JPS587127A - electrochromic display device - Google Patents
electrochromic display deviceInfo
- Publication number
- JPS587127A JPS587127A JP10483781A JP10483781A JPS587127A JP S587127 A JPS587127 A JP S587127A JP 10483781 A JP10483781 A JP 10483781A JP 10483781 A JP10483781 A JP 10483781A JP S587127 A JPS587127 A JP S587127A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- group
- display device
- electrochromic display
- opposite electrode
- graphite
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000006087 Silane Coupling Agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 125000003700 epoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonaoxidotritungsten Chemical compound O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1 QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- -1 enyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 6
- ZNOKGRXACCSDPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten trioxide Chemical compound O=[W](=O)=O ZNOKGRXACCSDPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004042 decolorization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910003437 indium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 2
- BFXIKLCIZHOAAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyltrimethoxysilane Chemical compound CO[Si](C)(OC)OC BFXIKLCIZHOAAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005856 abnormality Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- HCKMRFVWQPVCFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl-bis(4-phenylphenyl)silane Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=C([Si](C=2C=CC=CC=2)(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC(=CC=2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=C1 HCKMRFVWQPVCFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- CWAFVXWRGIEBPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethoxysilane Chemical compound CCO[SiH3] CWAFVXWRGIEBPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005562 fading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002779 inactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ARYZCSRUUPFYMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N methoxysilane Chemical compound CO[SiH3] ARYZCSRUUPFYMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect
- G02F1/153—Constructional details
- G02F1/1533—Constructional details structural features not otherwise provided for
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Electrochromic Elements, Electrophoresis, Or Variable Reflection Or Absorption Elements (AREA)
- Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
本Ｋ ［］Ｊｌ ｔ、１工レクトロクロミツク表示装置
ｈ−に関ず２）６詳しくは、酸化タングステン膜をエレ
クトロクロミック物質とし、イオン供給源を電解液とＬ
７たエレクトロクロミック表示装置ｈ′において、活性
炭又はグラフ了−丁トにシランカップリング剤ヲ０．０
１〜５重り多含有させ結着剤と共にＷ形した対極を用論
たことを特徴とする制信頼性工１／クトロクロミツク衣
示装置に関するものである。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Regarding the present K[]Jl t, 1-process electrochromic display device h-2)6, in detail, a tungsten oxide film is used as an electrochromic substance, and an ion supply source is an electrolytic solution and L
7. In the electrochromic display device h', 0.0% of the silane coupling agent was added to the activated carbon or graphite.
This invention relates to a control reliability engineering/chrochromic coating device characterized in that it contains a binder containing 1 to 5 polymers and a W-shaped counter electrode.
近年、エレクトロクロミック物質、例えハ三酸化タング
ステン（ＷＯｓ ）等の遷移金属酸化物の酸化還元反
応による可逆的な発色・消色反応を利用したエレクトロ
クロミック表示装置が開発さハている。第１図に、この
ような一般的なエレクトロクロミック表示装置の構造を
模型的に示す。In recent years, electrochromic display devices have been developed that utilize reversible coloring and decoloring reactions caused by redox reactions of electrochromic materials, such as transition metal oxides such as tungsten trioxide (WOs). FIG. 1 schematically shows the structure of such a general electrochromic display device.
透明ガラス基板（１）の内面に酸化スズ（ｓ７４ｏ２）
や酸化インジウム（工ｎｚＯｓ ）等の透明導電膜■を
表示パターン例えば数字形状に形成し、この導電膜■上
ｖｃ ｗ ｏ ３等のエレクトロクロミック物質層■を
被着する。ガラス基板■は容器状裏面基板■と２−
合せ、形匠去れる空間内部にイオン供給源である電解液
■１多孔性白色基板■１対極■が収納される。■は焦電
体である。Tin oxide (s74o2) on the inner surface of the transparent glass substrate (1)
A transparent conductive film (2) made of indium oxide or indium oxide (NZOs) is formed into a display pattern, for example in the shape of numbers, and an electrochromic material layer (2) such as VCWO 3 is deposited on this conductive film (2). The glass substrate (2) is combined with the container-shaped back substrate (2), and an electrolytic solution (1) serving as an ion supply source, a porous white substrate (1) and a counter electrode (2) are housed inside the shaped space. ■ is a pyroelectric substance.
従来の構面ては対極は表示極と同じＷＯ３膜や第１図の
よう−な焦電体を含むグラファイトの圧縮波形体が用す
られている。そ［７て、この工うな溝底のエレクトロク
ロミック表示装置においては。In conventional configurations, the counter electrode uses the same WO3 film as the display electrode or a compressed corrugated graphite body containing a pyroelectric material as shown in FIG. [7] In this type of groove bottom electrochromic display device.
ＷＯｓ層■へ電解液■工りリチウムイオン（Ｌ。Add electrolyte lithium ion (L) to the WOs layer.
）又はプロトン（Ｈ）が注入されることにエリ（還元反
応）、発色を生じ、また逆にエレクトロクロミック層か
らＬ（父はＨが電解液中に拡散放出することによって（
酸化反応）消色を行なうものである。) or protons (H) are injected (reduction reaction), coloring occurs, and conversely, when L (H) is injected from the electrochromic layer (H) diffuses and releases into the electrolyte (
Oxidation reaction) Decolors.
こうＬ＊エレクトロクロミック表示装置では、適当な発
色、消色応答連間を得るためには印加電圧信号を約１．
５ｖ以上にしなければならず、このような電圧で長時間
発色、消色サイクルを繰返すにつれて、対極表面の不活
性化や電解質の分解などにエフ反応電位の変化が生じ１
発色が生じなくなったり消え残Ｑが生じたりすると込う
欠点かあ３−
る。In such an L* electrochromic display device, in order to obtain appropriate coloring and decoloring response times, the applied voltage signal should be adjusted to about 1.
The voltage must be 5 V or more, and as the coloring and decoloring cycle is repeated for a long time at such a voltage, changes in the F reaction potential occur due to inactivation of the counter electrode surface and decomposition of the electrolyte.
There are also drawbacks such as no color development or fading and leaving behind Q3.
本発明け、このような欠点を除去した比較的低電圧信号
で速やかな発色・消色を呈するエレクトロクロミック表
示装置を提供するものである。It is an object of the present invention to provide an electrochromic display device that eliminates such drawbacks and exhibits rapid coloring and decoloring with a relatively low voltage signal.
エレクトロクロミック表示装置の発色・消色はエレクト
ロクロミック層、例えばＷＯ３中への電解液からのり、
もしくｄＨの注入、ｗｏ、、層内部から電解液中へ
の上記イオンの拡散放出により生じるものであるが同時
に対同電極側においても表示極と逆の電気化学反応が生
じている。即ち、これら両電極における各反応は電気的
に等量であるから表示極における発色・消色反応の遠回
は、対向電極側の酸化、還元反応に大きく影響を受ける
ことになる。Coloring and decoloring of an electrochromic display device is done by applying an electrolyte to an electrochromic layer, such as WO3.
The injection of dH, wo, is caused by the diffusion and release of the ions from inside the layer into the electrolytic solution, but at the same time, an electrochemical reaction opposite to that of the display electrode is occurring on the counter electrode side as well. That is, since each reaction at these two electrodes is electrically equivalent, the detour of the coloring and decoloring reactions at the display electrode is greatly influenced by the oxidation and reduction reactions at the counter electrode.
前記した従来のエレクトロクロミック表示装置では、発
色・消色の応答遠回は笑際には対同電極における酸化、
還元反応速度によって決定されている。In the conventional electrochromic display device described above, the long response of coloring and decoloring is caused by oxidation and decolorization at the counter electrode.
It is determined by the reduction reaction rate.
本発明はこの対向電極側の酸化、還元反応の迅速化をは
かつπものであり、対同電極として活性４−
炭又はグラファイトに次の構造式で表わされるシランカ
ップリング剤を０．０１〜５重量係含有させ、結着剤と
共に扉形した電極を使用したものである。The present invention aims to speed up the oxidation and reduction reactions on the counter electrode side, and uses activated 4-charcoal or graphite as the counter electrode with a silane coupling agent represented by the following structural formula in an amount of 0.01 to 1. 5 weight percent and uses a door-shaped electrode together with a binder.
Ｒ−ｓ６−Ｒ１ Ｒ：アルキル基、アルコキシ基、フェニル基。R-s6-R1 R: alkyl group, alkoxy group, phenyl group.
ビニル基、エポキシ基を有する基又はアミノ基を有する
基。A group having a vinyl group, an epoxy group, or an amino group.
Ｒ１：アルキル基又は加水分解性基
Ｘ：加水分解性基
対極の活性炭又はグラファイトに微量のシランカップリ
ング剤を添加することにより界面の接触電位に微妙な影
響を与え明確な理由は不明であるが、発色、消色に必要
な印加ｉｔ圧が低下する。R1: Alkyl group or hydrolyzable group , the applied IT pressure required for color development and decolorization is reduced.
以下に本発明の詳細な説明す２）。The present invention will be explained in detail below2).
透明ガラス基板０円面にＪｎ２ ｏ３膜を表示パターン
お工びリード部パターンに被着して透明導電膜■を形成
する。この透明導電膜■表示パターン上にＷＯ３を電子
ビーム加熱法にエリマスク蒸着し、５−
約３０００久厚のＷＯ３層■を形成する。対向電極■は
活性炭と結着剤としてカルボキシメチルセルローズ（Ｃ
，Ｃ）を４＝１にて混合し、これにメチルトリメトキシ
シラン０．５重１２添加し充分攪拌混合した後、チタン
網焦電体を挾んで１ｔＯｔＬ□の圧力で加圧散型した。A Jn2 O3 film is applied to the display pattern and the lead pattern on the circular surface of the transparent glass substrate to form a transparent conductive film (2). On this transparent conductive film (1) display pattern, WO3 is deposited using an electron beam heating method using an elimask to form a WO3 layer (5) approximately 3,000 mm thick. The counter electrode ■ is made of activated carbon and carboxymethyl cellulose (C) as a binder.
, C) were mixed at a ratio of 4=1, 0.5 parts by weight of methyltrimethoxysilane and 12 parts of methyltrimethoxysilane were added thereto, and after thorough stirring and mixing, the mixture was pressed and dispersed at a pressure of 1 tOtL□ with a titanium network pyroelectric body sandwiched therebetween.
電解液■はプロピ１ノンカーボネートに１モル濃度の硼
弗化リチウム（Ｌ７ＥＦ４）を溶解したものを使用し、
多孔性白色基板■はアルミナセラミック版を用いた。The electrolyte ■ used was a solution of 1 molar concentration of lithium borofluoride (L7EF4) in propylene 1 non-carbonate.
As the porous white substrate (■), an alumina ceramic plate was used.
このようにして作反したエレクトロクロミック表示装置
に−１，０ポル） （０，２秒）で書込み、＋１．０ボ
ルト（０，２秒）で消去の寿命試験を行なった所に９Ｘ
１０’サイクルを経過しても１表示、消去に何ら異常を
認めなかった。なお、 −１，０ボルト（０，２秒）で
従来の−１，５ボルト（０，５秒）電圧印加と同等の表
示コントラストが得らｎており。The electrochromic display device fabricated in this way was subjected to a life test of writing at -1.0 volts (0.2 seconds) and erasing at +1.0 volts (0.2 seconds).
Even after 10' cycles, no abnormality was observed in 1 display or erasure. Note that display contrast equivalent to the conventional voltage application of -1.5 volts (0.5 seconds) can be obtained at -1.0 volts (0.2 seconds).
従来よりも低電圧で表示動作が可能となり、この低電圧
化にエフ、高速応答化、長寿命化が可能となった。Display operation can now be performed at lower voltages than before, and this lower voltage has enabled faster response times and longer lifespans.
本発明に使用可能なシランカップリング剤は、６一
濃度の条件を最適に選べばきわめて多種類のものが対象
となるが、代表的な例を次に示す。Although a wide variety of silane coupling agents can be used in the present invention if the concentration conditions are optimally selected, typical examples are shown below.
ロメチルトリメトギシシラン
ＣＨ３５ｉ（ＯＣＨ３）ｓ
骨フェニルトリメトキシシラン
＠−８７（ＯＣＨ３）３
・ｎ−プロビルト１１エトキシシラン
ＣＨ３０Ｈ２ＣＨ２８ｉ（ＯＢｔ）３
・了ミノプロビルト１１メトキシシラ・１ａ２１１Ｉｃ
ｎ２ｃＨ２ｃＨ２ｓｊ（ｏｃＨ３）、。Lomethyltrimethoxysilane CH35i (OCH3)s Bone phenyltrimethoxysilane@-87 (OCH3)3 ・n-probilt 11 ethoxysilane CH30H2CH28i (OBt)3 ・Ryominoprobilt 11 methoxysilane 1a211Ic
n2cH2cH2sj(ocH3),.
・ビス（Ｐ−ビフェニル）ジフェニルシラン〔忰忰）
ｚＳｉ＋◎〕２・Bis(P-biphenyl)diphenylsilane
zSi+◎〕2
第１図は従来例および本発明に係わるエレクトロクロミ
ック表示装置の断面図を示す。
以 上
出願人 株式会社諏訪精工舎
代理人 最 上 務
７−
第１図
１５１−FIG. 1 shows cross-sectional views of electrochromic display devices according to a conventional example and the present invention. Applicant Suwa Seikosha Co., Ltd. Agent Mogami Tsutomu 7- Figure 1 151-
Claims (1)
、イオン供給源を電解液としたエレクトロクロミック表
示装置において、活性炭又は、グラファイトに下記の一
般式で表わされるシランカップリング剤を０．０１〜５
重か係合−付させ結着剤と共に成形した対極を用１斤、
ことを特徴とするエレクトロクロミック表示装置。 一般式： Ｘ ■ Ｒ−８？： −Ｒ１ Ｒ：アルキル基、アルコギシ基、ンエニル基ビニル基、
エポキシ基を有する基又は、アミン基を有する基。 Ｒ１：アルキル基又は加水分解性基 Ｘ：加水分解性基 １−[Claims] In an electrochromic display device in which a tungsten oxide film is used as an electrochromic substance and an ion supply source is an electrolyte, activated carbon or graphite is coated with a silane coupling agent represented by the following general formula. 01-5
1 loaf of counter electrode molded with a binder,
An electrochromic display device characterized by: General formula: X ■ R-8? : -R1 R: alkyl group, alkoxy group, enyl group, vinyl group,
A group having an epoxy group or a group having an amine group. R1: Alkyl group or hydrolyzable group X: Hydrolyzable group 1-
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP10483781A JPS587127A (en) | 1981-07-03 | 1981-07-03 | electrochromic display device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP10483781A JPS587127A (en) | 1981-07-03 | 1981-07-03 | electrochromic display device |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS587127A true JPS587127A (en) | 1983-01-14 |
| JPH0141970B2 JPH0141970B2 (en) | 1989-09-08 |
Family
ID=14391466
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP10483781A Granted JPS587127A (en) | 1981-07-03 | 1981-07-03 | electrochromic display device |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS587127A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2018091910A (en) * | 2016-11-30 | 2018-06-14 | 株式会社カネカ | Electrochromic dimmer |
-
1981
- 1981-07-03 JP JP10483781A patent/JPS587127A/en active Granted
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2018091910A (en) * | 2016-11-30 | 2018-06-14 | 株式会社カネカ | Electrochromic dimmer |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH0141970B2 (en) | 1989-09-08 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US3975086A (en) | Electrochromic display element and process | |
| US4012831A (en) | Electrochromic display element and process | |
| CA1155210A (en) | Electrochromic display device | |
| US3957352A (en) | Electrochromic display having improved electrolyte | |
| Yasuda et al. | Electrochromic properties of the n-heptyl viologen-ferrocyanide system | |
| JPS61261724A (en) | Electrochromic display element | |
| JPS587127A (en) | electrochromic display device | |
| Chang et al. | Performance characteristics of electrochromic displays | |
| JPS6244719A (en) | Electrochromic display element | |
| JPH0523409B2 (en) | ||
| JPS61185730A (en) | Composite membrane electrochromic material | |
| JPH0114959B2 (en) | ||
| JPS6017360B2 (en) | Electromic electrolyte wood solution | |
| EP0058813B1 (en) | Electrochromic cell having a mixed solid ion-conducting layer | |
| JPS61223724A (en) | Electrochromic display element | |
| JPS6328289B2 (en) | ||
| JPS5943071B2 (en) | electrochromic display element | |
| JPS5825249B2 (en) | electrochromic display device | |
| JPS62115129A (en) | electrochromic display element | |
| JPS6360887B2 (en) | ||
| JPS63286826A (en) | Electrochromic display element | |
| JPH0115553B2 (en) | ||
| GB2067780A (en) | Electro-chromic displays | |
| JPS6360888B2 (en) | ||
| JPS5936247B2 (en) | electrical display device |