JPH09211458A - Liquid crystal display device - Google Patents

Abstract

(57) An object of the present invention is to provide a liquid crystal display device of a conventional alignment division type in which alignment defects are generated, which suppresses the alignment defects and has excellent viewing angle characteristics and excellent display quality. To aim. According to a liquid crystal display element in which a region having a pretilt angle higher than that of a surrounding region is formed in a part of an alignment region, a transition from a spray TN alignment state to a normal TN alignment state is facilitated when a voltage is applied, It is possible to obtain a liquid crystal display element having an excellent display quality with no alignment defect and good viewing angle characteristics.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display element, and more particularly to an alignment division type liquid crystal display element having excellent viewing angle characteristics.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art In recent years, an active matrix type liquid crystal display device has made remarkable progress, has a high display quality equivalent to that of a CRT (cathode ray tube), and has characteristics such as thinness, light weight, and low power consumption. As a result, it is actively applied to notebook PCs, small TVs, etc.

TN (Twis) is widely used in such an active matrix type liquid crystal display device.
This is a NW (Normally White) mode of the ted Nematic) method. The TN method is a liquid crystal panel in which liquid crystal molecules are twisted 90 ° between substrates, sandwiched between two polarizing plates. Also, the two polarizing plates were laminated so that the polarization axis directions thereof were orthogonal to each other and the polarization axis of one polarizer was parallel or perpendicular to the long axis direction of liquid crystal molecules in contact with one substrate. The current mode is the NW mode. In the TN NW mode, white is displayed at no voltage applied or at a low voltage near a certain threshold voltage, and black is displayed at a higher voltage. In this TN type liquid crystal display element, when a voltage is applied between the substrates, the liquid crystal molecules try to align in the direction of the electric field while unwinding the twisted structure. However, depending on the alignment state of the liquid crystal molecules at this time, they pass through the panel. The polarization state of the incoming light changes, and the light transmittance is adjusted. By the way, even if the liquid crystal molecules have the same alignment state, the polarization state of the light changes depending on the incident direction of the light incident on the liquid crystal panel, so that the light transmittance differs in all the incident directions. That is, the liquid crystal panel has a viewing angle dependency. This visual angle dependence has the following features.
In the NW mode, if a voltage is applied and the liquid crystal molecules rise completely perpendicularly to the surface of the substrate, the liquid crystal molecules should be true black when viewed from the direction perpendicular to the substrate. This is because the liquid crystal molecules pass through the liquid crystal layer without changing the polarization component when no optical phase difference occurs when the long axis direction of the liquid crystal is parallel to the traveling direction of light. In practice, even if a voltage is applied to some extent, the liquid crystal molecules near the substrate interface have a strong interaction with the substrate and are hard to rise. Further, since the liquid crystal molecules in the central portion of the liquid crystal layer also do not rise completely, the optical phase difference does not disappear with respect to light traveling in the direction perpendicular to the substrate, and true black is not obtained. On the other hand, in such an alignment state, the light in the traveling direction substantially equal to the major axis direction of the central portion of the liquid crystal layer has an optical phase difference smaller than that of the light traveling in the direction perpendicular to the substrate. Therefore, when light is incident on the substrate at an angle of one of the upper and lower directions by several degrees from the vertical direction, black sinks and a display with a good contrast ratio is obtained.
However, at this time, the light that is incident from this incident angle and an angle that is symmetric with respect to the substrate normal does not suddenly sink black.
Therefore, in the actual liquid crystal panel, the viewing angle characteristics are remarkably asymmetrical with respect to the vertical direction of the screen centering on the substrate normal.

For this reason, in recent years, active matrix type liquid crystal display elements have been actively developed as techniques for expanding the viewing angle. For example, if the pixel of the TN type liquid crystal display element is 2
There has been proposed a method (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-188374) for expanding the viewing angle by dividing regions (domains) having different alignment states. In this method, a pixel is divided into two, two kinds of tilt directions of liquid crystal molecules at the center of the liquid crystal layer when a voltage is applied are present, and the difference in birefringence depending on the viewing angle is compensated for each other, thereby expanding the viewing angle. is there.

Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 5-173135 proposes a method of completely compensating the viewing angle characteristics in the vertical and horizontal directions by forming four types of TN alignment regions whose viewing angle directions differ from each other by 90 °.

[0006]

However, according to the experiments by the present inventors, in the liquid crystal display element formed by the method described in the above-mentioned publication, the liquid crystal orientation is determined by the alignment treatment direction of the patterned substrate surface. It was not completely controlled by and the alignment defect was generated. In such an alignment state, the viewing angle characteristics cannot be completely compensated, and it is recognized as a display defect depending on the viewing direction, and the display quality of the display is degraded.

The orientation of the liquid crystal largely depends on the pretilt angle determined by the orientation treatment. Due to the pretilt of the upper and lower substrates, when the liquid crystal is TN-aligned in one of the left and right twist directions, one twist direction is a normal TN alignment, and the other twist direction is a splay TN alignment having splay alignment distortion. Spray TN orientation is usually T
Compared to the N orientation, the energy is high due to the strain, and it is unstable. When the liquid crystal rises by applying an electric field between the upper and lower substrates, normal TN alignment and spray TN
The energy difference of orientation becomes larger, and the initial spray T
The transition to the TN orientation usually occurs in the region that was in the N orientation state. The energy difference between the normal TN alignment and the splay TN alignment is larger as the pretilt angle is larger and as the electric field is stronger and the rising direction of the liquid crystal is larger.

Therefore, the higher the pretilt angle, the more easily the desired orientation can be obtained. However, in the actual liquid crystal display device, if the pretilt angle is too high, display unevenness due to variations in the pretilt, contrast ratio and viewing angle are caused. Problems such as deterioration of display quality such as characteristics occur.

Therefore, in order to completely control the alignment state of the liquid crystal depending on the alignment treatment direction of the patterned substrate surface, invention of new means is required.

In view of the above problems, the present invention provides a liquid crystal display device of high display quality which has almost no alignment defects, has symmetrical viewing angle characteristics in the vertical and horizontal directions, and has excellent viewing angle characteristics. The purpose is to provide.

[0011]

According to the present invention for solving the above-mentioned problems, a first substrate on which first electrodes for a plurality of pixels are formed and a second substrate corresponding to the first electrodes are provided.
Formed on a part of the first substrate and / or a part of the second substrate, and a second substrate on which the electrodes are formed, a liquid crystal sandwiched between the first and second substrates. A liquid crystal display device, comprising: a nucleation unit for promoting the transition of each molecule of the liquid crystal from the splay TN orientation to the normal TN orientation.

The first and second substrates each have an alignment film that has been rubbed, and the alignment orientation of each molecule of the liquid crystal on the first substrate side and the alignment direction on the second substrate side. The orientation of each liquid crystal molecule is different,
The layer formed of the liquid crystal may not have a spontaneous twist structure, and each of the plurality of pixels may have a plurality of liquid crystal alignment regions.

Each of the plurality of pixels has four liquid crystal alignment regions, and two liquid crystal alignment regions of the four liquid crystal alignment regions are partially formed by the liquid crystal. The left-handed regions in which the viewing angle directions determined by the tilt direction of each molecule in the central part of the layer are different from each other, and the remaining parts which are the two liquid crystal alignment regions obtained by removing the part from the four liquid crystal alignment regions are respectively The viewing angle directions may be right-handed regions different from each other, and the four liquid crystal alignment regions may be regions having different viewing angle directions.

The orientation of the molecules of the liquid crystal on the side of the first substrate and the orientation of the molecules of the liquid crystal on the side of the second substrate differ from each other by substantially 90 °. The left-hand twisted regions whose viewing angle directions are substantially different from each other by 180 °, the remaining portions are right-twisted regions whose viewing angle directions are substantially different from each other by 180 °, and the four liquid crystal alignment regions are respectively It may be a region where the viewing angle directions differ from each other by substantially 90 °.

Further, the pretilt angle of the rubbing-treated alignment film in the nucleation part is the same as that of the rubbing-treated alignment film in the remaining part with respect to a part of the first substrate and / or a part of the second substrate. It may be larger than the pretilt angle.

Further, the remaining portion may be flat and the nucleation portion may be a region having an inclined surface.

Further, the material of the alignment film of the nucleation part is different from the material of the remaining alignment film with respect to a part of the first substrate and / or a part of the second substrate. The material may have a pretilt angle larger than the pretilt angle of the remaining alignment film.

Further, the nucleation portion may be formed in at least one liquid crystal alignment region among the four liquid crystal alignment regions included in each of the plurality of pixels.

Further, the first substrate is an upper substrate, the first electrode is a common electrode, the second substrate is a lower substrate, and the second electrode is a pixel electrode. The nucleus generating portion may be formed in a region where the pixel electrode is covered with a light shielding layer.

The pretilt angle of the liquid crystal in each of the four liquid crystal alignment regions may be at least 3 ° or more.

Further, the alignment treatment of each of the four liquid crystal alignment regions may be performed by rubbing.

Furthermore, an active element may be provided in each of the plurality of pixels.

An example of the operation of the present invention will be described below.

In order to obtain the desired alignment state of the liquid crystal, the energy difference between the normal TN alignment and the splay TN alignment is increased, and at the same time, the nuclei that are initially present in the splay TN alignment are transferred to the normal TN alignment reliably and efficiently. Need to occur. When more stable normal TN-oriented nuclei are generated,
The nuclei can grow and transfer the entire region to the desired uniform orientation. In the present invention, by providing the nucleation portion for that purpose, it is possible to obtain a liquid crystal display element in which four alignment regions A, B, C and D are formed in a divided pattern and which has almost no alignment defects.

By forming a region having a higher pretilt angle in the pixel as compared with the surroundings, when the liquid crystal alignment in this part is the splay TN alignment, the distortion energy of the liquid crystal becomes larger than that in the surroundings. Usually, it becomes the nucleus of the transition to the TN orientation. The normal TN nuclei generated in this portion grow and can transfer the entire region to a desired orientation state.

The pretilt angle when the inclined surface is rubbed will be described with reference to the drawings. When the surface inclined in the direction as shown in FIG. 5 is rubbed in the direction of the arrow in the figure, the pretilt angle of the liquid crystal molecules on the inclined surface in (a) is (b).
It is apparently higher than the pretilt angle of the flat surface due to the tilt effect. As a result, nuclei of normal TN are likely to be generated on the inclined surface.

Of course, the same effect can be obtained by forming such an inclined surface on either the upper or lower substrate.

Further, by setting the pretilt angle of the liquid crystal to 3 ° or more in all the regions, the energy difference between the normal TN alignment and the spray TN alignment becomes large, and the generated normal TN alignment nuclei grow in the entire region. It will be easier.

[0029]

Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.

Before that, first, a general alignment patterning process step for manufacturing the liquid crystal display device of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 6 schematically showing the process. A first rubbing treatment is performed by forming an alignment film on a substrate and subjecting the formed alignment film to a rubbing treatment.

Next, a photoresist is applied on the rubbing-treated alignment film, and a photomask is used.
The left half of the applied photoresist is pattern-exposed, the pattern-exposed left half of the photoresist is removed, and the alignment film exposed again by the removal is first exposed.
The second rubbing process is performed by performing the rubbing process in the opposite direction to the rubbing process of.

As a result, the liquid crystal is aligned in the second rubbing direction in the region where the resist is partially removed. Finally, when the resist is completely removed, two regions having opposite pretilt angles are formed on the substrate so as to correspond to the pattern of the photomask. The other substrate is processed in the same manner, and by properly combining the alignment processing patterns of the upper and lower substrates, four liquid crystal alignment states in which the viewing angle directions differ by 90 ° are defined. The alignment state of the liquid crystal defined by the pretilt corresponding to the rubbing direction is as shown in FIG. 7, for example.

As the alignment film material used in the present invention, a polyimide rubbing film having excellent stability is particularly preferable.
The orientation patterning treatment is not limited to the rubbing treatment method, and may be performed by an oblique vapor deposition method, polarized UV light irradiation, or the like. (First Embodiment) A first embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.

1 and 2 are a plan view and a perspective view, respectively, of one pixel portion of a liquid crystal display device according to a first embodiment of the present invention. The actual panel is 640 cm with a diagonal of 26 cm.
(* RGB trio) * Consists of 480 horizontal pixels. On the upper substrate 1, a black matrix light-shielding layer 2 made of chromium, a color filter 3, and an ITO common electrode 4 are formed. The light shielding layer 2 covers all but the opening. A pixel electrode 6 made of indium tin oxide (ITO) and a thin film transistor 9 for driving the pixel electrode 6 are formed on the lower substrate 5. Then, a sawtooth silicon nitride film SiN _x 7 is partially formed on the ITO pixel electrode 6 of the lower substrate.

After coating an alignment film made of soluble polyimide on each substrate, the alignment patterning process shown in FIG. 6 was performed as described above. In FIG. 2, the pretilt angle (θ + θa) of the rubbing-treated alignment film on the silicon nitride film SiN _x 7 is larger than the pretilt angle (θ) of the rest of the rubbing-treated alignment film.

Next, a seal portion is formed by screen-printing an epoxy adhesive on one of the substrates, and then the diameter is 5 μm.
m spherical spacers were evenly distributed.

Next, as shown in FIG. 7, 1 in FIG.
Two substrates were bonded together so that four alignment regions A, B, C and D were formed in the pixel. Regarding the rubbing direction of each region, the rubbing direction of the lower substrate 5 is indicated by a dotted arrow, and the rubbing direction of the upper substrate 1 is indicated by a solid arrow. Then about 1
An empty cell was prepared by heating and curing at 150 ° C. for 1 hour while uniformly applying a pressure of kg / cm ² .

Next, a fluorine-based nematic liquid crystal containing no chiral agent was injected into the empty cell by a vacuum injection method. After the injection was completed, the injection port was sealed with an epoxy-based sealing agent.

The liquid crystal display device thus produced was annealed at a temperature equal to or higher than the isotropic phase transition temperature of the liquid crystal for 1 hour and then cooled to room temperature. In this state, the liquid crystal was not completely in the desired alignment state defined by the pretilt. That is, a region of splay TN alignment was partially present, and there were many pixels in which the four alignment regions A, B, C, and D were not formed according to the division pattern and had alignment defects.

In order to investigate the pretilt of the liquid crystal, a cell for pretilt evaluation which was subjected to the same alignment patterning treatment was prepared. As a result, it was found that the pretilt angle obtained by the combination of the alignment film and the liquid crystal used here was about 3 °.

When a voltage of 5 V is applied between the upper and lower substrates of this liquid crystal display element, the initially existing splay TN alignment region is transformed into the normal TN alignment, and four alignment regions A, B,
C and D were formed according to the division pattern. Spray TN
FIG. 8 shows a schematic diagram showing the orientation and the normal TN orientation.

Observation of the state of the orientation change under voltage application under a polarization microscope revealed that the area of the silicon nitride film SiN _x 7 formed in a sawtooth shape on the ITO pixel electrode 6 was effectively transferred to the normal TN orientation. However, a process in which it spreads throughout the pixel was observed. When the alignment state was examined after applying a voltage of 5 V for 1 minute, there were almost no alignment defects, and uniform alignment according to the division pattern was obtained.

When the viewing angle characteristics of the liquid crystal display device manufactured in this manner were evaluated, as shown in FIG. 9, good characteristics having a very wide viewing angle and being vertically symmetrical were obtained. Furthermore, since there are almost no alignment defects, no display unevenness is observed when viewed from any viewing angle direction, and a very high display quality is obtained.

In this embodiment, the lower substrate ITO is used.
The saw-toothed silicon nitride film SiN _X 7 is partially formed on a part of the pixel electrode 6 of the above, but the same effect can be obtained by forming it on the common electrode 4 of the upper substrate 1 or on both substrates. . Except that no form (Comparative Example 1) of silicon nitride film SiN _X 7 of sawtooth on the pixel electrode 6 of ITO, to produce a liquid crystal display device as in the first embodiment.
In the liquid crystal alignment state after annealing, as in the first embodiment, there are some regions in which the splay TN alignment is present, and the four alignment regions A, B, C, D are not formed according to the division pattern. There were a lot of pixels with alignment defects.

After applying a voltage of 5 V between the upper and lower substrates of this liquid crystal display device for 1 minute and examining the alignment state, a large number of splay TN alignment regions remained. (Second Embodiment) A second embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.

3 and 4 are a plan view and a perspective view, respectively, of one pixel portion of a liquid crystal display device according to a second embodiment of the present invention. The actual panel is 640 cm with a diagonal of 26 cm.
(* RGB trio) * Consists of 480 horizontal pixels. On the upper substrate 1, a black matrix light-shielding layer 2 made of chromium, a color filter 3, and an ITO common electrode 4 are formed. The light shielding layer 2 covers all but the opening. A pixel electrode 6 made of indium tin oxide (ITO) and a thin film transistor 9 for driving the pixel electrode 6 are formed on the lower substrate 5.

First alignment films 10 and 11 made of soluble polyimide were coated on the respective substrates.

Next, when the rubbing process is not applied,
A second liquid crystal composed of vertically aligned polyimide in which the liquid crystal is vertically aligned.
The alignment film 12 of the lower substrate 5 is printed by printing as shown in FIG.
Was applied only to a part of. Then, the alignment patterning process shown in FIG. 6 was performed as described above. Here, in FIG. 4, the pretilt angle (θ2) of the rubbing-treated alignment film on the second alignment film 12 is larger than the pretilt angle (θ1) of the rest of the rubbing-treated alignment film. This difference is caused by the difference in the material of the alignment film.

Next, an epoxy adhesive was screen-printed on one of the substrates to form a seal portion, and then spherical spacers of 5 μm were uniformly dispersed.

Next, as shown in FIG. 7, 1 in FIG.
Two substrates were bonded together so that four alignment regions A, B, C and D were formed in the pixel. Regarding the rubbing direction of each region, the rubbing direction of the lower substrate 5 is indicated by a dotted arrow, and the rubbing direction of the upper substrate 1 is indicated by a solid arrow. Then about 1
An empty cell was prepared by heating and curing at 150 ° C. for 1 hour while uniformly applying a pressure of kg / cm ² .

Next, a fluorine-based nematic liquid crystal containing no chiral agent was injected into the empty cell by a vacuum injection method. After the injection was completed, the injection port was sealed with an epoxy-based sealing agent.

The liquid crystal display device thus manufactured was annealed at a temperature equal to or higher than the isotropic phase transition temperature of the liquid crystal for 1 hour and then cooled to room temperature. In this state, the liquid crystal was not completely in the desired alignment state defined by the pretilt. That is, a region of splay TN alignment was partially present, and there were many pixels in which the four alignment regions A, B, C, and D were not formed according to the division pattern and had alignment defects.

In order to examine the pretilt of the liquid crystal in the portion coated with the second alignment film, a pretilt evaluation cell which had been subjected to the same alignment patterning treatment was prepared. as a result,
It was found that the pretilt angle obtained by the combination of the second alignment film and the liquid crystal used here was about 20 °.

When a voltage of 5 V is applied between the upper and lower substrates of this liquid crystal display element, the initially existing splay TN alignment region is transformed into the normal TN alignment, and four alignment regions A, B,
C and D were formed according to the division pattern.

Observation of the state of orientation change under voltage application under a polarization microscope showed that the region where the second orientation film 12 was applied was effectively transformed into the normal TN orientation and spreads over the entire pixel. Was observed. When the alignment state was examined after applying a voltage of 5 V for 1 minute, there were almost no alignment defects, and uniform alignment according to the division pattern was obtained.

When the viewing angle characteristics of the liquid crystal display device manufactured in this way were evaluated, as in the liquid crystal display device according to the first embodiment, as shown in FIG. 9, it is vertically symmetrical and has a very wide viewing angle. Various characteristics were obtained. Furthermore, since there are almost no alignment defects, no display unevenness is observed when viewed from any viewing angle direction, and a very high display quality is obtained.

In this embodiment, the IT of the lower substrate 5
Although the second alignment film 12 is applied to a part of the pixel electrode 6 of O, the same effect can be obtained by forming the second alignment film 12 on the common electrode 4 of the upper substrate 1 or on both substrates.

[0058]

As is apparent from the above, in the liquid crystal display device of the present invention, a nucleation portion for the transition from the spray TN alignment to the normal TN alignment is provided, and more specifically, a part of each alignment region. By forming a region having a pretilt angle higher than that of the surroundings, four alignment regions having different viewing angle directions by 90 ° can be uniformly formed in the pixel. As a result, it is possible to obtain a high-display-quality liquid crystal display element having almost no alignment defects, symmetrical viewing angle characteristics in the vertical and horizontal directions, and excellent viewing angle characteristics.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a plan view of one pixel portion of a liquid crystal display element according to a first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of one pixel portion of the liquid crystal display element according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a plan view of one pixel portion of a liquid crystal display element according to a second embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of one pixel portion of a liquid crystal display element according to a second embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram for explaining a pretilt angle when rubbing an inclined surface.

FIG. 6 is a schematic view showing an alignment patterning process step as an example for manufacturing the liquid crystal display element of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing an example of an alignment state of one pixel of the liquid crystal display element of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing states of a normal TN orientation and a spray TN orientation.

FIG. 9 is a view angle characteristic diagram of the liquid crystal display element of the present invention.

[Explanation of symbols]

 1 Upper Substrate 2 Light-shielding Layer 3 Color Filter 4 Common Electrode 5 Lower Substrate 6 Pixel Electrode 7 Silicon Nitride Film 8 Liquid Crystal Molecule 9 Thin Film Transistor 10 First Alignment Film 11 First Alignment Film 12 Second Alignment Film

Claims (10)

[Claims] 1. A first substrate on which a first electrode for a plurality of pixels is formed, and a second substrate on which a second electrode corresponding to the first electrode is formed.
Substrate, a liquid crystal sandwiched between the first and second substrates, and a part of the first substrate and / or a part of the second substrate, each molecule of the liquid crystal being sprayed. A liquid crystal display device, comprising: a nucleation part for promoting the transition from the TN alignment to the normal TN alignment. 2. The first and second substrates each have an alignment film that has been rubbed, and the alignment orientation of each molecule of liquid crystal on the first substrate side and the alignment direction on the second substrate side. Alignment orientations of each molecule of liquid crystal are different from each other, the layer formed of the liquid crystal does not have a spontaneous twist structure, and each of the plurality of pixels has a plurality of liquid crystal alignment regions. The liquid crystal display element according to claim 1. 3. Each of the plurality of pixels has four liquid crystal alignment regions, and two liquid crystal alignment regions of the four liquid crystal alignment regions are partially formed by the liquid crystal. Left-handed regions in which the viewing angle directions determined by the tilt direction of each molecule in the central part of the layer are different from each other, and the remaining parts which are the two liquid crystal alignment regions except the part from the four liquid crystal alignment regions are respectively The liquid crystal display element according to claim 2, wherein the viewing angle directions are right-handed regions different from each other and the four liquid crystal alignment regions are regions having different viewing angle directions. 4. The alignment orientation of each molecule of the liquid crystal on the first substrate side and the alignment orientation of each molecule of the liquid crystal on the second substrate side differ from each other by substantially 90 °, and each of the parts is The viewing angles are substantially 1 of each other
The left-hand twisted area is different by 80 °, and the remaining portions have the viewing angle directions substantially 1 to each other.
The liquid crystal display device according to claim 3, wherein the liquid crystal display device has right-handed twist regions that differ by 80 °, and the four liquid crystal alignment regions are regions in which the viewing angle directions differ from each other by substantially 90 °. 5. The pretilt angle of the rubbing-processed alignment film in the nucleation part is the same as that of the rubbing-processed alignment film in the balance with respect to a part of the first substrate and / or a part of the second substrate. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 4, wherein the liquid crystal display device is larger than the pretilt angle. 6. The liquid crystal display element according to claim 5, wherein the remaining portion is flat, and the nucleation portion is a region where the surface is inclined. 7. The material of the alignment film of the nucleation part is different from the material of the alignment film of the rest of the part of the first substrate and / or the part of the second substrate,
The liquid crystal display device according to claim 4, wherein the liquid crystal display device is made of a material having a pretilt angle larger than the pretilt angle of the remaining alignment film. 8. The liquid crystal display according to claim 4, wherein the nucleation portion is formed in at least one liquid crystal alignment region among four liquid crystal alignment regions included in each of the plurality of pixels. element. 9. The first substrate is an upper substrate, the first electrode is a common electrode, the second substrate is a lower substrate, and the second electrode is a pixel electrode. 7. The nucleation part is formed in a region where the pixel electrode is covered with a light-shielding layer.
5. The liquid crystal display device according to any one of 1. 10. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 4, wherein a pretilt angle of the liquid crystal in each of the four liquid crystal alignment regions is at least 3 ° or more.