JPH11236715A - Cover for underground structure - Google Patents
Cover for underground structureInfo
- Publication number
- JPH11236715A JPH11236715A JP10055857A JP5585798A JPH11236715A JP H11236715 A JPH11236715 A JP H11236715A JP 10055857 A JP10055857 A JP 10055857A JP 5585798 A JP5585798 A JP 5585798A JP H11236715 A JPH11236715 A JP H11236715A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- outer edge
- cover
- lid
- tire
- outside edge
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 16
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000011345 viscous material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000011346 highly viscous material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 2
- 206010017577 Gait disturbance Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005034 decoration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Underground Structures, Protecting, Testing And Restoring Foundations (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は地下構造物用蓋に関
し、特にタイヤのグリップ効果に優れたマンホール蓋に
関する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a cover for an underground structure, and more particularly, to a manhole cover having an excellent tire grip effect.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】歩道や車道に設けられる地下構造物用蓋
は、装飾およびスリップ防止のために表面に凹凸模様が
形成されている。地下構造物用蓋を特にスリップ防止の
観点より改良した技術が開示されている（特開平９−２
３５７４８号公報）。この地下構造物用蓋は、上端面が
受枠の上端面とほぼ一致する高さのそれぞれ独立した複
数の凸部とこれらの凸部を囲むようにする凹部とによっ
て凹凸模様を形成し、該凹部を蓋本体の中央部から外周
に向けて漸次深くなるようにした蓋本体を有している。2. Description of the Related Art A cover for an underground structure provided on a sidewalk or a road has an uneven pattern on the surface for decoration and prevention of slip. A technique in which a lid for an underground structure is improved particularly from the viewpoint of preventing slippage has been disclosed (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9-2).
No. 35748). The underground structure lid forms an uneven pattern by a plurality of independent convex portions having a height whose upper end surface substantially coincides with the upper end surface of the receiving frame and a concave portion surrounding these convex portions. Is gradually deepened from the center of the lid body toward the outer periphery.
【０００３】[0003]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】しかしながら、上述の
地下構造物用蓋は、蓋本体の中央部には雨水などが溜ま
り難くなるが、蓋本体の外周部付近にはより溜まりやす
くなり、また泥水など粘性の高い物質が堆積するとグリ
ップ効果が低下するという問題がある。特に雨の降り始
めなどには、泥粉と水とが混合して粘性の高い物質とな
りやすくなる。また、外周部付近に溜まった粘性の高い
物質は蓋本体表面より排出することが困難になるという
問題がある。However, in the above-mentioned lid for underground structures, it is difficult for rainwater or the like to collect in the center of the lid body, but it is more likely to accumulate in the vicinity of the outer periphery of the lid body, and it is also difficult for muddy water to accumulate. If a highly viscous substance accumulates, for example, there is a problem that the grip effect is reduced. Particularly at the beginning of rainfall, mud powder and water are apt to be mixed into a highly viscous substance. Further, there is a problem that it is difficult to discharge a highly viscous substance accumulated near the outer peripheral portion from the surface of the lid body.
【０００４】本発明は、このような問題に対処するため
になされたもので、表面に堆積する物質によらないで、
グリップ効果を高めることのできる蓋本体を有する地下
構造物用蓋を提供することを目的とする。[0004] The present invention has been made to address such a problem, and does not rely on substances deposited on the surface.
An object of the present invention is to provide a lid for an underground structure having a lid body capable of enhancing a grip effect.
【０００５】[0005]
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明の地下構造物用蓋
は、受け枠と、該受け枠に嵌合する蓋本体とを備えてな
り、上記蓋本体が、外周に外縁部が形成され、この外縁
部の内側に外縁上端面よりも低い平らな底面を有する凹
部領域と、この凹部領域内に上記外縁上端面よりも突出
した複数の突起部とを有することを特徴とする。A cover for an underground structure according to the present invention comprises a receiving frame and a lid body fitted into the receiving frame. The lid body has an outer peripheral portion formed on the outer periphery. A concave area having a flat bottom surface lower than the upper edge of the outer edge inside the outer edge, and a plurality of protrusions projecting from the upper edge of the outer edge in the concave area.
【０００６】また、上記突起部が相互に 20 〜 80mm の
ピッチで配列されていることを特徴とする。ここで、ピ
ッチとは突起部中心間の距離をいう。Further, the projections are arranged at a pitch of 20 to 80 mm from each other. Here, the pitch refers to the distance between the centers of the protrusions.
【０００７】凹部領域に形成される突起部は、外縁部の
内側に向かってその高さが上向き勾配を有することを特
徴とする。[0007] The protrusion formed in the recessed region is characterized in that its height has an upward slope toward the inside of the outer edge.
【０００８】また、凹部領域自体は、外縁部の内側に向
かって下向き勾配を有することを特徴とする。Further, the concave region itself has a downward slope toward the inside of the outer edge.
【０００９】路面が雨水で覆われているときの地下構造
物用蓋とタイヤとのコーナリング・フォースは、雨水の
影響として乾燥時の 1/2〜1/3 に減少することが知られ
ている。この主な原因は、タイヤ接地部においてタイヤ
と蓋表面との間に水膜が介在して、相互の粘着性を損な
うためである。したがって、タイヤと蓋表面との間に水
膜が介在しないように地下構造物用蓋の蓋本体表面を形
成すれば、水膜の影響を排除することができる。本発明
はこのような知見に基づきなされたもので、蓋本体の外
縁部内側に外縁上端部の高さよりも低い平底面を有する
凹部領域と、この凹部領域内に外縁上端部の高さよりも
高い独立した複数の突起部とを設けることにより、水膜
の影響を排除することとしたものである。[0009] It is known that the cornering force between the underground structure lid and the tire when the road surface is covered with rainwater is reduced to 1/2 to 1/3 of the dry time as the effect of rainwater. . The main reason for this is that a water film is interposed between the tire and the lid surface at the tire contact portion, thereby impairing mutual adhesion. Therefore, if the lid body surface of the underground structure lid is formed so that a water film does not intervene between the tire and the lid surface, the influence of the water film can be eliminated. The present invention has been made based on such knowledge, and has a recessed area having a flat bottom surface lower than the height of the outer edge upper end inside the outer edge of the lid body, and a height higher than the height of the outer edge upper end in the recessed area. By providing a plurality of independent projections, the influence of the water film is eliminated.
【００１０】また、複数の突起部の配列ピッチと平底面
を有する凹部領域との組合わせにより蓋本体表面の凹部
領域に堆積する泥水など粘性の高い物質を速やかに排出
することができる。これは、タイヤが蓋表面に接地する
と接地面内においてタイヤの局部は、タイヤの断面をみ
た場合、断面円周の頂点方向に強い力が働くためであ
る。すなわち、蓋本体表面の凹部領域が平底面である
と、泥砂などが均一に蓋本体表面に堆積するため、傾斜
領域を有し堆積泥砂などが不均一に溜まる場合に比較し
て、より泥砂などを排除しやすくなる。Further, by combining the arrangement pitch of the plurality of projections and the recessed region having the flat bottom surface, highly viscous substances such as muddy water that accumulates in the recessed region on the surface of the lid body can be quickly discharged. This is because, when the tire is in contact with the lid surface, a strong force acts on the local part of the tire in the apex direction of the cross-section circumference when the cross-section of the tire is viewed in the ground-contact surface. In other words, when the concave area of the lid body surface is a flat bottom surface, mud sand and the like are uniformly deposited on the lid body surface. Is easier to eliminate.
【００１１】[0011]
【発明の実施の形態】本発明の地下構造物用蓋を図１な
いし図３により説明する。図１は地下構造物用蓋の蓋本
体を受枠に嵌合した状態の要部を示す縦断面図、図２は
蓋本体２の平面図、図３は図１における一部拡大断面図
である。上端面を路面のレベルに合わせて地中に設置さ
れる受枠１と、この受枠１にテーパ嵌合されている蓋本
体２とより地下構造物用蓋が構成されている。蓋本体２
は、外周に外縁部３が形成され、この外縁部３の内側に
外縁上端面よりも低い平らな底面を有する凹部領域４
と、この凹部領域４内に外縁上端面よりも突出し、相互
に独立した複数の突起部５とを有している。DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS A lid for an underground structure according to the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view showing a main part of the underground structure lid in a state where the lid body is fitted to the receiving frame, FIG. 2 is a plan view of the lid body 2, and FIG. 3 is a partially enlarged sectional view in FIG. . An underground structure lid is composed of a receiving frame 1 installed on the ground with its upper end surface adjusted to the level of the road surface, and a lid body 2 taperedly fitted to the receiving frame 1. Lid body 2
Is a concave region 4 having an outer edge 3 formed on the outer periphery and having a flat bottom surface lower than the upper end surface of the outer edge inside the outer edge 3.
And a plurality of protruding portions 5 protruding from the upper end surface of the outer edge in the recessed region 4 and independent from each other.
【００１２】図３に示すように、蓋本体２の凹部領域４
に雨水層６が形成され、その雨水層の表面６ａは外縁部
３の外縁上端面となる。本発明において、突起部５の先
端面５ａはこの外縁上端面よりも突出する状態で形成さ
れる。突出する程度は、マンホールなどの大きさによっ
ても異なるが、グラウンドマンホールの場合、 1〜4mm
が好ましい。この範囲内であるとタイヤ接地部において
タイヤと蓋本体表面との間に介在する水膜の影響を抑え
ることができ、グリップ性能が向上する。また、この範
囲内であると、歩行者や車輌の進行に対して障害となる
ことはなく、通行の際の安全性が確保される。As shown in FIG. 3, the concave region 4 of the lid main body 2 is provided.
A rainwater layer 6 is formed on the outer edge 3 of the outer layer 3. In the present invention, the tip surface 5a of the projection 5 is formed so as to protrude from the outer edge upper end surface. The extent of protrusion depends on the size of the manhole, etc.
Is preferred. Within this range, the influence of the water film interposed between the tire and the lid body surface at the tire contact portion can be suppressed, and the grip performance is improved. Further, when the distance is within this range, there is no obstacle to the progress of the pedestrian or the vehicle, and the safety at the time of traffic is secured.
【００１３】凹部領域４に形成される突起部５は、相互
に独立して複数個設けられる。突起部５の平面形状は、
特に制限ないが、正方形が好ましく、また相互に 20 〜
80mm のピッチで配列されていることが好ましい。より
好ましくは 30 〜 70mm のピッチ配列である。正方形の
一辺の大きさとしては、 10 〜 20mm が好ましく、より
好ましくは 12 〜 16mm である。相互に独立して複数個
設けることにより、連続模様のように水走りがなく、そ
のために雨水が凹部領域４より排出されやすくなる。ま
た、高速で蓋表面に接触するタイヤなどに前方から新し
い水膜が導入されにくい。相互に 20 〜 80mm のピッチ
とすることにより、突起部５が十分粗に配列され、粘性
の高い物質であっても凹部領域４より排除されやすくな
る。さらに、歩行者の靴底にも違和感を与えることな
く、ハイヒールなどによるつまづきの影響を少なくでき
る。A plurality of projections 5 formed in the recessed area 4 are provided independently of each other. The planar shape of the projection 5 is
Although there is no particular limitation, squares are preferred, and 20 to
Preferably, they are arranged at a pitch of 80 mm. More preferably, the pitch arrangement is 30 to 70 mm. The size of one side of the square is preferably from 10 to 20 mm, and more preferably from 12 to 16 mm. By providing a plurality of them independently of each other, there is no water running like a continuous pattern, so that rainwater is easily discharged from the recessed region 4. Further, it is difficult for a new water film to be introduced from the front into a tire or the like that comes into contact with the lid surface at high speed. By mutually setting the pitch to 20 to 80 mm, the projections 5 are arranged sufficiently coarsely, and even a highly viscous substance is easily removed from the recessed area 4. Furthermore, the effect of stumbling due to high heels or the like can be reduced without giving a discomfort to the pedestrian's shoe sole.
【００１４】突起部５の高さＨ5 は、縦断面台形である
か、あるいは台形の組合わせであることが好ましい。タ
イヤが蓋本体表面に接地するときに発生する力により、
雨水等が排除しやすくなるためである。より好ましい縦
断面形状は、グリップ効果を高められる、図３に示す 2
段形状である。例えば高さＨ5 が 6mmの場合、上段を2m
m、下段を 4mmに設定することが好ましい。また、平面
形状が正方形である上段の面積は、歩行者の靴底にも違
和感を与えることのない範囲内で小さくすることが好ま
しい。雨水や砂埃を掻き取りやすくするためである。The height H 5 of the projection 5 is preferably a trapezoidal longitudinal section or a combination of trapezoids. Due to the force generated when the tire touches the lid body surface,
This is because rainwater and the like can be easily removed. A more preferable vertical cross-sectional shape can enhance the grip effect.
Stepped shape. For example, if the height H 5 of 6 mm, the upper 2m
It is preferable to set m and the lower part to 4 mm. Further, it is preferable that the area of the upper step having a square planar shape is reduced within a range that does not give a feeling of strangeness to the shoe sole of the pedestrian. This is to make it easier to scrape rainwater and dust.
【００１５】また、蓋本体表面中央部における複数の突
起部５の高さＨ5 は、全体として均一な高さであること
が好ましいが、外縁部３近傍にある突起部の高さは、外
縁部の内側に向かって上向き勾配ＳU を設けることが好
ましい。上向き勾配を設けることにより、例えば除雪車
などの配土板等を逃げ易くなり、除雪や道路工事が行な
いやすくなる。上向き勾配の値としては、外縁上端面よ
り 5°〜10°の上向き角度となるように設定することが
好ましい。具体的に、例えば内径 600mmのグラウンドマ
ンホールにあっては、外縁部３の外周円より 20mm から
直径方向 15mm の長さで 2mm程度の上向き勾配（上向き
角度として約 7°）を設けることが好ましい。The height H 5 of the plurality of projections 5 at the center of the lid body surface is preferably uniform as a whole, but the height of the projections near the outer edge 3 is preferably equal to the outer edge. Preferably, an upward gradient S U is provided toward the inside of the part. By providing the upward slope, for example, a soil distribution plate of a snowplow or the like can be easily escaped, and snow removal or road construction can be easily performed. The value of the upward gradient is preferably set so as to be an upward angle of 5 ° to 10 ° from the upper end surface of the outer edge. Specifically, for example, in the case of a ground manhole having an inner diameter of 600 mm, it is preferable to provide an upward gradient (about 7 ° as an upward angle) of a length of 20 mm to a diameter direction of 15 mm from the outer circumference of the outer edge 3 and a diameter of 15 mm.
【００１６】凹部領域４は平らな底面を有している。平
らな面とすることにより、タイヤが蓋本体表面に接地す
るときに発生する力により、凹部領域４に溜まる雨水等
を全ての方向へ速やかに排除することができる。また、
雨水等が蓋本体表面全体に均一に溜まることになる。ま
た、晴天時の蒸発も全体としてより速やかになされる。
凹部領域４より雨水等を全ての方向へ排除するために、
外縁部の内側に向かって凹部領域４に同心円状に下向き
勾配ＳL を設けることが好ましい。下向き勾配を同心円
状とすることにより、全周で雨水や砂埃を排除しやすく
なる。下向き勾配の値としては、外縁上端面より10°〜
30°、好ましくは15°〜25°の下向き角度となるように
設定することが好ましい。具体的に、例えば内径 600mm
のグラウンドマンホールにあっては、外縁部３の外周円
より 20mm から直径方向 10mm の長さで 4mm程度の下向
き勾配（下向き角度として約21°）を設けることが好ま
しい。The recess area 4 has a flat bottom surface. With the flat surface, rainwater or the like that accumulates in the recessed region 4 can be quickly eliminated in all directions due to the force generated when the tire contacts the lid body surface. Also,
Rainwater or the like is uniformly accumulated on the entire surface of the lid body. In addition, evaporation in fine weather is performed more quickly as a whole.
In order to remove rainwater and the like in all directions from the recessed area 4,
It is preferable to provide a downward gradient S L concentrically recessed region 4 toward the inside of the outer edge. By making the downward slope concentric, it is easy to remove rainwater and dust all around. The value of the downward slope should be 10 ° ~
It is preferable to set the angle to a downward angle of 30 °, preferably 15 ° to 25 °. Specifically, for example, 600mm inside diameter
In the ground manhole described above, it is preferable to provide a downward gradient (about 21 ° as a downward angle) of about 4 mm in a length of 20 mm to a diameter direction of 10 mm from the outer circumference of the outer edge portion 3.
【００１７】本発明の地下構造物用蓋はグラウンドマン
ホールなどのマンホールに好適に用いることができる。
また、歩行者や車両のスリップが問題となる地下構造物
用蓋に適用することができる。そのような地下構造物用
蓋としては、大型鉄蓋、汚水枡蓋、共同溝用鉄蓋、送電
・配電用鉄蓋、消火栓蓋、制水弁蓋、仕切弁蓋、空気弁
蓋、ガス配管用蓋、量水器蓋等を挙げることができる。The lid for underground structures of the present invention can be suitably used for manholes such as ground manholes.
In addition, the present invention can be applied to a lid for an underground structure in which slip of a pedestrian or a vehicle poses a problem. Examples of such underground structure lids include large iron lids, sewage basins lids, common ditch iron lids, power transmission / distribution iron lids, fire hydrant lids, water control valve lids, partition valve lids, air valve lids, and gas piping. And a lid for a water meter.
【００１８】[0018]
【発明の効果】本発明の地下構造物用蓋は、外縁部の内
側に外縁上端面よりも低い平らな底面を有する凹部領域
と、この凹部領域内に外縁上端面よりも突出した複数の
突起部とを有する蓋本体を有するので、凹部領域内の水
膜の影響を排除することができ、また車両のタイヤとの
グリップ性を向上させ、ノンスリップ型の地下構造物用
蓋を得ることができる。According to the present invention, there is provided a cover for an underground structure having a recessed area having a flat bottom surface lower than the upper end face of the outer edge inside the outer edge portion, and a plurality of projections projecting from the upper end face of the outer edge inside the recessed area. And a lid body having a portion, the influence of the water film in the recessed region can be eliminated, the grip with the vehicle tire can be improved, and a non-slip type lid for underground structures can be obtained. .
【００１９】また、上記突起部が相互に 20 〜 80mm の
ピッチで配列されているので、歩行者に安全で、かつ粘
性の高い汚泥であっても容易に排除することができる。
さらに、外縁部の内側に向かって凹部領域が下向き勾配
を有するので、雨水や汚泥、砂などの排除を地下構造物
用蓋全周にわたって行なうことができる。その結果、車
両のタイヤとのグリップ性がより向上する。Further, since the projections are arranged at a pitch of 20 to 80 mm from each other, sludge which is safe for pedestrians and has high viscosity can be easily removed.
Furthermore, since the recessed region has a downward slope toward the inside of the outer edge, it is possible to eliminate rainwater, sludge, sand, and the like over the entire circumference of the lid for the underground structure. As a result, the grip with the tire of the vehicle is further improved.
【００２０】複数の突起部が外縁部の内側に向かって上
向き勾配を有するので、除雪車や道路工事車への安全性
が向上する。Since the plurality of projections have an upward slope toward the inside of the outer edge, the safety for snowplows and road construction vehicles is improved.
【図１】地下構造物用蓋の蓋本体を受枠に嵌合した状態
を示す縦断面図である。FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view showing a state where a lid body of a lid for an underground structure is fitted to a receiving frame.
【図２】蓋本体の平面図である。FIG. 2 is a plan view of a lid main body.
【図３】図１における一部拡大断面図である。FIG. 3 is a partially enlarged sectional view of FIG.
１ 受枠 ２ 蓋本体 ３ 外縁部 ４ 凹部領域 ５ 突起部 ６ 雨水層 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Receiving frame 2 Lid main body 3 Outer edge part 4 Depression area 5 Projection part 6 Rainwater layer
Claims (4)
を備えてなる地下構造物用蓋において、 前記蓋本体は、外周に外縁部が形成され、この外縁部の
内側に外縁上端面よりも低い平らな底面を有する凹部領
域と、この凹部領域内に前記外縁上端面よりも突出した
複数の突起部とを有することを特徴とする地下構造物用
蓋。1. An underground structure lid comprising a receiving frame and a lid body fitted into the receiving frame, wherein the lid body has an outer edge formed on the outer periphery, and an outer edge formed inside the outer edge. A cover for an underground structure, comprising: a concave region having a flat bottom surface lower than an upper end surface; and a plurality of protrusions projecting from the upper end surface of the outer edge in the concave region.
チで配列されていることを特徴とする請求項１記載の地
下構造物用蓋。2. The underground structure lid according to claim 1, wherein said projections are arranged at a pitch of 20 to 80 mm from each other.
の高さが上向き勾配を有することを特徴とする請求項１
または請求項２記載の地下構造物用蓋。3. The height of the projection has an upward slope toward the inside of the outer edge.
Or the lid for underground structures according to claim 2.
域が下向き勾配を有することを特徴とする請求項１ない
し請求項３のいずれか１項記載の地下構造物用蓋。4. The underground structure cover according to claim 1, wherein the concave region has a downward slope toward the inside of the outer edge portion.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP05585798A JP3263653B2 (en) | 1998-02-20 | 1998-02-20 | Lid for underground structures |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP05585798A JP3263653B2 (en) | 1998-02-20 | 1998-02-20 | Lid for underground structures |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH11236715A true JPH11236715A (en) | 1999-08-31 |
| JP3263653B2 JP3263653B2 (en) | 2002-03-04 |
Family
ID=13010739
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP05585798A Expired - Fee Related JP3263653B2 (en) | 1998-02-20 | 1998-02-20 | Lid for underground structures |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP3263653B2 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2457165B (en) * | 2008-02-07 | 2012-01-11 | Savage Peter Ltd | An access cover and frame assembly |
| KR20230084362A (en) * | 2021-12-03 | 2023-06-13 | 한국가로수보호 주식회사 | Non-slip manhole cover having two stage square projection member on the surface |
-
1998
- 1998-02-20 JP JP05585798A patent/JP3263653B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2457165B (en) * | 2008-02-07 | 2012-01-11 | Savage Peter Ltd | An access cover and frame assembly |
| KR20230084362A (en) * | 2021-12-03 | 2023-06-13 | 한국가로수보호 주식회사 | Non-slip manhole cover having two stage square projection member on the surface |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP3263653B2 (en) | 2002-03-04 |
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