JPH11512070A - シアン化水素の製造方法及びそのための装置 - Google Patents
シアン化水素の製造方法及びそのための装置Info
- Publication number
- JPH11512070A JPH11512070A JP9510931A JP51093197A JPH11512070A JP H11512070 A JPH11512070 A JP H11512070A JP 9510931 A JP9510931 A JP 9510931A JP 51093197 A JP51093197 A JP 51093197A JP H11512070 A JPH11512070 A JP H11512070A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- stream
- conduit
- mixing
- oxidant
- mixed
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- LELOWRISYMNNSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen cyanide Chemical compound N#C LELOWRISYMNNSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 5
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000004200 deflagration Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000006189 Andrussov oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241000557626 Corvus corax Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01C—AMMONIA; CYANOGEN; COMPOUNDS THEREOF
- C01C3/00—Cyanogen; Compounds thereof
- C01C3/02—Preparation, separation or purification of hydrogen cyanide
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01C—AMMONIA; CYANOGEN; COMPOUNDS THEREOF
- C01C3/00—Cyanogen; Compounds thereof
- C01C3/02—Preparation, separation or purification of hydrogen cyanide
- C01C3/0208—Preparation in gaseous phase
- C01C3/0212—Preparation in gaseous phase from hydrocarbons and ammonia in the presence of oxygen, e.g. the Andrussow-process
- C01C3/022—Apparatus therefor
- C01C3/0225—Apparatus therefor characterised by the synthesis reactor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/0006—Controlling or regulating processes
- B01J19/002—Avoiding undesirable reactions or side-effects, e.g. avoiding explosions, or improving the yield by suppressing side-reactions
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/24—Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
- B01J19/2415—Tubular reactors
- B01J19/2425—Tubular reactors in parallel
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
- B01J8/02—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
- B01J8/0285—Heating or cooling the reactor
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01C—AMMONIA; CYANOGEN; COMPOUNDS THEREOF
- C01C3/00—Cyanogen; Compounds thereof
- C01C3/02—Preparation, separation or purification of hydrogen cyanide
- C01C3/0208—Preparation in gaseous phase
- C01C3/0212—Preparation in gaseous phase from hydrocarbons and ammonia in the presence of oxygen, e.g. the Andrussow-process
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
- B01J2219/00051—Controlling the temperature
- B01J2219/00074—Controlling the temperature by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids
- B01J2219/00076—Controlling the temperature by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids with heat exchange elements inside the reactor
- B01J2219/00081—Tubes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
- B01J2219/00051—Controlling the temperature
- B01J2219/00159—Controlling the temperature controlling multiple zones along the direction of flow, e.g. pre-heating and after-cooling
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Hydrogen, Water And Hydrids (AREA)
- Devices And Processes Conducted In The Presence Of Fluids And Solid Particles (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (1)
- 【特許請求の範囲】 1.(a)(i)酸素に富むオキシダント流れ、及び(ii)メタン及びアンモ ニアを供給するオキシダントを含まない少なくとも1つのフィード流れ、を形成 する工程; (b)間接熱交換により前記オキシダント流れ及びフィード流れの少なくとも 1つを各オキシダント及びフィード予熱温度に別々に予熱する工程; (c)混合ゾーン内でそれらの各予熱温度の十分な量のオキシダント流れ及び フィード流れを急速混合して爆発性混合流れを形成させる工程であって、前記混 合流れの自己発火温度よりも少なくとも50℃低い混合温度の爆発性混合流れを形 成させる工程; (d)前記混合流れの爆発が回避されるような混合速度で混合ゾーンを通じて 前記混合流れを送る工程;並びに (e)混合温度の前記混合流れからのシアン化水素の形成を触媒することがで きる触媒に前記混合流れを供給し、シアン化水素を含む流出物流れを形成させる 工程; を含むシアン化水素製造の触媒方法。 2.酸素に富むオキシダント流れが30〜100 体積%の酸素を含む請求項1記載 の方法。 3.オキシダントを含まないフィード流れがメタン及びアンモニアの混合物を 含む予備混合された流れである請求項1又は2に記載の方法。 4.メタンに対するアンモニアの体積比が1:1〜1:1.5 である請求項1〜 3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。 5.オキシダント流れが200 〜300 ℃の範囲内の温度に予熱され、少なくとも 1つのフィード流れが300 〜450 ℃の範囲内の温度に 予熱される請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の方法。 6.混合温度が200 〜400 ℃の範囲内にある請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記 載の方法。 7.触媒から出てくる流出物流れが部分冷却された流出物流れを提供するため に間接熱交換に使用され、次にこの部分冷却された流出物流れはオキシダント流 れ及びフィード流れの少なくとも1つを予熱するために使用される請求項1〜6 のいずれか一項に記載の方法。 8.流出物流れが15〜20体積%のHCN及び30〜40体積%の水素を含む請求項 1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の方法。 9.(a)酸素に富むオキシダント流れのための第1入口; (b)メタン及びアンモニアを供給するオキシダントを含まない少なくとも1 つのフィード流れのための少なくとも1つの第2入口; (c)前記第1人口に連結された第1導管であって、それを通って前記オキシ ダント流れが前記第1入口から第1導管の排出端に流れることができる第1導管 ; (d)前記少なくとも1つの第2入口に連結された少なくとも1つの第2導管 であって、それを通って少なくとも1つのフィード流れが前記少なくとも1つの 第2入口から前記第1導管の排出端にほぼ隣接する前記少なくとも1つの第2導 管の排出端に流れることができる第2導管; (e)オキシダント流れ及びフィード流れを受容するための第1導管の排出端 に位置する混合ゾーン; (f)オキシダント流れ及びフィード流れの急速混合を起こさせて爆発性混合 流れを形成するため並びに混合流れの爆発が回避されるような混合速度で混合ゾ ーンを通じて混合流れを送るための混合 ゾーン内に配置された混合手段; (g)混合ゾーンと爆燃アレスターの間に流通手段を提供する排出オリフィス であって、そこを通って混合流れが流れることができ、前記爆燃アレスターが前 記排出オリフィスを通じて混合ゾーン内に混合流れの爆燃伝播の逆流を阻止する ことができるものである;並びに (h)爆燃アレスターから混合流れを受容するため並びに爆発性混合流れから のシアン化水素の形成を促進するための反応ゾーン内に位置する担持触媒に混合 流れを向けるための反応ゾーン;並びに (i)混合前に前記オキシダント流れ及びフィード流れの少なくとも1つを予 熱するための間接熱交換手段; を具備する請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載の方法に使用される装置。 10.各第1導管が第2導管に付設されており、かつ、各第1導管が第2導管内 に配置されている請求項9記載の装置。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP95113796 | 1995-09-01 | ||
| EP95113796.7 | 1995-09-01 | ||
| PCT/GB1996/002103 WO1997009273A1 (en) | 1995-09-01 | 1996-08-29 | Hydrogen cyanide process and apparatus therefor |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH11512070A true JPH11512070A (ja) | 1999-10-19 |
| JPH11512070A5 JPH11512070A5 (ja) | 2004-08-26 |
| JP3889442B2 JP3889442B2 (ja) | 2007-03-07 |
Family
ID=8219571
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP51093197A Expired - Fee Related JP3889442B2 (ja) | 1995-09-01 | 1996-08-29 | シアン化水素の製造方法及びそのための装置 |
Country Status (13)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US6491876B2 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP0847372B1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP3889442B2 (ja) |
| KR (1) | KR100411692B1 (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN1095806C (ja) |
| AT (1) | ATE202541T1 (ja) |
| AU (1) | AU702825C (ja) |
| BR (1) | BR9610149A (ja) |
| CA (1) | CA2230017C (ja) |
| DE (1) | DE69613581T2 (ja) |
| ES (1) | ES2158339T3 (ja) |
| TW (1) | TW389741B (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO1997009273A1 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2002060215A (ja) * | 2000-07-13 | 2002-02-26 | Roehm Gmbh | シアン化水素の製造法 |
Families Citing this family (26)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0847372B1 (en) * | 1995-09-01 | 2001-06-27 | Ineos Acrylics UK Limited | Hydrogen cyanide process and apparatus therefor |
| DE19754988A1 (de) * | 1997-12-11 | 1999-06-17 | Degussa | Herstellung von Blausäure nach dem Andrussow-Verfahren |
| DE19810484A1 (de) * | 1998-03-11 | 1999-09-16 | Degussa | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Blausäure |
| US6221327B1 (en) | 1998-05-15 | 2001-04-24 | Rohm And Haas Company | Catalyst system using flow-through radiation shielding and a process for producing hydrogen cyanide using the same |
| AU4090600A (en) * | 1999-06-30 | 2001-01-04 | Rohm And Haas Company | High performance heat exchangers |
| US6649137B2 (en) * | 2000-05-23 | 2003-11-18 | Rohm And Haas Company | Apparatus with improved safety features for high temperature industrial processes |
| DE10034193A1 (de) | 2000-07-13 | 2002-03-28 | Roehm Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Cyanwasserstoff |
| EP1604947A1 (en) * | 2004-06-07 | 2005-12-14 | ETH Zürich | Process and apparatus for producing hydrogen or ammonia |
| DE102007014586A1 (de) * | 2007-03-23 | 2008-09-25 | Evonik Röhm Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Cyanwasserstoff (HCN) |
| DE102007034715A1 (de) * | 2007-07-23 | 2009-01-29 | Evonik Röhm Gmbh | Reaktor zur Herstellung von Cyanwasserstoff nach dem Andrussow-Verfahren |
| TWI390145B (zh) * | 2008-03-31 | 2013-03-21 | Rohm & Haas | 用於爆燃壓力衰減之方法及設備 |
| JP2016502969A (ja) | 2012-12-18 | 2016-02-01 | インヴィスタ テクノロジーズ エスアエルエル | シアン化水素の生成および水素の回収プロセス |
| TWI519479B (zh) | 2012-12-18 | 2016-02-01 | 英威達技術有限公司 | 利用轉化器製造氰化氫之方法 |
| CN103864106B (zh) * | 2012-12-18 | 2021-11-26 | 英威达纺织(英国)有限公司 | 安德卢梭法中氨比例的变化 |
| TW201425277A (zh) * | 2012-12-18 | 2014-07-01 | Invista Tech Sarl | 製造二胺之整合製程 |
| CN103864109A (zh) * | 2012-12-18 | 2014-06-18 | 因温斯特技术公司 | 用于安德卢梭法中的再循环的系统和方法 |
| WO2014099607A1 (en) | 2012-12-18 | 2014-06-26 | Invista Technologies S.A. R. L. | Integrated process for hexamethylenediamine production |
| TWI519480B (zh) * | 2012-12-18 | 2016-02-01 | 英威達技術有限公司 | 使用整流器之製造氰化氫的方法 |
| EP2935115A1 (en) * | 2012-12-18 | 2015-10-28 | Invista Technologies S.à.r.l. | Operational controls for inert gas blanketing for andrussow process |
| US20160046498A1 (en) * | 2012-12-18 | 2016-02-18 | Invista North America S.A R.L. | Process for stabilizing heat exchanger tubes in andrussow process |
| US20150352481A1 (en) * | 2012-12-18 | 2015-12-10 | Invista North America S.A R.L. | Apparatus and method for hydrogen recovery in an andrussow process |
| WO2015006548A1 (en) * | 2013-07-12 | 2015-01-15 | Invista Technologies S.A R.L. | Hydrogen cyanide manufacturing process with second waste heat boiler |
| FR3008692B1 (fr) * | 2013-07-19 | 2016-12-23 | Arkema France | Installation et procede pour la preparation de cyanure d'hydrogene |
| FR3008626B1 (fr) * | 2013-07-19 | 2015-08-07 | Arkema France | Reacteur pour preparer du cyanure d'hydrogene par le procede d'andrussow, equipement comprenant ledit reacteur et procede utilisant un tel equipement |
| US10323888B2 (en) * | 2016-04-18 | 2019-06-18 | Corrosion Monitoring Service Inc. | System and method for installing external corrosion guards |
| CN120268332A (zh) * | 2024-01-05 | 2025-07-08 | 中国天辰工程有限公司 | 一种制备氰化氢的反应器 |
Family Cites Families (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1934838A (en) | 1930-04-14 | 1933-11-14 | Ig Farbenindustrie Ag | Production of hydrocyanic acid |
| DE1005049B (de) | 1951-12-06 | 1957-03-28 | Goodrich Co B F | Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Cyanwasserstoff |
| US2803522A (en) * | 1953-04-15 | 1957-08-20 | Du Pont | Manufacture of hydrogen cyanide |
| US3112177A (en) * | 1959-11-11 | 1963-11-26 | Toyo Koatsu Ind Inc | Method of separating ammonia from hydrogen cyanide |
| US3104945A (en) * | 1961-07-19 | 1963-09-24 | Du Pont | Method of producing hydrogen cyanide |
| DE1161870B (de) | 1961-09-19 | 1964-01-30 | Hans J Zimmer Verfahrenstechni | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Cyanwasserstoff |
| US3215495A (en) | 1962-01-23 | 1965-11-02 | Du Pont | Apparatus and process for preparing hydrogen cyanide |
| DE1190445B (de) | 1962-09-29 | 1965-04-08 | Hans J Zimmer Verfahrenstechni | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Cyanwasserstoff und Nitrilen |
| NL6604519A (ja) * | 1965-04-14 | 1966-10-17 | ||
| US3376500A (en) | 1966-04-25 | 1968-04-02 | Varian Associates | Direct reading magnetic field intensity indicating apparatus |
| US4107278A (en) | 1976-08-16 | 1978-08-15 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Process for making HCN |
| US4128622A (en) | 1976-08-27 | 1978-12-05 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Process for producing hydrogen cyanide |
| PL109343B1 (en) | 1978-06-19 | 1981-11-30 | Politechnika Wroclawska | Method of producing hydrogen cyanide |
| US5266291A (en) * | 1992-05-05 | 1993-11-30 | Praxair Technology, Inc. | Packed bed arrangement for oxidation reaction system |
| US5360603A (en) * | 1993-08-23 | 1994-11-01 | Praxair Technology, Inc. | Packed bed arrangement useful for mixing and/or oxidation |
| EP0847372B1 (en) * | 1995-09-01 | 2001-06-27 | Ineos Acrylics UK Limited | Hydrogen cyanide process and apparatus therefor |
-
1996
- 1996-08-29 EP EP96929384A patent/EP0847372B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-08-29 JP JP51093197A patent/JP3889442B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-08-29 AT AT96929384T patent/ATE202541T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-08-29 DE DE69613581T patent/DE69613581T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-08-29 CA CA002230017A patent/CA2230017C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-08-29 US US09/029,536 patent/US6491876B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-08-29 ES ES96929384T patent/ES2158339T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-08-29 AU AU68799/96A patent/AU702825C/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-08-29 CN CN96197711A patent/CN1095806C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-08-29 BR BR9610149A patent/BR9610149A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-08-29 KR KR10-1998-0701566A patent/KR100411692B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-08-29 WO PCT/GB1996/002103 patent/WO1997009273A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-09-05 TW TW085110881A patent/TW389741B/zh active
-
2002
- 2002-05-28 US US10/154,922 patent/US6656442B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2002060215A (ja) * | 2000-07-13 | 2002-02-26 | Roehm Gmbh | シアン化水素の製造法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU6879996A (en) | 1997-03-27 |
| EP0847372B1 (en) | 2001-06-27 |
| DE69613581D1 (de) | 2001-08-02 |
| AU702825C (en) | 2002-09-19 |
| CN1200102A (zh) | 1998-11-25 |
| US20020039553A1 (en) | 2002-04-04 |
| BR9610149A (pt) | 1999-02-02 |
| CA2230017A1 (en) | 1997-03-13 |
| ATE202541T1 (de) | 2001-07-15 |
| WO1997009273A1 (en) | 1997-03-13 |
| JP3889442B2 (ja) | 2007-03-07 |
| US6491876B2 (en) | 2002-12-10 |
| US20020182137A1 (en) | 2002-12-05 |
| ES2158339T3 (es) | 2001-09-01 |
| US6656442B2 (en) | 2003-12-02 |
| EP0847372A1 (en) | 1998-06-17 |
| MX9801546A (es) | 1998-05-31 |
| CN1095806C (zh) | 2002-12-11 |
| DE69613581T2 (de) | 2002-04-25 |
| KR19990044326A (ko) | 1999-06-25 |
| CA2230017C (en) | 2006-06-20 |
| KR100411692B1 (ko) | 2004-02-18 |
| TW389741B (en) | 2000-05-11 |
| AU702825B2 (en) | 1999-03-04 |
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