JPH06507996A - 高い均一性、方向性およびアスペクト比を有する発光体 - Google Patents
高い均一性、方向性およびアスペクト比を有する発光体Info
- Publication number
- JPH06507996A JPH06507996A JP4510354A JP51035492A JPH06507996A JP H06507996 A JPH06507996 A JP H06507996A JP 4510354 A JP4510354 A JP 4510354A JP 51035492 A JP51035492 A JP 51035492A JP H06507996 A JPH06507996 A JP H06507996A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- light
- light emitting
- body according
- emitting body
- interior
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
- F21S43/00—Signalling devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. brake lamps, direction indicator lights or reversing lights
- F21S43/20—Signalling devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. brake lamps, direction indicator lights or reversing lights characterised by refractors, transparent cover plates, light guides or filters
- F21S43/235—Light guides
- F21S43/236—Light guides characterised by the shape of the light guide
- F21S43/237—Light guides characterised by the shape of the light guide rod-shaped
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
- F21S43/00—Signalling devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. brake lamps, direction indicator lights or reversing lights
- F21S43/20—Signalling devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. brake lamps, direction indicator lights or reversing lights characterised by refractors, transparent cover plates, light guides or filters
- F21S43/235—Light guides
- F21S43/242—Light guides characterised by the emission area
- F21S43/245—Light guides characterised by the emission area emitting light from one or more of its major surfaces
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
- F21S43/00—Signalling devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. brake lamps, direction indicator lights or reversing lights
- F21S43/20—Signalling devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. brake lamps, direction indicator lights or reversing lights characterised by refractors, transparent cover plates, light guides or filters
- F21S43/235—Light guides
- F21S43/247—Light guides with a single light source being coupled into the light guide
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F21V13/00—Producing particular characteristics or distribution of the light emitted by means of a combination of elements specified in two or more of main groups F21V1/00 - F21V11/00
- F21V13/02—Combinations of only two kinds of elements
- F21V13/04—Combinations of only two kinds of elements the elements being reflectors and refractors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F21V5/00—Refractors for light sources
- F21V5/02—Refractors for light sources of prismatic shape
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F21V2200/00—Use of light guides, e.g. fibre optic devices, in lighting devices or systems
- F21V2200/40—Use of light guides, e.g. fibre optic devices, in lighting devices or systems of hollow light guides
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21W—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO USES OR APPLICATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
- F21W2111/00—Use or application of lighting devices or systems for signalling, marking or indicating, not provided for in codes F21W2102/00 – F21W2107/00
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Planar Illumination Modules (AREA)
- Optical Elements Other Than Lenses (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (13)
- 1.長手方向に反射する反射性内面(50)と光放出面(48)とを備え、光放 出面(48)が一部長手方向に反射し一部長手方向に透光する反射性・透光性内 部(60)と屈光させるプリズム内部(52)とを有してなる、1あるいは複数 の設定方向に光が一部平行にされる光を放出する発光体(40)。
- 2.内部(60)の一部長手方向の透光性が内部(60)上の位置の設定された 関数に応じて変化するよう設けられてなる請求の範囲1の発光体。
- 3.内部(60)の外面上の位置の関数として内部(60)を介し伝達される単 位面積当たりの光量が所定の分布値を有すべく透光性が変化するよう設けられて なる請求の範囲2の発光体。
- 4.分布値が実質的に一定である請求の範囲3の発光体。
- 5.光放出面が湾曲されてなる請求の範囲2の発光体。
- 6.放出された光の全発光強度が光放出分布の関数としての分布値を有するベく 透光性が変化するよう設けられてなる請求の範囲5の発光体。
- 7.分布値が実質的に一定である請求の範囲5の発光体。
- 8.分布値が設定された方向の範囲内で実質的に一定であり、設定された方向の 範囲外では実質的に零にされるように設けられてなる請求の範囲6の発光体。
- 9.放出された光の発光強度が設定された範囲θに亘り、関数1/COS2θに 応じて変化すべく透光性が変化するよう設けられ、且つθは所定の放出方向に対 する測定角度である請求の範囲6の発光体。
- 10.外部(52)上の所定の位置で入射される光が所定位置で外部(52)に 対し実質的に垂直な方向に向けられるように設けられてなる請求の範囲1〜9の いずれか一の発光体。
- 11.外部(52)が入射され平行にされる光を実質的に損失なく透光してなる 請求の範囲1〜9のいずれか一の発光体。
- 12.外部(52)が米国特許第4,984,144号に開示される種類のプリ ズムフイルムでなる請求の範囲1〜9のいずれか一の発光体。
- 13.内部(60)が内部上の位置の設定された関数として変化する金属パター ンを装着した透明な基板である請求の範囲1〜9のいずれか一の発光体。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/716,684 US5243506A (en) | 1991-06-17 | 1991-06-17 | High aspect ratio light emitter having high uniformity and directionality |
| US716,684 | 1991-06-17 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH06507996A true JPH06507996A (ja) | 1994-09-08 |
| JP2711481B2 JP2711481B2 (ja) | 1998-02-10 |
Family
ID=24879006
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP4510354A Expired - Fee Related JP2711481B2 (ja) | 1991-06-17 | 1992-05-26 | 高い均一性、方向性およびアスペクト比を有する発光体 |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5243506A (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP0593499B1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP2711481B2 (ja) |
| AU (1) | AU1785792A (ja) |
| CA (1) | CA2111437C (ja) |
| DE (1) | DE69209838T2 (ja) |
| DK (1) | DK0593499T3 (ja) |
| FI (1) | FI935681A7 (ja) |
| NO (1) | NO303990B1 (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO1992022768A1 (ja) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2009229799A (ja) * | 2008-03-24 | 2009-10-08 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | 光照射体,像形成構造体及び画像形成装置 |
| US8712289B2 (en) | 2007-10-12 | 2014-04-29 | Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. | Light irradiation element, image forming structure, and image forming apparatus |
Families Citing this family (32)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA2097109C (en) * | 1992-06-01 | 2000-01-11 | Shozo Kokawa | Liquid crystal display |
| US5613751A (en) | 1995-06-27 | 1997-03-25 | Lumitex, Inc. | Light emitting panel assemblies |
| US6712481B2 (en) * | 1995-06-27 | 2004-03-30 | Solid State Opto Limited | Light emitting panel assemblies |
| US5692822A (en) * | 1995-11-29 | 1997-12-02 | Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co. | Uniform bi-directional dependent line light source via controlled partial reflection |
| ZA9610900B (en) * | 1995-12-27 | 1997-06-27 | Kevin D Miekis | Supporting structure for a prism light guide |
| US5661839A (en) * | 1996-03-22 | 1997-08-26 | The University Of British Columbia | Light guide employing multilayer optical film |
| US5832164A (en) * | 1996-05-24 | 1998-11-03 | Miekis; Kevin D. | Supporting structure for a prism light guide |
| GB2319877B (en) * | 1996-11-29 | 2000-07-26 | Principle Systems Limited | Illuminated sign |
| US6031958A (en) * | 1997-05-21 | 2000-02-29 | Mcgaffigan; Thomas H. | Optical light pipes with laser light appearance |
| US6024462A (en) * | 1997-06-10 | 2000-02-15 | The University Of British Columbia | High efficiency high intensity backlighting of graphic displays |
| US6079844A (en) * | 1997-06-10 | 2000-06-27 | The University Of British Columbia | High efficiency high intensity backlighting of graphic displays |
| US5901266A (en) * | 1997-09-04 | 1999-05-04 | The University Of British Columbia | Uniform light extraction from light guide, independently of light guide length |
| IT1295414B1 (it) * | 1997-10-06 | 1999-05-12 | Da Ma S R L | Dispositivo di illuminazione lineare a schermi coestrusi internamente prismatizzati |
| DE19851633A1 (de) * | 1998-11-10 | 2000-05-18 | Tobias Hobert | Vorrichtung zum Weiterleiten und Verteilen von elektromagnetischer Strahlung, insbesondere von sichtbarem Licht |
| DE19924133A1 (de) * | 1999-05-26 | 2000-11-30 | Basler Ag | Leuchte zum Erzeugen eines Linienlichtes mit bestimmbarer Intensitätsverteilung entlang der Lichtlinie |
| US6443585B1 (en) | 2000-04-25 | 2002-09-03 | Honeywell International Inc. | Hollow cavity light guide for the distribution of collimated light to a liquid crystal display |
| US6481882B1 (en) * | 2000-05-04 | 2002-11-19 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Light pipe fixture with internal extractor |
| US6809892B2 (en) * | 2000-07-26 | 2004-10-26 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Hollow surface illuminator |
| US6783269B2 (en) * | 2000-12-27 | 2004-08-31 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Side-emitting rod for use with an LED-based light engine |
| US7384173B2 (en) * | 2004-12-30 | 2008-06-10 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Brightness enhancement article |
| US7591094B2 (en) * | 2005-05-31 | 2009-09-22 | The University Of British Columbia | Perforated multi-layer optical film luminaire |
| US8066405B2 (en) * | 2007-10-25 | 2011-11-29 | Simon Jerome H | Lumenairs having structurally and electrically integrated arrangements of quasi point light sources, such as LEDs |
| US8462292B2 (en) * | 2008-07-31 | 2013-06-11 | Rambus Delaware Llc | Optically transmissive substrates and light emitting assemblies and methods of making same, and methods of displaying images using the optically transmissive substrates and light emitting assemblies |
| US9657907B2 (en) | 2010-12-14 | 2017-05-23 | Bridgelux Inc. | Side light LED troffer tube |
| US9791128B2 (en) | 2012-10-30 | 2017-10-17 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Curved light duct extraction |
| SG11201504086TA (en) | 2012-10-30 | 2015-06-29 | 3M Innovative Properties Co | Rectangular light duct extraction |
| US9733414B2 (en) | 2013-02-08 | 2017-08-15 | Quarkstar Llc | Illumination system based on active and passive illumination devices |
| JP2016524797A (ja) * | 2013-05-31 | 2016-08-18 | スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー | 横断歩道用照明器具 |
| WO2014205027A1 (en) | 2013-06-19 | 2014-12-24 | Bright View Technologies Corporation | Microstructure-based optical diffusers for creating batwing and other lighting patterns |
| US10302275B2 (en) | 2013-06-19 | 2019-05-28 | Bright View Technologies Corporation | Microstructure-based diffusers for creating batwing lighting patterns |
| WO2015013594A1 (en) | 2013-07-26 | 2015-01-29 | Bright View Technologies Corporation | Shaped microstructure-based optical diffusers |
| US20160327241A1 (en) * | 2015-05-04 | 2016-11-10 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Luminaire assembly |
Family Cites Families (24)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB713529A (en) * | 1951-03-16 | 1954-08-11 | Edward Wasteneys Hall | Improvements in or relating to lights for vehicles and devices for preventing dazzletherefrom and assisting in the penetration of fog |
| US4105293A (en) * | 1976-08-25 | 1978-08-08 | Aizenberg Julian Borisovich | Lighting installation based on light guide |
| US4260220A (en) * | 1979-06-15 | 1981-04-07 | Canadian Patents And Development Limited | Prism light guide having surfaces which are in octature |
| US4337759A (en) * | 1979-10-10 | 1982-07-06 | John M. Popovich | Radiant energy concentration by optical total internal reflection |
| US4335421A (en) * | 1980-03-17 | 1982-06-15 | Modia Joseph W | Light fixture, light aperture and method of uniformly illuminating an optically diffusive viewing area |
| US4615579A (en) * | 1983-08-29 | 1986-10-07 | Canadian Patents & Development Ltd. | Prism light guide luminaire |
| EP0167721B1 (en) * | 1984-07-02 | 1989-10-11 | Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd. | Light diffuser |
| CA1279783C (en) * | 1985-11-21 | 1991-02-05 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Totally internally reflecting thin, flexible film |
| US4805984A (en) * | 1985-11-21 | 1989-02-21 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Totally internally reflecting light conduit |
| US4755921A (en) * | 1986-04-02 | 1988-07-05 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Lens |
| GB2196100B (en) * | 1986-10-01 | 1990-07-04 | Mitsubishi Rayon Co | Light diffusing device |
| US4850665A (en) * | 1987-02-20 | 1989-07-25 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Method and apparatus for controlled emission of light from prism light guide |
| US4874228A (en) * | 1987-03-24 | 1989-10-17 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Back-lit display |
| US4799137A (en) * | 1987-03-24 | 1989-01-17 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Reflective film |
| US4834495A (en) * | 1987-05-08 | 1989-05-30 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Collapsible light pipe |
| US4787708A (en) * | 1987-05-08 | 1988-11-29 | Tir Systems Ltd. | Apparatus for continuously controlled emission of light from prism light guide |
| US4984144A (en) * | 1987-05-08 | 1991-01-08 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | High aspect ratio light fixture and film for use therein |
| US4791540A (en) * | 1987-05-26 | 1988-12-13 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Light fixture providing normalized output |
| US4937716A (en) * | 1988-05-05 | 1990-06-26 | Tir Systems Ltd | Illuminating device having non-absorptive variable transmissivity cover |
| US4989125A (en) * | 1988-05-10 | 1991-01-29 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Reflector using fresnel-type structures having a plurality of active faces |
| EP0411065A4 (en) * | 1988-10-07 | 1993-04-07 | Gulton Industries, Inc. | Illuminating system |
| US4996632A (en) * | 1988-10-07 | 1991-02-26 | Gulton Industries, Inc. | Multi-color illuminating system |
| US5054885A (en) * | 1988-10-11 | 1991-10-08 | Minnesota Mining And Manfuacturing Company | Light fixture including a partially collimated beam of light and reflective prisms having peaks lying on a curved surface |
| US5043850A (en) * | 1990-01-10 | 1991-08-27 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Direction dependent line light source |
-
1991
- 1991-06-17 US US07/716,684 patent/US5243506A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1992
- 1992-05-26 FI FI935681A patent/FI935681A7/fi unknown
- 1992-05-26 EP EP92910555A patent/EP0593499B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-05-26 JP JP4510354A patent/JP2711481B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-05-26 CA CA002111437A patent/CA2111437C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-05-26 WO PCT/CA1992/000219 patent/WO1992022768A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1992-05-26 AU AU17857/92A patent/AU1785792A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1992-05-26 DK DK92910555.9T patent/DK0593499T3/da active
- 1992-05-26 DE DE69209838T patent/DE69209838T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1993
- 1993-12-16 NO NO934663A patent/NO303990B1/no not_active Application Discontinuation
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8712289B2 (en) | 2007-10-12 | 2014-04-29 | Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. | Light irradiation element, image forming structure, and image forming apparatus |
| JP2009229799A (ja) * | 2008-03-24 | 2009-10-08 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | 光照射体,像形成構造体及び画像形成装置 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FI935681L (fi) | 1994-02-14 |
| EP0593499B1 (en) | 1996-04-10 |
| NO934663L (no) | 1993-12-17 |
| WO1992022768A1 (en) | 1992-12-23 |
| DK0593499T3 (da) | 1996-05-06 |
| CA2111437A1 (en) | 1992-12-23 |
| FI935681A0 (fi) | 1993-12-16 |
| CA2111437C (en) | 1995-07-18 |
| DE69209838T2 (de) | 1996-11-28 |
| JP2711481B2 (ja) | 1998-02-10 |
| NO934663D0 (no) | 1993-12-16 |
| US5243506A (en) | 1993-09-07 |
| EP0593499A1 (en) | 1994-04-27 |
| FI935681A7 (fi) | 1994-02-14 |
| AU1785792A (en) | 1993-01-12 |
| DE69209838D1 (de) | 1996-05-15 |
| NO303990B1 (no) | 1998-10-05 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JPH06507996A (ja) | 高い均一性、方向性およびアスペクト比を有する発光体 | |
| CN100532926C (zh) | 提供基本为单色的光束的导光灯 | |
| JP5290279B2 (ja) | 照明システム、照明器具及びバックライティングユニット | |
| CA2122819C (en) | Lighting structure having variable transmissivity internal light guide illumination | |
| KR960012286B1 (ko) | 내부 조명식 반사 간판 | |
| US4706173A (en) | Lighting apparatus | |
| CN104197247A (zh) | 照明系统、照明器和背光单元 | |
| US6170971B1 (en) | Indicating light display having several light sources | |
| JPS6070603A (ja) | 照明器具 | |
| JP2004185036A (ja) | 表示器に使用するための背面照明 | |
| JPH03504290A (ja) | 照明システム | |
| AU5737499A (en) | Light with a light-guiding element | |
| JPH02176692A (ja) | 光装置 | |
| JPH06130385A (ja) | 面発光装置 | |
| JP2693173B2 (ja) | 電灯備品 | |
| JPH0514361B2 (ja) | ||
| JPH095737A (ja) | バックライト装置及びそれを備えた液晶表示装置 | |
| US7314292B2 (en) | Lighting device | |
| JP3188606B2 (ja) | 液晶表示装置のバックライト構造 | |
| US5485309A (en) | Compact display for animating polarized images | |
| JP2696741B2 (ja) | 車両用信号灯具 | |
| JP3391483B2 (ja) | ライトボックス | |
| JP2001273805A (ja) | 導光板及び面光源装置 | |
| JP3188907B2 (ja) | 表示装置 | |
| JP2603885Y2 (ja) | 照明装置 |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
| R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
| R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20081031 Year of fee payment: 11 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20081031 Year of fee payment: 11 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20091031 Year of fee payment: 12 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20091031 Year of fee payment: 12 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20101031 Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20111031 Year of fee payment: 14 |
|
| LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |