JPH10270924A - On-vehicle glass antenna - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide the antenna with a high reception gain for an FM radio broadcast wave and the glass antenna for an automobile with a high reception gain for a TV broadcast wave. SOLUTION: As one embodiment, the antenna is made up of 1st antennas 3, 13 for receiving an FM radio broadcast wave provided mainly with a 1st vertical wire extended along a side of a window glass pane from 1st feeding sections 2, 12 provided to a lower corner of the side window glass and with a 1st horizontal wire connecting to the vertical wire and extended along an upper side, and at least with a 2nd horizontal wire extended in parallel with the 1st horizontal wire and made up of 2nd antennas 5, 15 for receiving a TV broadcast wave provided at least with a 1st horizontal wire extended along a lower side from 2nd feeding sections 4, 14 placed closely to the 1st feeding sections 2, 12, a vertical wire extended along a side of the 2nd feeding sections 4, 14 and with a 2nd horizontal wire connecting to the vertical wire and extended closely to the lowermost horizontal wire of the 1st antennas 3, 13 in parallel.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a glass antenna provided on a side window glass for a vehicle such as an automobile, and more particularly, to a glass antenna provided with a glass antenna.
The present invention relates to a glass antenna suitable for receiving radio waves having different frequency bands, such as an M radio broadcast wave and a TV broadcast wave.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, as a glass antenna for a vehicle, an antenna in which a conductive wire is provided in an upper margin portion or a lower margin portion of a conductive wire for heating a rear window glass, and a conductive wire is provided in a front window glass. Provided antennas are known and have been put into practical use, but in the former case, the space occupied by the antenna is small because the space is originally small and the view may be obstructed. No gain was obtained.

Further, the antenna provided on the front windowpane has a relatively high reception gain, but there is a restriction on a mounting place beyond that of the rear windowpane so as not to hinder the driver's view.
Accordingly, due to the widespread use of RVs equipped with side windows having relatively large areas and relatively small area windows, antennas provided on the side windows have been attracting attention. Japanese Utility Model Application Laid-Open No. 58-61509 for performing diversity reception by providing a pair of antennas on a window glass
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 61-265904, in which two antennas are provided on at least one side window glass and one is arranged clockwise and the other is arranged counterclockwise, a pair of feeding parts are separated from each other. No. 61-197710, in which an antenna line extending in the vertical direction from the power supply unit is provided, and two systems of antennas are provided over almost the entire area of the side window glass.
Numerous applications such as 197712 have also been filed.

[0004]

However, Japanese Utility Model Application Laid-Open No. 58-61509 discloses diversity reception using antennas on the right and left side window glasses.
76MHz because it is received by the system antenna
Up to 90 MHz FM radio broadcast wave, TV broadcast wave band of 1 to 3 channels (hereinafter abbreviated as VHF-L band), 4 to
It is difficult to receive a very wide range of radio waves in a 12-channel TV broadcast wave band (hereinafter abbreviated as VHF-H band).

Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 61-265904, 61-197710, 61-197712, and 61-197712 show two antennas for receiving TV broadcast waves. Is one of the antennas on the lower side only,
Since the two systems of antennas extend at most along two sides, it is generally difficult to obtain a sufficient reception gain, let alone from FM radio broadcast waves to TV broadcast waves VHF.
It is difficult to obtain a high reception gain over the entire band, and the directional characteristics of the antennas provided on the same side window glass must be somewhat similar, and two systems of antennas receive diversity reception. The dips in the gain in a particular direction were not enough to complement each other.

The present invention has been made in view of the above points, and an antenna having a high reception gain for FM radio broadcast waves and an antenna having a high reception gain for TV broadcast waves are used as glass antennas for automobiles. The purpose is to provide.

[0007]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present invention relates to a case where a first antenna is used for receiving an FM radio broadcast wave and a second antenna is used for receiving a TV broadcast wave. A first vertical line extending along a side of the window glass from a first power supply unit provided at a lower corner portion of a side window glass for a vehicle, and a first vertical line connected to the vertical line and extending along an upper side.
Or the first vertical line, the first horizontal line, and the second vertical line extending along the side opposite to the power supply unit. A first antenna for receiving an FM radio broadcast wave having at least a second horizontal line extending parallel to the first horizontal line, and a second power supply unit disposed in proximity to the first power supply unit From the first horizontal line extending along the lower side from the second feeder, a vertical line extending along the side from the second feeder, and connected to the vertical line, close to and parallel to the lowermost horizontal line of the first antenna. A TV broadcast wave receiving antenna having at least a second horizontal line extending, wherein the first vertical line of the first antenna constituting the main configuration is provided. The total length of the first horizontal line, or the first vertical line 500mm~800mm or 1000 mm 1 in the horizontal strip of the total length of the second vertical strip
When the length of the first horizontal line of the second antenna is in the range of 400 mm to 600 mm or 200 mm to 300 mm, the wavelength of the received radio wave is λ, When the shortening rate is α (approximately 0.7), the resonance length is λα / 4 or λα / 2, which is preferable because the reception gain increases.

In the case where the first antenna is used for receiving a TV broadcast wave and the second antenna is used for receiving an FM radio broadcast wave, a first feeder provided at a lower corner portion of a side window glass is used. A first antenna for receiving a TV broadcast wave mainly including a vertical line extending along a side of the window glass and a first horizontal line connected to the vertical line and extending along an upper side; A first horizontal line extending along a lower side from a second power supply unit disposed close to the power supply unit, and a vertical line connected to a tip of the first horizontal line and extending along a side opposite to the power supply unit A horizontal line extending in parallel with the first horizontal line, or a vertical line extending along the side from the second feeding portion; and a lowermost horizontal line of the first antenna connected to the vertical line. And at least a second horizontal line extending in proximity to and in parallel with A second antenna for receiving M radio broadcast waves, characterized in that the total length of the first vertical line and the first horizontal line of the first antenna The height is in the range of 400 mm to 600 mm or 200 mm to 300 mm,
The total length of the first horizontal line of the second antenna and the vertical line connected to the horizontal line, or the first horizontal line, and the second horizontal line is folded back from the horizontal line and extends in parallel with the first horizontal line. It is preferable that the total length of the horizontal streaks be in the range of 500 mm to 800 mm or 1000 mm to 1600 mm, since each of them has a resonance length with respect to the received radio wave, and the reception gain increases.

In the case of receiving FM radio broadcast waves, the first antenna has a first vertical line and a first horizontal line, or a first vertical line, a first horizontal line and a second vertical line. Article
In the case of receiving a TV broadcast wave, the first vertical line and the first horizontal line become main elements resonating with respect to the reception band, respectively, and the second vertical line and the second horizontal line extend in parallel with the first horizontal line.
By providing a double horizontal line, the receiving gain is improved over a wide range for FM radio broadcast waves or TV broadcast waves, and furthermore, by mutually capacitively coupling with the second antenna, the gain is mutually increased. You can receive it with a boost.

[0010] When the second antenna is for receiving a TV broadcast wave, the first horizontal line extending along the lower side has an F line.
In the case of receiving the M radio broadcast wave, the first horizontal line and the vertical line connected to the first horizontal line and extending along the side opposite to the power supply unit as shown in the third embodiment. The total length is set so that the filaments or, although not shown in the examples, the horizontal filaments which are turned back from the tip of the first horizontal filament and extend in parallel with the first horizontal filament, respectively, act as main elements. By setting the resonance length of the reception radio wave, not only the reception gain is improved, but also the reception gain is further improved by capacitive coupling with the first antenna, thereby providing a wide band.

Further, the antenna of the present invention is provided with two systems, and when diversity reception is performed by these two antennas, diversity reception is performed between antennas having similar directional characteristics, and the effect is reduced by half. ,
Since one is received by changing the receiving band to FM radio broadcast waves and the other to TV broadcast waves, even if the directional characteristics are similar, the antenna provided on the other side window glass having different directional characteristics (in this case, As shown in the first embodiment, the configuration of the present invention may be used, or another configuration may be used.) When diversity reception is performed with a pole antenna such as a glass antenna provided on a rear window glass or a front window glass or a whip antenna, More preferred.

[0012]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS A feed portion from two antennas according to the present invention is provided at a portion along either side of a side window glass, that is, from a lower corner of the window glass to a center portion of the side window glass. Place in close proximity to

[0013] In the case of receiving an FM radio broadcast wave, the first antenna has a first vertical line extending along the side of the window glass from the first power supply unit and an upper side connected to the vertical line. The main structure is a first horizontal line extending along the first vertical line, and a second vertical line extending along the side opposite to the power supply portion is provided on the first vertical line and the first horizontal line. The main configuration is the one added, the first vertical line and the horizontal line are the main configuration at the time of receiving the TV broadcast wave, and the second line extending parallel to the first horizontal line is used for the reception of the FM radio broadcast wave. At least a horizontal line is provided, and the second horizontal line is configured to extend two from the power supply unit as shown in (a) of the first embodiment, or as shown in (b) of the first embodiment. A short vertical streak connects two horizontal streaks,
Alternatively, as shown in the second embodiment, the configuration may be such that the first horizontal line is folded to form the second horizontal line.

[0014] When the second antenna is for receiving a TV broadcast wave, the second antenna has a first horizontal line extending along a lower side from a second power supply unit disposed close to the first power supply unit and a second horizontal line. FM has at least a vertical line extending along the side from the feeding portion, and a second horizontal line connected to the vertical line and extending in close proximity to and parallel to the lowermost horizontal line of the first antenna. In the case of receiving a radio broadcast wave, a first horizontal line extending along the lower side and a vertical line connected to the end of the first horizontal line and extending along the side opposite to the power supply unit are provided. Alternatively, a horizontal line that is folded back and extends in parallel with the first horizontal line, a vertical line that extends along the side from the second power supply unit, and a lowermost horizontal line of the first antenna connected to the vertical line. Having at least a second horizontal line extending in proximity and parallel There, a second horizontal strip of the second antenna and the distance between the bottom of the first antenna 3~10m
It is indispensable to set the range to m and capacitively couple.

Although the auxiliary element is not necessarily required, an element denoted by reference numeral 15a in the first embodiment described later, an element denoted by reference numerals 5b and 5c in the second embodiment,
Various elements, such as the elements indicated by reference numerals 3d and 5e in the third embodiment, can be added to the first antenna or the second antenna for the purpose of improving reception gain, improving directional characteristics, impedance matching, and the like.

[0016]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. 1 (a) and 1 (b) are front views of the glass antenna of the present invention provided on one side window glass and the other side window glass, respectively, as viewed from the outside of the vehicle, and FIGS. FIG. 4 is a front view showing the second embodiment and the third embodiment as viewed from the outside of the vehicle. FIG. 4 and FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 show the FM of the first antenna provided on the other window glass in the first embodiment, respectively. FIG. 4 is a directional pattern when a radio wave in a radio broadcast band is received and a directional pattern when a second broadcast antenna receives a radio wave in a TV broadcast band.

Embodiment 1 As shown in FIGS. 1 (a) and 1 (b), a case where the glass antenna of the present invention is mounted on one side window glass and the other side window glass for a vehicle to perform diversity reception. This is an example.

[0018] The glass sheet 1 to be attached as one side window glass, length extending along the first feeding portion 2 on the side edges of the window glass is first vertical strip 3 ₁ and the vertical 200mm 450mm long connected to the filament and extending along the upper side
The first and the horizontal strip 3 ₂ main constituent, a first antenna 3 for FM radio broadcast wave receiving the horizontal strip and length extending parallel said first consists second horizontal strip 3 ₃ 450mm of , A second power supply unit 4 disposed close to the first power supply unit 2
The first horizontal strip 5 ₁ and the second feeding portion 4 from a length extending along the sides of 290mm vertical strip 5 ₂ and the hanging straight Article 5 ₂ length extending along the lower side of 420mm from The lowermost horizontal line of the connected first antenna (first horizontal line 3
₂₎ the proximity, by screen printing before bending the second antenna 5 for TV broadcast wave reception length extending parallel consists second horizontal strip ₃ of 400 mm, and fired bent at the same time Form.

A sheet glass to be mounted as the other side window glass
The lath 11 has a first power supply section 12 on the side of the window glass.
A first vertical filament 13 having a length of 180 mm extending therealong;₁
And a length connected to the vertical line and extending along the upper side is 45.
0 mm first horizontal line 13 _TwoAnd the main configuration
1 parallel horizontal line, short vertical line (length 20m
m) the first horizontal line 13_Two4 connected to
50 mm second horizontal line 13_ThreeFM radio broadcast consisting of
The first antenna 13 for transmitting and receiving waves and the first power supply unit 2
Extends along the lower side from the second power supply unit 14 disposed close to
The first horizontal line 15 having a length of 420 mm₁And the second salary
250 mm length extending from the electrical part 14 along the side
Straight line 15_TwoAnd water having a length of 230 mm
Connected via a flat filament and a short vertical filament approximately in the center
The first horizontal line at the bottom of the first antenna (the first horizontal line)
13_Two) And a second length of 350 mm extending parallel to
Horizontal streak 15_ThreeAnd the first horizontal line 1
5₁A short vertical line with a length of 10 mm
The horizontal line with a length of 420 mm
15_aBending the second antenna 15 added as
Screen printing before construction, firing at the same time as bending
Form.

The thus obtained glass sheets 1, 11
The upper edge length = 600 mm, the lower edge length = 610 mm, the longer side edge length = 460 mm,
Assuming that the short side edge length of the side is set to 400 mm, the antenna is mounted on the side window glass of the automobile, and the antennas 3, 5 and 1 of the present invention are mounted.
According to 3 and 15, FM radio broadcast band of 76 MHz to 90 MHz, VHF-L of 90 MHz to 108 MHz
Band, VHF-H band of 170 MHz to 222 MHz, 47
0MHz to 770MHz TV broadcast wave UHF band (hereinafter, referred to as
When a radio wave in the UHF band is received, and the reception difference of the standard dipole antenna is set to 0 dB, the gain difference (hereinafter abbreviated as dipole ratio) indicates that the antenna 3 has an average value of −18. .6dB, -26.4d
B, -21.6 dB and -19.2 dB, and the average of the antenna 5 is -22.0 dB and -21.3 dB, respectively.
B, -17.4 dB and -17.2 dB, and the antenna 13 has an average value of -19.4 dB and -26.3 dB, respectively.
B, -21.9 dB and -18.9 dB, and the antenna 15 has an average value of -22.0 dB and -21.1 dB, respectively.
B, -17.9 dB and -17.6 dB, indicating that the antennas 3 and 13 are good antennas for FM radio broadcast waves and the antennas 5 and 15 are good antennas for TV broadcast wave bands. Also, it can be seen that each antenna is a good antenna for the UHF band.

The directional characteristics of the antennas 3 and 13 with respect to the radio waves in the FM radio broadcast wave band are as shown in FIGS. 4 and 6, respectively.
The directional characteristics for the V broadcast wave VHF-H band radio waves are as shown in FIGS. 5 and 7, respectively.

As is apparent from the results, the antennas 3 and 5 and the antennas 13 and 15 provided on the same window glass have the same (dip) position of the reception gain even in the same direction even if the reception frequency is different. Although the directional characteristics are similar, the antennas 3 and 13 for receiving FM radio broadcast waves and the antennas 5 and 15 for receiving TV broadcast waves have different dip positions and have a relationship that complement each other. I understand.

Therefore, in practice, when the antenna having the structure of the present invention is provided on the left and right side window glasses, when receiving the FM radio broadcast wave, diversity reception is performed by the antenna 3 and the antenna 13 and the TV broadcast wave VHF-L is received. When receiving a band, antennas 5 and 15 for receiving TV broadcast waves on the left and right side windows (preferably with a whip antenna)
Therefore, it is preferable to perform diversity reception by the antennas 5 and 15 when receiving the TV broadcast wave VHF-H band and by four antennas provided on the left and right side window glasses when receiving the TV broadcast wave UHF band.

Embodiment 2 In Embodiment 2 shown in FIG. 2, a first antenna is used for receiving FM radio broadcast waves, and a second vertical line is added as a main configuration.
This is an example in which the second antenna is used for receiving TV broadcast waves.

[0025] The glass sheet 1 to be attached as one side window glass, a first vertical strip 3 ₁ and the vertical length extending along a first side of the window glass from the feed unit 2 is 180mm 450mm long connected to the filament and extending along the upper side
A first connection to a horizontal strip 3 _two horizontal strips 3 ₂ and the first length extending along the sides opposite to the feeding portion 35
A second vertical strip 3 ₄ 0mm as a main structure, horizontal strips 3 ₂ a length extending parallel to first through vertical strip ₃₅ which is folded back from said vertical straight line Article second of 470mm a horizontal strip 3 ₃ first antenna 3 for FM radio broadcast wave receiving consisting of, a length extending along the lower side from the second power feeder 4 is disposed close to the first feeding portion 2 is 420 mm 1
Horizontal strip 5 ₁ and a second length from the feeding portion 4 extending along the sides are connected to the vertical strip 5 ₂ and the hanging straight Article 5 ₂ of 270mm lowermost horizontal strip of the first antenna ( first proximity horizontal strip 3 ₂₎ and a length extending parallel to the second horizontal strip _3, the second horizontal strip 5 ₃ auxiliary element length folded back from the tip of 380mm 5 _b of 380mm length extending perpendicularly from the second feeding portion 4 is obtained by adding the auxiliary element 5 _c of 290 mm.

It was confirmed that the antennas 3 and 5 thus obtained also had the same reception gain as that of the first embodiment, and that the dip positions in the directional characteristics were almost in the same direction.

Embodiment 3 Embodiment 3 shown in FIG. 3 is an example in which the first antenna is a TV broadcast wave receiving antenna, and the second antenna is an FM radio broadcast wave receiving antenna.

The glass sheet 1 mounted as one side window glass has a vertical line 3 ₁ having a length of 200 mm extending from the first power supply section 2 provided at the lower corner portion along the side of the window glass. and it is connected to said vertical linear Article 3 _1, and a length extending along the upper side of the first horizontal strip 3 ₂ 340mm main constituent, a length extending parallel first and horizontal strip 3 ₂ 34
A first antenna 3 for receiving a TV broadcast wave to which an auxiliary element 3 _{d of 0} mm is added, and a length 520 extending along a lower side from a second feeder 4 disposed close to the first feeder.
length extending along the sides opposite to the first horizontal strip 5 ₁ and the first is connected to the front end of the horizontal strip feeding unit of mm is the vertical strip 5 ₂ of 200 mm, the second power supply lowermost horizontal strip of the first antenna length from part 4 extending along the sides are connected to the vertical strip 5 ₃ and the hanging straight strip of 280mm near the (first horizontal strip 3 _2), parallel Length extending to 3
The second horizontal strip 5 ₄ 20 mm, the horizontal streak 5 ₄ length extending parallel to form a second antenna 5 for FM radio broadcast wave receiving by adding a auxiliary element 5 _e of 320 mm.

It was confirmed that the antennas 3 and 5 thus obtained also had the same reception gain as that of the first embodiment, and that the dip positions in the directional characteristics were almost in the same direction.

[0030]

As described above, the glass antenna of the present invention is an antenna provided on the side window glass. The antenna of the two systems is devised to improve the reception gain and further improve the antenna gain. Are arranged so as to be capacitively coupled to each other, so that each antenna is provided with a wide band. The two antennas receive different radio waves so that even if the directivity characteristics are similar, there is no problem. It was done.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIGS. 1A and 1B are front views of a glass antenna of the present invention provided on one side window glass and the other side window glass, respectively, as viewed from the outside of the vehicle.

FIG. 2 is a front view showing the second embodiment as viewed from the outside of the vehicle.

FIG. 3 is a front view showing the third embodiment as viewed from the outside of the vehicle.

FIG. 4 is a view showing a first window provided on one window glass in the first embodiment.
FIG. 6 is a directional characteristic diagram when the antenna of the first embodiment receives a radio wave in the FM radio broadcast wave band.

FIG. 5 shows a second window provided on one window glass in the first embodiment.
FIG. 5 is a directional characteristic diagram when a radio wave in a TV broadcast wave band of the antenna of FIG.

FIG. 6 illustrates a first window provided on the other window glass in the first embodiment.
FIG. 6 is a directional characteristic diagram when the antenna of the first embodiment receives a radio wave in the FM radio broadcast wave band.

FIG. 7 shows a second window provided on the other window glass in the first embodiment.
FIG. 5 is a directional characteristic diagram when a radio wave in a TV broadcast wave band of the antenna of FIG.

[Explanation of symbols]

 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1, 11 Sheet glass 2, 12 1st feeding part 3, 13 1st antenna 4, 14 2nd feeding part 5, 15 2nd antenna

Claims (7)

[Claims] 1. A first vertical line extending along a side of a window glass from a first power supply portion provided at a lower corner portion of a side window glass for a vehicle, and an upper side connected to the vertical line. A first horizontal line extending along the first main line, a first antenna for receiving an FM radio broadcast wave having at least a second horizontal line extending in parallel with the first horizontal line, and a first feeder A first horizontal line extending along a lower side from a second power supply unit disposed close to the first power supply unit, a vertical line extending along the side from the second power supply unit, and a first antenna connected to the vertical line. A glass antenna for a vehicle, comprising a second antenna for receiving a TV broadcast wave, comprising at least a lowermost horizontal line and a second horizontal line extending in proximity to and parallel to the second horizontal line. 2. The first antenna according to claim 1, wherein a total length of the first vertical line and the first horizontal line of the first antenna is in a range of 500 mm to 800 mm or 1000 mm to 1600 mm. 400mm ~ 6
The glass antenna for a vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the glass antenna is set to a range of 00mm or 200mm to 300mm. 3. A first vertical line extending along a side of a window glass from a first power supply portion provided at a lower corner portion of a side window glass for a vehicle, and an upper side connected to the vertical line. A first horizontal line extending along the first horizontal line and a second vertical line connected to the first horizontal line and extending along a side opposite to the power supply portion; Second extending parallel
A first antenna for receiving an FM radio broadcast wave having at least a horizontal line, a first horizontal line extending along a lower side from a second power supply unit disposed close to the first power supply unit, and a second antenna. TV broadcast wave reception comprising at least a vertical line extending along the side from the power supply unit and a second horizontal line connected to the vertical line and extending parallel to and parallel to the lowermost horizontal line of the first antenna. A glass antenna for a vehicle, comprising a second antenna for a vehicle. 4. The total length of the first vertical line, the first horizontal line and the second vertical line of the first antenna is from 500 mm to 8 mm.
00 mm or 1000 mm to 1600 mm, and the length of the first horizontal line of the second antenna is 400 mm to 600 mm or 200 mm to 300 mm.
4. The glass antenna for vehicles according to claim 3, wherein the glass antenna is in a range of mm. 5. A vertical line extending along a side of the window glass from a first power supply portion provided at a lower corner portion of a side window glass for a vehicle, and connected to the vertical line and extending along an upper side. A first antenna for receiving a TV broadcast wave having a first horizontal line as a main configuration, a first horizontal line extending along a lower side from a second power supply unit disposed in proximity to the first power supply unit; First
A vertical line connected to the tip of the horizontal line and extending along the side opposite to the power supply portion, or a horizontal line that is folded back and extends parallel to the first horizontal line and along the side from the second power supply portion. Antenna for receiving an FM radio broadcast wave, comprising at least a vertical line extending in a vertical direction and a second horizontal line connected to the vertical line and extending in the vicinity of and parallel to the lowermost horizontal line of the first antenna. A glass antenna for a vehicle characterized by comprising: 6. A total length of a vertical line and a first horizontal line of the first antenna is 400 mm to 600 mm or 200 mm.
mm to 300 mm, and the total length of the first horizontal line of the second antenna and the vertical line connected to the horizontal line, or the first horizontal line, The total length of the horizontal line extending parallel to the first horizontal line is 500 mm to 800 mm or 1000 mm.
6. The glass antenna for a vehicle according to claim 5, wherein the glass antenna has a range of mm to 1600 mm. 7. The first antenna is adapted to receive diversity with a glass antenna or whip antenna provided on another window glass, and the second antenna is also adapted to receive diversity reception with a glass antenna or whip antenna provided on another window glass. The vehicle glass antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein: