JPH07165540A - Anti-dandruff agent - Google Patents

Abstract

(57) [Summary] [Purpose] Excellent in anti-dandruff effect, safe and inexpensive,
The raw material supply is stable, easy to process, and
Provide an antidandruff agent that is completely safe even after long-term use. [Structure] Smashed germinated rice, rice or germinated rice extract, rice or germinated rice hydrolyzed with enzymatic decomposition or koji, rice or germinated rice are extracted Prior to the extraction, at the same time as or after the extraction, those subjected to enzymatic decomposition or koji, the extract of rice or sprouted rice or those subjected to enzymatic decomposition or koji, were subjected to alcohol fermentation or organic acid fermentation. An anti-dandruff agent which is the same as the above-mentioned ones or contains the same.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an anti-dandruff agent obtained from rice or sprouted rice as a raw material and having sebum secretion inhibitory effect, moisturizing effect and the like.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Currently, there are many people suffering from dandruff nationwide. Dandruff is believed to be caused by abnormal sebum secretion, nutritional and metabolic imbalance, enhanced epidermal cell division and incomplete keratinization, increased scalp cell proliferation and activity, and inflammation. Therefore, cationic surfactants such as benzethonium chloride, hinokitiol, zinc pyrithione and the like are used as bactericides, and salicylic acid and the like are used as keratolytic and exfoliating agents. However, since most of these are due to the mixing of singulated substances, they pose a problem from the side effect of a single substance and also from the viewpoint of safety caused by application over a long period of time. That is, a safe antidandruff agent that is effective against dandruff, has no side effects, and is safe has not yet been developed.

On the other hand, rice has been used as a staple food, as well as sake, shochu, mirin, vinegar, koji, etc., and has long been indispensable for daily life. In addition to this, bran bags are known for cosmetic purposes. It is believed that these were due to the fact that rice was viewed as merely a staple food, or at best as a source of starch. Also, even if the bran bag is said to be good for the skin, it has been customarily used as it is, and there was no concept of an active ingredient, nor was there any idea of utilizing that active ingredient.

[0004]

At present, there is a problem of side effects of drugs on the human body, and there is a demand for an antidandruff agent that has no side effects and is sufficiently safe even when used regularly for a long period of time. . The present invention provides an anti-dandruff agent from rice, which has excellent anti-dandruff effect, is safe and inexpensive, has stable supply of raw materials, can be easily processed, and is completely safe even after long-term regular use. That is the purpose.

[0005]

[Means for Solving the Problems] From the viewpoint of animal and plant harmony, the present inventors have conducted research on various plant components centering on rice, which is a staple food. In the process, it has become clear that rice has a number of potential and benefits that were previously unpredictable. Therefore, we picked up rice, which is used as a staple food and proved to have the highest safety, as the theme,
I have conducted comprehensive utilization research on rice. As one of the themes, we have conducted intensive research on anti-dandruff agents from rice, and in the process, we found that rice and germinated rice contain ingredients that have anti-dandruff effect. The present invention has been completed.

The component having an antidandruff effect contained in the rice and germinated rice in the present invention has not yet been elucidated, but the rice and germinated rice treated as described below include: It was found to show an anti-dandruff effect. Sprouted crushed rice as it is or containing it. Rice or germinated rice extract as it is or containing it. Enzyme-decomposed or hydrolyzed rice hydrolyzed as it is, or containing it. When extracting rice or sprouted rice, the one that has been subjected to enzymatic decomposition or koji before or at the same time as or after the extraction is used as it is or containing it. An extract of rice or germinated rice or a product of enzymatic decomposition or koji which has been subjected to alcohol fermentation or organic acid fermentation as it is or containing it.

The rice used in the present invention is Japonica,
Regardless of indica rice, it refers to non-glutinous rice, brown rice such as sticky rice, and white rice, regardless of variety and type. Further, 92% or more of red rice bran or 92% or less of white rice bran, which appears during whitening, may be used, which is inexpensive and economical. Also,
Germinated rice is used. In addition, since the active ingredient is stable to heat and light, the above raw materials are dipping, steaming, roasting (all sand roasting, net roasting, hot air roasting, etc.),
The raw material treatment such as steam roasting, surface modification such as freeze-drying, photo-modification such as UV irradiation, pressure roasting such as Patrice, and frying may be performed, and the effect was not changed. Although rice and germinated rice are effective as they are, they are preferably crushed and used from the viewpoint of practical use. In order to pulverize the rice and the sprouted rice into powder, a pulverizer or a rice mill may be used by a general method.

In the case of germinating rice, germinated rice is soaked in water or sprayed with water to germinate. The temperature for germination is 5 to 70 ° C. However, as long as it germinates,
Temperature and time do not matter. Further, when there is a risk of water spoiling during germination, it is preferable to replace the water so that it does not spoil, or to perform some kind of preservative. Here, germination refers to everything from just before germination to germinated ones.
The germinated rice is washed well before use. At this time, it may be dried before use. When extracting rice or sprouted rice, or subjecting it to enzymatic decomposition or koji, the raw material rice is pulverized into granules or powder to increase the surface area, resulting in higher efficiency. Although it is not necessary to grind, in this case, it takes a long time to decompose and extract the rice tissue.

When water or sprouted rice is extracted with water,
High extraction temperature is efficient, but extraction can be sufficiently performed even at low temperature. However, in the case of a low temperature of 40 ° C. or lower, it is desirable to make PH acidic or alkaline, or add a preservative or alcohol to treat the rice so that it does not spoil. The extraction time may be long or short as long as the active ingredient can be extracted, and may be determined depending on the extraction temperature. The extraction may be carried out under pressure, at normal pressure, or under reduced pressure. In the case of water extraction, the most problematic is the gelatinization phenomenon. If it becomes pasty, not only the extraction efficiency will deteriorate, but it will be extremely difficult in actual work.
In order to prevent this, the reaction may be carried out by adding amylase or acidification may be carried out with hydrochloric acid or the like to cut the starch. By using this method, it can be sufficiently solved and there is no problem in practice.

Since the active ingredient in the extract is stable to acid and alkali, it is also effective to perform acid decomposition extraction or alkali decomposition extraction. In this case, neutralize if necessary,
Desalt. Also when extracting with an organic solvent, it is desirable to pulverize or pulverize rice as much as possible before extracting. The organic solvent may be a general organic solvent such as alcohol, acetone, n-hexane and methanol, but those harmful to the human body are preferably safe because it is necessary to completely remove the solvent after extraction. In addition, rice or germinated rice may be enzymatically decomposed or koji may be allowed to act. Enzymatic degradation here means starch degrading enzyme, proteolytic enzyme, lipolytic enzyme,
It refers to the action of one or more enzymes that act on rice, such as fiber degrading enzymes, lignin degrading enzymes, and pectin degrading enzymes. As for koji, the type of koji mold and the variety and type of rice do not matter.

Further, in carrying out the above-mentioned extraction, the above-mentioned enzymatic decomposition and koji may be allowed to act before, simultaneously with or after the extraction. In the present invention, when the organic acid fermentation such as alcohol fermentation, lactic acid fermentation, or acetic acid fermentation is carried out simultaneously with or after the above treatment, the following points are also effective. If you do alcoholic fermentation,
Not only is there no stickiness at the time of application, but it is easy to concentrate and the active ingredient can be easily concentrated. In addition, you may perform a sugar removal by aeration fermentation by yeast, alcohol precipitation, etc. Also,
When 92% or more of red bran was examined, it was found to be effective but weak.

The product of the present invention obtained as described above is used as it is without separating the residue, or after being pressed and filtered. When used as it is, it should be sterilized or sterilized before use. When the product of the present invention is blended, a hair tonic, a hair liquid, a mousse, a shampoo, a rinse, etc. are blended in a dosage form according to a conventional method according to an actual application. The other compounding ingredients may be any of those usually used, and further, other medicinal agents may be used in combination. Next, the results of examining the antidandruff effect of the product of the present invention will be specifically described. First, for each 10 panelists, 5 ml of the product of the present invention
(5 g of the product of the present invention obtained in Example 1) was applied daily for 1 week after washing the hair and evaluated for the degree of improvement of dandruff after 1 week. As a control, 10 people did not apply anything. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1.

[0013]

[Table 1]

As can be seen from Table 1, all the products of the present invention showed some improvement although there was a difference in the degree of improvement of dandruff. The tendency is that the combination of extraction and enzymatic degradation
Furthermore, a more clear evaluation was obtained for the fermented one. Further, as can be seen by comparing Examples 4 and 5, it was found that the effect was further increased by germination. Therefore, in order to scientifically demonstrate the effect of the product of the present invention, the moisturizing effect was examined. The product of the present invention and the standard (water) were applied to the right cheeks of five panelists each having normal skin twice daily in the morning and twice in the evening for one month. One month later, the amount of stratum corneum water content and transepidermal water loss (hereinafter abbreviated as TWL) of the left cheek of the non-application part and the right cheek of the application part were measured, and the average was calculated, and the results are shown in Table 2. did. The stratum corneum water content was measured with a high-frequency conductivity measuring device, and the transepidermal water loss was measured with an evaporation meter. The measurement conditions are temperature 20
Set the environment of ℃, humidity 40%, the panelist 30
From the minute before, the measurement was performed after resting in the above environment.

[0015]

[Table 2]

As shown in Table 2, in all the products of the present invention, the amount of water in the stratum corneum after one month increased, and the TWL also increased. The fact that the amount of water in the stratum corneum is increased despite the increase in TWL can be said to be a moisturizing effect by acting on the dermis and improving the moisturizing mechanism originally possessed by the skin. In other words, it is thought that the normal skin has normal water content, so that the turnover of the skin is normalized and incomplete keratinization does not occur, so that dandruff is suppressed. In order to obtain a more accurate moisturizing effect this time, it was performed on the facial skin, but the same can be said for the scalp. That is, it is considered that by having an excellent moisturizing effect, cells of the scalp propagate normally and suppress incomplete keratinization.

Next, in order to prove that the abnormal skin secretion was improved, a sebum secretion inhibition test was conducted. The test method is described below. (1) Reference 19-56 years old (13 men, 11 women)
(Person) (2) Application test Fig. 1 shows the modes of application and measurement. As described above, the application was carried out for 7 days twice a day in the morning and after washing the face (total 14 times). 2 days before application, total 2
Each time, four times in total for 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after application and four times in total for 2, 4, 6, and 8 days after application was stopped were performed at the time of getting up and before washing the face. (3) Coating liquid The one obtained in Example 24. (4) Facial application On the forehead, the nose and its surroundings, and the cheek (right side), the solution was applied to the fingertips by rubbing the solution well and rubbing it well (about 0.2 ml per location). Immediately after waking up on the morning of the measurement day, Kisumi Oil Blotting Paper (Isehan Co., Ltd.)
(8.3 × 6.4 cm) was pressed for 5 seconds to collect. The decorative paper was placed on an aluminum foil so as not to get oil on the hands, and the sample was collected and wrapped with the aluminum foil to be used as a sample for sebum extraction.

(5) Method for measuring the amount of sebum 1. After sebum extraction paper was soaked in an acetone solution for 30 minutes to extract sebum, acetone was scattered with a bell-shaped decompression desiccator, and the weight was measured by a microbalance (SHMAZU L-IBRO).
R). Method 21 1) The weight of the sebum-collecting decorative paper was measured. 2) After 1), the decorative paper was dipped in an acetone solution for 30 minutes to extract sebum. 3) After extraction, the decorative paper was air dried for 30 minutes, and the weight was measured by the same method as above. 4) The weight of 1) -3) was defined as the amount of sebum. The results are shown in FIG.

As can be seen from FIG. 2, the sebum secretion is obviously suppressed by applying the product of the present invention, and the sebum secretion is recovered when the application is stopped.
That is, the one in which the amount of sebum is gradually reduced or increased is that the product of the present invention does not suppress the secretion of sebum by blocking the sebaceous gland, but reduces the sebaceous gland to suppress sebum secretion. It was found that it is more effective for people with more sebum secretion. This experiment was performed on the skin because it cannot be performed on the scalp, but the same can be said for the scalp. Further, when the same test was performed on the other products of the present invention, the same result was obtained although there was a difference in degree. As described above, it was found that the product of the present invention has an effect of improving various factors that cause dandruff.

Furthermore, in order to investigate the effect of improving dandruff by animals, β-ionone and the product of the present invention obtained in Example 30 were applied to rabbit ear wings for 16 consecutive days in the morning and evening, and the change with time was observed. I observed. Four rabbits each,
As a control, a rabbit coated with only β-ionone was prepared. The results are shown in Fig. 3. When the β-yonone stock solution is applied daily to the rabbit ear wings, dandruff-like syrup is generated on the surface in about 1 week, and thereafter, these dandruffs cause desquamation along with hair loss. It was found that dandruff-like scale pieces generated by application of β-ionone were reduced, and dandruff scaling was accelerated. Similar results were obtained with other products of the present invention. As described above, the effectiveness of the product of the present invention was proved by animal experiments. In addition, although the example and the data accompanying it are described in the case of brown rice, the same effect was observed in the case of white rice and 92% or less white rice bran.

[0021]

【Example】

(Example 1) 1 kg of rice without germ was soaked in water at 25 ° C for 3 days to germinate rice. After thoroughly washing the germinated rice, it is dried at 50 ° C. for 24 hours, and then,
The product was finely pulverized to obtain 990 g of the product of the present invention. (Example 2) Brown rice was crushed to obtain a crushed brown rice product 500
g was obtained. 1500 ml of water was added to this pulverized product, PH was dropped with hydrochloric acid, and the mixture was left for 10 days. Then, it was squeezed with a squeezing machine to neutralize the resulting clear liquid to obtain 1200 ml of the product of the present invention and 760 g of a residue. (Example 3) Using 500 g of the product of the present invention obtained in Example 1, the same operation as in Example 3 was carried out to obtain another 1190 ml of the product of the present invention.

Example 4 Brown rice was crushed to obtain 500 g of crushed brown rice. Liquefaction enzyme 10g and water 1500ml were added to this ground product. Then, the temperature was gradually raised, and the mixture was boiled and extracted for 5 minutes and then cooled. Then, it was squeezed with a squeezing machine to obtain 1420 ml of the product of the present invention and 560 g of a residue. (Example 5) Using 500 g of the product of the present invention obtained in Example 1, the same operation as in Example 4 was carried out to obtain another product of the present invention 14
00 ml was obtained. (Example 6) Brown rice is crushed by a crusher to obtain crushed brown rice 500
g was obtained. 1500 ml of 2N-NaOH was added to this pulverized product and the mixture was left for 5 days. Then, it was squeezed with a squeezing machine to obtain 1350 ml of the clear liquid and 650 g of the residue. 1 of this clarified liquid
Neutralization with 0N-HCl gave 1480 ml of the product of the present invention.

Example 7 Using 500 g of the product of the present invention obtained in Example 1, the same operation as in Example 6 was carried out to obtain another 1490 ml of the product of the present invention. (Embodiment 8) Brown rice is crushed to obtain a crushed brown rice product 500
g was obtained. 1500 ml of 95% ethanol is added to this pulverized product.
Was added and left for 5 days. Then, it was squeezed with a squeezing machine to obtain 1300 ml of the clear liquid and 650 g of the residue. 2000 ml of water was added to this clarified liquid and concentrated by a rotary evaporator to obtain 1500 ml of the product of the present invention. (Example 9) Using 500 g of the present invention product obtained in Example 1, the same operation as in Example 8 was carried out to obtain another invention product 15
00 ml was obtained.

(Example 10) Brown rice was crushed to obtain 500 g of crushed brown rice. 300 g of koji and 1500 ml of water were added to this pulverized product, and the mixture was left at 55 ° C. for 20 hours. Then, squeezing with a squeezing machine, 1230 ml of the present invention product and 100 residues
0 g was obtained. (Example 11) Using 500 g of the present invention product obtained in Example 1, the same operation as in Example 10 was carried out to obtain another 1210 ml of the present invention product. (Example 12) Brown rice is crushed to obtain a crushed brown rice product 50
0 g was obtained. 2 g of protease and 150 water
0 ml was added and the mixture was left at 50 ° C. for 20 hours. Then, the product was squeezed with a squeezing machine to obtain 1310 ml of the product of the present invention and 670 g of a residue.

Example 13 Using 500 g of the product of the present invention obtained in Example 1, the same operation as in Example 12 was carried out,
Another 1380 ml of the product of the present invention was obtained. (Example 14) Brown rice is crushed to obtain 50 crushed brown rice.
0 g was obtained. 2 g of lipolytic enzyme and 150 water
0 ml was added and the mixture was left at 50 ° C. for 20 hours. Then, it was squeezed with a squeezing machine to obtain 1290 ml of the product of the present invention and 680 g of a residue. (Example 15) The same operation as in Example 14 was carried out using 500 g of the product of the present invention obtained in Example 1 to obtain 1360 ml of another product of the present invention.

Example 16 Brown rice was crushed to obtain 500 g of crushed brown rice. Fiber-degrading enzyme 2 in this crushed product
g and 1500 ml of water were added, and the mixture was left at 50 ° C. for 20 hours. Then, the product was squeezed with a squeezing machine to obtain 1330 ml of the product of the present invention and 650 g of a residue. (Example 17) The same operation as in Example 16 was carried out using 500 g of the product of the present invention obtained in Example 1 to obtain 1370 ml of another product of the present invention. (Example 18) Brown rice was crushed to obtain a crushed brown rice product 50
0 g was obtained. 2g starch degrading enzyme and 150g water
0 ml was added and the mixture was left at 55 ° C. for 20 hours. Then, it was squeezed with a squeezing machine to obtain 1380 ml of the product of the present invention and 600 g of a residue.

(Example 19) The same operation as in Example 18 was carried out using 500 g of the product of the present invention obtained in Example 1,
Another 1400 ml of the product of the present invention was obtained. (Example 20) Brown rice is crushed to obtain a crushed brown rice product 50
0 g was obtained. Add 2 g of pectin-degrading enzyme and 1 part of water to this ground product.
500 ml was added and left at 50 ° C. for 20 hours. After that, squeezing with a squeezing machine, 1320 ml of the present invention product and residue 660
g was obtained. (Example 21) Using 500 g of the present invention product obtained in Example 1, the same operation as in Example 20 was carried out to obtain another 1300 ml of the present invention product.

Example 22 Brown rice was crushed to obtain 500 g of crushed brown rice. Proteolytic enzyme 2 in this crushed product
g, lipolytic enzyme 2 g, fiber degrading enzyme 2 g, starch degrading enzyme 2 g, pectin degrading enzyme 2 g and 1500 ml of water were added, and the mixture was allowed to stand at 50 ° C. for 20 hours. Then, it was squeezed with a squeezing machine to obtain 1420 ml of the product of the present invention and 560 g of a residue. (Example 23) Using 500 g of the product of the present invention obtained in Example 1, the same operation as in Example 22 was carried out to obtain another 1440 ml of the product of the present invention. (Example 24) The same operation as in Example 22 was carried out to obtain 2000 g of an enzymatic decomposition product of rice. Then, the temperature was gradually raised, and the mixture was boiled and extracted for 5 minutes and then cooled. Then, it was squeezed with a squeezing machine to obtain 1400 ml of the product of the present invention and 550 g of a residue.

(Example 25) The same operation as in Example 24 was carried out using 500 g of the product of the present invention obtained in Example 1,
1420 ml of another product of the present invention was obtained. (Example 26) Brown rice was crushed to obtain a crushed brown rice product 50
0 g was obtained. To this crushed product, 300 g of koji and 1500 ml of 40% ethanol were added, and the mixture was left at 55 ° C. for 48 hours. After that, squeeze with a squeezing machine and clarified liquid 1300 ml and residue 850
g was obtained. Then, 1000 ml of water was added to the clarified solution and concentrated with a rotary evaporator to obtain the product of the present invention 13
00 ml was obtained. (Example 27) The same operation as in Example 26 was carried out using 500 g of the present invention product obtained in Example 1 to obtain another 1300 ml of the present invention product.

(Example 28) In the same manner as in Example 4, 2000 g of a rice extract was obtained. To this extract, 2 g of proteolytic enzyme, 2 g of lipolytic enzyme, 2 g of fiber degrading enzyme, 2 g of starch degrading enzyme, 2 g of pectin degrading enzyme were added, and the mixture was heated at 50 ° C for 2
It was left for 4 hours. After that, the product of the present invention 14
00 ml and 580 g of residue were obtained. (Example 29) The same operation as in Example 28 was carried out using 500 g of the present invention product obtained in Example 1 to obtain another 1390 ml of the present invention product. (Example 30) In the same manner as in Example 24, 2000 g of an enzyme-decomposed extract of rice was obtained. Yeast was added to this enzyme-decomposed extract, and alcoholic fermentation was carried out for 16 days. Then, it was squeezed with a squeezing machine to obtain 1880 ml of the product of the present invention and 80 g of a residue.

(Example 31) The same operation as in Example 30 was carried out using 500 g of the product of the present invention obtained in Example 1,
Another 1800 ml of the product of the present invention was obtained. (Example 32) In the same manner as in Example 24, 2000 g of an enzyme-decomposed extract of rice was obtained. The enzyme-decomposed extract was sterilized by boiling, cooled to 37 ° C., 200 ml of a starter in which lactic acid bacteria had been cultured in advance was added, and the mixture was well stirred and hermetically sealed.
Lactic acid fermentation was performed at 7 ° C for 2 days. Then, it was squeezed with a squeezing machine to obtain 1380 ml of the product of the present invention and 590 g of a residue. (Example 33) Using 500 g of the present invention product obtained in Example 1, the same operation as in Example 32 was carried out to obtain another 1400 ml of the present invention product.

Example 34 80 ml of 95% ethanol was added to 1000 ml of the product of the present invention obtained in Example 24, and acetic acid fermentation was carried out for 20 days. Then, filtration was performed to obtain 990 ml of the product of the present invention. (Example 35) Using 500 g of the present invention product obtained in Example 1, the same operation as in Example 34 was carried out to obtain another 1000 ml of the present invention product. Examples of the case where the product of the present invention is blended into a shampoo and a rinse will be described below.

(Example 36) Shampoo The product of the present invention obtained in Example 24 10.0% by weight Polyoxyethylene myristyl ether 20.0% by weight (EO · 10 mol) Coconut oil fatty acid diethanolamide 5.0% by weight Glycerin 3.0% by weight Sodium benzoate 0.1% by weight Perfume 0.2% by weight Purified water 61.7% by weight Prepared according to a conventional method to obtain shampoo.

(Example 37) Rinse Product of the present invention obtained in Example 30 20.0% by weight Silicone oil 3.0% by weight Liquid paraffin 1.0% by weight Cetyl alcohol 1.5% by weight Stearyl alcohol 1. 0 wt% Stearyl trimethyl ammonium chloride 0.7 wt% Glycerin 3.0 wt% Perfume 0.2 wt% Sodium benzoate 0.3 wt% Purified water 69.3 wt% Purified water of the present invention, stearyl trimethyl ammonium chloride , Glycerin was added, and the mixture was kept at 70 ° C (aqueous phase), other components were mixed, heated and melted and kept at 70 ° C (oil phase), the oil phase was added to the aqueous phase, emulsified with a homomixer, and then stirred. While cooling, a rinse was obtained.

[0035]

According to the present invention, an excellent anti-dandruff agent that is simple and completely safe and has an anti-dandruff effect can be obtained by applying it or blending it in shampoo, rinse, tonic and the like. Since rice has been the staple food until now, little has been developed about its manufacturing method and use in new fields other than food. Furthermore, rice has been the staple food until now, and its safety has been well demonstrated.
That is, the present invention not only finds a very good anti-dandruff agent, but is now said to be overproduction of rice, has found a new use application, and that it is possible to increase consumption by improving the image of rice, It is extremely meaningful.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a chart showing a method of an application test in a skin secretion suppression test.

FIG. 2 is a graph showing the results of a skin secretion suppression test.

FIG. 3 is a table showing the results of examining the dandruff improving effect of animals.

Claims (5)

[Claims] 1. An anti-dandruff agent containing a crushed product of germinated rice as it is or containing it. 2. An anti-dandruff agent comprising the rice or germinated rice extract as it is or containing it. 3. An anti-dandruff agent, which is obtained by enzymatically decomposing or hydrolyzing rice hydrolyzed with hydrolyzed rice as it is, or containing it. 4. An anti-dandruff agent which is obtained by extracting rice or sprouted rice with or without enzymatic decomposition or koji before or after extraction, simultaneously with or after extraction. 5. An anti-dandruff agent comprising the extract of rice or germinated rice or the product of enzymatic decomposition or koji which has been subjected to alcohol fermentation or organic acid fermentation as it is or containing it.