱素子を巻付け、更にその上に連続アルミナ・シリカ
繊維を巻付け、その後交互に電気加熱素子、連続アルミ
ナ・シリカ繊維が巻付けることにより構成されたものが
挙げられる。また、コイルタイプのフィルタとしては
ソサェティ オブ オートモティブエンジニアズ（Soci
ety of Automotive Engineers) 870015 の第６７頁〜７
８頁「Experiences in the Development of Ceramic Fi
ber Coil Particulate Traps」の第１図（Fig.1)に見ら
れるように一端を封じた金属支持材上に連続アルミナ・
シリカ繊維を十字形に巻付けることにより構成されたも
のが挙げられる。The exhaust gas filter of the present invention may have any known structure, and an exhaust gas filter of candle type, coil type or the like is used. More specifically, a candle type filter is disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2-2568.
As shown in Fig. 1 of No. 12, continuous alumina / silica fiber is wound around a stainless steel tube having an opening on a cylindrical wall surface or a supporting material such as a wire mesh, and electrically heated on it. An example is one in which an element is wound, a continuous alumina / silica fiber is further wound thereon, and then an electric heating element and a continuous alumina / silica fiber are alternately wound. Also, as a coil type filter
Society of Automotive Engineers (Soci
ety of Automotive Engineers) 870015, pp. 67-7
Page 8 “Experiences in the Development of Ceramic Fi
As shown in Fig. 1 of "ber Coil Particulate Traps" (Fig. 1), continuous alumina is placed on a metal support with one end sealed.
An example thereof is one formed by winding silica fibers in a cross shape.
【００２０】本発明で用いられる排ガスフィルタには、
排ガス中の微粒子以外の有害成分を浄化するために公知
の触媒を担持させてもよい。The exhaust gas filter used in the present invention includes:
A known catalyst may be supported for purifying harmful components other than fine particles in the exhaust gas.
【００２１】[0021]
【実施例】以下、本発明を実施例により更に詳細に説明
するが、実施例は本発明の一実施態様を示すものであ
り、これにより本発明が制約されるものではない。尚、
本発明に於いて、引張強度は以下の方法により測定し
た。また表１中に於いて上段は実施例、下段は比較例で
あり、屈曲強さの単位はKg／mm2 、引張強度はKg／m
m2 、繊維径はμｍである。 引張強度；大気中、１１００℃、１００時間加熱後の繊
維を、引張試験機（東洋ボールドウィン株式会社 モデ
ル ＵＴＭ−II−２０Ｒ）を用い、測定長２５ｍｍ、引
張速度１ｍｍ／分で引張った時に繊維が破断する強度を
引張強度とした。EXAMPLES The present invention will now be described in more detail with reference to examples, but the examples show one embodiment of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited thereby. still,
In the present invention, the tensile strength was measured by the following method. In Table 1, the upper row is an example and the lower row is a comparative example. The unit of bending strength is Kg / mm 2 and the tensile strength is Kg / m 2.
m 2 and fiber diameter are μm. Tensile strength: The fiber after heating in air at 1100 ° C. for 100 hours was pulled at a measuring length of 25 mm and a pulling speed of 1 mm / min by using a tensile tester (Toyo Baldwin Co., Ltd. Model UTM-II-20R). The breaking strength was taken as the tensile strength.
【００２２】実施例１ アルミナ８５重量％、シリカ１５重量％、それ以外の無
機物０．１重量％以下からなり、表１に示す屈曲強さ、
引張強度、繊維直径を有する連続アルミナ・シリカ繊維
を用いて排ガスフィルタを作り、ディーゼルエンジン排
ガス雰囲気中で３０℃、１０分間←→１０００℃、１０
分間の繰り返し加熱テストを行った。この際１０００℃
に加熱した時のみ初期の背圧が１０ＫＰａになるように
排ガスを流し、フィルタの破損状態を調べた。その結
果、繰り返し回数が３０００回になっても、フィルタの
外観に変化はなかった。Example 1 85% by weight of alumina, 15% by weight of silica, and 0.1% by weight or less of other inorganic substances, and the bending strength shown in Table 1,
An exhaust gas filter is made using continuous alumina / silica fibers having tensile strength and fiber diameter, and the temperature is 30 ° C for 10 minutes in a diesel engine exhaust gas atmosphere ← → 1000 ° C, 10
A repeated heating test for 1 minute was performed. At this time 1000 ° C
Exhaust gas was caused to flow so that the initial back pressure was 10 KPa only when heated to 1, and the damage state of the filter was examined. As a result, the appearance of the filter did not change even after the number of repetitions reached 3000 times.
【００２３】比較例１ アルミナ９９．５重量％、シリカ０．５重量％以下から
なり、表１に示す屈曲強さ、引張強度、繊維直径を有す
る連続アルミナ繊維を用いて排ガスフィルタを作り、実
施例１と同条件で繰り返し加熱テストを行った。その結
果、繰り返し回数１０回でフィルタは繊維が破れ開口し
ていた。Comparative Example 1 An exhaust gas filter was prepared by using continuous alumina fibers composed of 99.5% by weight of alumina and 0.5% by weight or less of silica, and having the bending strength, tensile strength and fiber diameter shown in Table 1. A heating test was repeated under the same conditions as in Example 1. As a result, the fibers were broken and opened in the filter after repeating 10 times.
【００２４】実施例２〜５、比較例２〜６ 表１に示したセラミック繊維を用い排ガスフィルタを作
り、実施例１と同一条件で繰り返し加熱テストを行い、
フィルタが破損するまでの繰り返し回数を調べた。その
結果を表１に示す。Examples 2-5, Comparative Examples 2-6 Exhaust gas filters were prepared using the ceramic fibers shown in Table 1, and repeated heating tests were conducted under the same conditions as in Example 1,
The number of repetitions until the filter was damaged was examined. The results are shown in Table 1.
【００２５】[0025]
【表１】 [Table 1]
【００２６】[0026]
【発明の効果】以上詳述した本発明の特定物性を有する
連続アルミナ・シリカ繊維よりなる排ガスフィルタは従
来の無機繊維よりなるフィルタの如く短期間で破損する
ことなく、長期間安定的に微粒子を捕集し再生し得るも
ので、その産業上の寄与効果は頗る大である。The exhaust gas filter made of continuous alumina / silica fiber having the specific physical properties of the present invention, which has been described in detail above, does not break in a short period of time like a conventional filter made of inorganic fiber, and stably produces fine particles for a long period of time. It can be collected and regenerated, and its industrial contribution effect is enormous.
Claims (4)
構成成分とする排ガスフィルタにおいて、無機繊維とし
てアルミナとシリカの含有量が９８重量％以上で、繊維
の屈曲強さが１．５Kg／mm2 以上の連続アルミナ・シリ
カ繊維を用いることを特徴とする排ガスフィルタ。1. An exhaust gas filter comprising an inorganic fiber for removing fine particles in exhaust gas as a constituent component, wherein the content of alumina and silica as the inorganic fiber is 98% by weight or more, and the bending strength of the fiber is 1.5 kg / mm. An exhaust gas filter characterized by using two or more continuous alumina / silica fibers.
mm2 以上の屈曲強さを有することを特徴とする請求項１
記載の排ガスフィルタ。2. The continuous alumina / silica fiber is 2.0 kg /
A bending strength of at least mm 2 is provided.
Exhaust gas filter described.
シリカの重量比が９対１〜６対４の範囲であることを特
徴とする請求項１記載の排ガスフィルタ。3. The exhaust gas filter according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of alumina to silica of the continuous alumina-silica fiber is in the range of 9: 1 to 6: 4.
００℃で１００時間加熱後の引張強度が１４０Kg／mm2
以上であることを特徴とする請求項１記載の排ガスフィ
ルタ。4. Atmosphere of continuous alumina-silica fiber 11
Tensile strength after heating at 00 ℃ for 100 hours is 140kg / mm 2
It is above, The exhaust gas filter of Claim 1 characterized by the above-mentioned.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP5331580A JPH06304423A (en) | 1993-02-25 | 1993-12-27 | Exhaust gas filter |
| TW83101483A TW268074B (en) | 1993-02-25 | 1994-02-22 |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP3655493 | 1993-02-25 | ||
| JP5-36554 | 1993-06-10 | ||
| JP5331580A JPH06304423A (en) | 1993-02-25 | 1993-12-27 | Exhaust gas filter |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH06304423A true JPH06304423A (en) | 1994-11-01 |
Family
ID=26375616
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP5331580A Pending JPH06304423A (en) | 1993-02-25 | 1993-12-27 | Exhaust gas filter |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH06304423A (en) |
| TW (1) | TW268074B (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN100371562C (en) * | 2002-04-10 | 2008-02-27 | 揖斐电株式会社 | Honeycomb filter for exhaust gas purification |
| EP2843675A2 (en) | 2004-01-22 | 2015-03-04 | Showa Denko K.K. | Metal oxide dispersion, metal oxide electrode film, and dye sensitized solar cell |
-
1993
- 1993-12-27 JP JP5331580A patent/JPH06304423A/en active Pending
-
1994
- 1994-02-22 TW TW83101483A patent/TW268074B/zh active
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN100371562C (en) * | 2002-04-10 | 2008-02-27 | 揖斐电株式会社 | Honeycomb filter for exhaust gas purification |
| EP2843675A2 (en) | 2004-01-22 | 2015-03-04 | Showa Denko K.K. | Metal oxide dispersion, metal oxide electrode film, and dye sensitized solar cell |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| TW268074B (en) | 1996-01-11 |
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