JPS6110744A - Corrosion testing method of refractory material - Google Patents
Corrosion testing method of refractory materialInfo
- Publication number
- JPS6110744A JPS6110744A JP13157484A JP13157484A JPS6110744A JP S6110744 A JPS6110744 A JP S6110744A JP 13157484 A JP13157484 A JP 13157484A JP 13157484 A JP13157484 A JP 13157484A JP S6110744 A JPS6110744 A JP S6110744A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- furnace
- slag
- metal
- fused
- actual
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 title claims description 11
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 title description 10
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 title description 10
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 28
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910000805 Pig iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006477 desulfuration reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000023556 desulfurization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005674 electromagnetic induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011823 monolithic refractory Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N17/00—Investigating resistance of materials to the weather, to corrosion, or to light
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Ecology (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Testing Resistance To Weather, Investigating Materials By Mechanical Methods (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
産業上の利用分野
本発明は各種の金属精錬炉に用いられる内張シ耐大物の
耐食性を評価するだめの侵食試験方法に関する。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method for testing corrosion of large linings used in various metal smelting furnaces to evaluate the corrosion resistance of large materials.
従来の技術
耐火物の耐食性の評価方法には通常、ロータリー法、高
周波炉法、回転円筒法、ルツボ法などの方法がｓｂ、そ
れぞれ目的に応じて用いられている。しかしながらこれ
らの方法はいずれの方法も一長一短があシ、実炉におけ
る耐火物の使用実績に対応するような結果を得難いのが
実情である。Conventional techniques For evaluation of corrosion resistance of refractories, methods such as a rotary method, a high frequency furnace method, a rotating cylinder method, and a crucible method are usually used depending on the purpose. However, all of these methods have advantages and disadvantages, and the reality is that it is difficult to obtain results that correspond to the actual use of refractories in actual furnaces.
すなわち、ロータリー法は耐火物試験片数個を円筒状に
組み立て、耐火物で内張シした回転可能な円筒型炉殻内
に内挿し、バーナーによシ内部を加熱しながら回転させ
る。円筒状試験片内には溶鋼、溶銑その他の溶融金属、
および、またはスラグを装填、溶解し、耐火物試験片の
相対的な侵食量を求める方法である。この方法は、試験
片に温度勾配を与え得る点で有利であるが、バーナーの
炎によシ溶融金属の酸化が起とシスラグの組成が変化す
ること、光高温計による測温であるため温度精度が高く
ないこと等の欠点を有し、得ら・れる結果の信頼性に問
題を生じていた。That is, in the rotary method, several refractory test pieces are assembled into a cylindrical shape, inserted into a rotatable cylindrical furnace shell lined with refractory, and rotated while heating the inside with a burner. Molten steel, hot metal and other molten metals are contained in the cylindrical test piece.
And/or a method of loading and melting slag to determine the relative amount of erosion of a refractory test piece. This method is advantageous in that a temperature gradient can be applied to the test piece, but the oxidation of the molten metal caused by the burner flame changes the composition of the syslag, and the temperature is measured using an optical pyrometer. It has drawbacks such as not being highly accurate, causing problems in the reliability of the results obtained.
また、高周波炉法はロータリー法と同じく、耐大物試験
片数個を円筒状に組み立て、誘導加熱炉の炉壁に密着さ
せるように設置し、誘導加熱によシ、炉内で金属および
スラグを溶解する方法である。この方法の場合、スラグ
で溶融金属を覆うため金属の酸化の問題は比較的少ない
が、誘導加熱であるためスラグの発熱はなく、金属から
の伝熱のみによってスラグを溶融することになシ、これ
ではスラグの溶融が不充分となシ、得られる結果の信頼
性に乏しく、この傾向はスラグ層の厚みを大きくすれば
する程顕著であった。また、電磁誘導により溶融金属の
攪拌は行なわれるが、スラグの攪拌は行なわれない等の
欠点がある。In addition, in the high frequency furnace method, like the rotary method, several large test pieces are assembled into a cylindrical shape, placed in close contact with the furnace wall of an induction heating furnace, and metal and slag are heated in the furnace by induction heating. This is a method of dissolving. In this method, the problem of oxidation of the metal is relatively small because the molten metal is covered with slag, but since it is induction heating, there is no heat generation in the slag, and the slag is melted only by heat transfer from the metal. In this case, the slag was insufficiently melted and the results obtained were unreliable, and this tendency became more pronounced as the thickness of the slag layer increased. Further, although the molten metal is stirred by electromagnetic induction, the slag is not stirred.
回転円筒法は、円筒または円柱状の耐火物試験片を溶融
スラグおよび、または溶融金属中で回転させ、その溶損
量を測定する方法である。この方法は温度、雰囲気等の
制御を正確に行なうことができるという特徴を有するが
、試験片を溶融スラグまたは金属中に浸漬するため試験
片に温度勾配が生じないという欠点を有する。すなわち
、実炉の場合は、鉄皮に耐火物を内張シするだめ、内張
シれんかに温度勾配が生じ、鉄皮側からの冷却効果によ
シ耐大物の侵食ならびにスラグの浸透が抑制されるとい
う効果が大である。しかしながら、上記の試験方法では
、この効果は期待できず、実炉条件を満足しない。The rotating cylinder method is a method in which a cylindrical or cylindrical refractory test piece is rotated in molten slag and/or molten metal, and the amount of erosion loss is measured. Although this method has the advantage of being able to accurately control temperature, atmosphere, etc., it has the disadvantage that no temperature gradient occurs in the test piece because the test piece is immersed in molten slag or metal. In other words, in the case of an actual furnace, if the steel shell is lined with refractory material, a temperature gradient will occur in the lining, and the cooling effect from the shell side will cause erosion of large refractories and penetration of slag. It has a great suppressing effect. However, with the above test method, this effect cannot be expected and the actual furnace conditions are not satisfied.
また、ルツボ法は耐火物試験片に孔をあけ、スラグを充
填して高温炉に装入し、スラグを溶解する。冷却後、そ
の切断面の観察からスラグの浸透状況、耐火物の溶損量
等を測定する方法でちる。In addition, in the crucible method, a hole is made in a refractory test piece, filled with slag, and charged into a high-temperature furnace to melt the slag. After cooling, the cut surface is observed to measure the penetration of slag, the amount of erosion of the refractory, etc.
この方法も耐火物試験片に温度勾配が与えられず、また
スラブ量が少ないため耐火物の溶解に伴うスラブの組成
変化が著しい等の欠点を有する。This method also has drawbacks, such as no temperature gradient being applied to the refractory test piece, and because the amount of slab is small, the composition of the slab changes significantly as the refractory melts.
以上のように、従来の試験方法はいずれも一長一短があ
って実炉の侵食条件を満足せず、その耐食性の評価値は
実炉での実績と対応しないという状況であった。As described above, all of the conventional test methods have advantages and disadvantages, and do not satisfy the corrosion conditions of an actual furnace, and the evaluation value of corrosion resistance does not correspond to the actual results in an actual furnace.
発明が解決しようとする問題点
本発明は上記従来の問題を一掃することを目的としてな
されたものである。Problems to be Solved by the Invention The present invention has been made for the purpose of eliminating the above-mentioned conventional problems.
発明を解決するための手段
本発明者等は上記従来の問題解決を目的として鋭意研究
を重ねた所、溶融金属と溶融スラグとの共存下での耐火
物の耐食性を評価するに際し、高周波誘導加熱とマイク
ロ波加熱とを併用して前者で金属を、後者でスラグを溶
解すると共に、炉を正逆交互に公転運動して溶融金属及
び溶融スラグに正逆交互の回転運動を与えるときは、実
炉での実績に近い評価値が得られることを見出し、鼓に
本発明を完成するに至ったものである。Means for Solving the Invention The inventors of the present invention have conducted extensive research aimed at solving the above-mentioned conventional problems, and found that high-frequency induction heating was used to evaluate the corrosion resistance of refractories under the coexistence of molten metal and molten slag. When using a combination of microwave heating and microwave heating to melt metal with the former and slag with the latter, and to rotate the furnace alternately in forward and reverse directions to give the molten metal and molten slag alternately forward and reverse rotational motion, the practical It was discovered that evaluation values close to those achieved in furnaces could be obtained, and the present invention was finally completed.
即ち本発明は、正多角形乃至円筒状に組立てられた状態
で炉の所定部位に内張シされた試験片を、炉内装填の溶
融金属及び溶融スラグの共存下で侵食させるに際し、金
属の溶解を高周波誘導加熱によシ、またスラグの溶解を
マイクロ波加熱によシそれぞれ行うと共に、試験操作中
、炉の中心軸線を、これと平行な軸線周）に、正逆交互
に公転運動させることを特徴とする耐火物の侵食試験方
法に係る。That is, the present invention provides a method for corroding a test piece assembled in a regular polygon or cylindrical shape and lined in a predetermined part of a furnace in the coexistence of molten metal and molten slag filled in the furnace. Melting is performed by high-frequency induction heating, and slag is melted by microwave heating, and during the test operation, the central axis of the furnace is rotated alternately in forward and reverse directions (circumference of the axis parallel to this). The present invention relates to a method for testing corrosion of refractories, which is characterized by the following.
作 用
一般に金属精錬炉は溶融金属の上に必ずスラグが存在し
、とのスラグと金属との界面付近の内張シ耐大物の損耗
が着るしい。したがって耐火物の耐食性の評価も所定量
のスラグと金属との共存下で試験し、その境界付近の溶
損量を求める必要がある。従来の高周波炉法では溶融金
属からの伝熱でスラグを溶解することになるためその溶
解量には限界があったが、本発明では加熱方法として高
周波誘導とマイクロ波加熱とを併用しているので、スラ
グをマイクロ波で溶融することが可能となシ、スラグ層
の厚みの大小に拘わらず、常に実炉条件に近い良好な溶
融状態が得られる。更に炉の中心軸を、これと平行な軸
の周シに正、逆交互に公転運動させるので、溶融金属及
び溶融スラグには遠心方゛向への流動性が与えられるこ
とになシ、よって侵食反応が促進し、全体として実炉実
績に近い評価値が得られる。Generally, in a metal smelting furnace, slag is always present on top of the molten metal, and the lining and large materials near the interface between the slag and the metal are likely to wear out. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the corrosion resistance of refractories by testing them in the coexistence of a predetermined amount of slag and metal, and determining the amount of erosion near the boundary. In the conventional high frequency furnace method, the slag is melted by heat transfer from the molten metal, so there is a limit to the amount of slag melted, but in the present invention, high frequency induction and microwave heating are used in combination as heating methods. Therefore, it is possible to melt the slag using microwaves, and regardless of the thickness of the slag layer, a good melting state close to actual furnace conditions can always be obtained. Furthermore, since the central axis of the furnace is caused to revolve alternately forward and backward around an axis parallel to the central axis, the molten metal and molten slag are given fluidity in the centrifugal direction. The erosion reaction is accelerated, and an overall evaluation value close to actual furnace results can be obtained.
実 施 例
以下に本発明の一実施例を添附図面にもとづき説明する
と次の通シである。Embodiment An embodiment of the present invention will be explained below based on the accompanying drawings.
第１図は本発明法を実施するに適した装置の一例を示し
、（１）はるつば型の炉、（２）はその所定部位に内張
シされた試験片、（３）は溶融金属、（４）は溶融スラ
グ、（５）は高周波コイル、（６）は高周波発振装置、
（７）はマイクロ波発振装置、（８）は導波管、（９）
は炉の中心軸線、ＱＯは中心軸（９）と平行な軸線であ
る。Figure 1 shows an example of an apparatus suitable for carrying out the method of the present invention. metal, (4) is molten slag, (5) is high frequency coil, (6) is high frequency oscillator,
(7) is a microwave oscillator, (8) is a waveguide, (9)
is the central axis of the furnace, and QO is an axis parallel to the central axis (9).
尚試験片（２）は第２図に示すような台形断面を持ち、
円筒状に組立てられた後、るつホ型の炉（１）の内面の
所定部位、即ち溶融金属と溶融スラグの境界部に内張す
される。この内張シ状態が第３図及び第４図に示され、
図中、（ロ）は内張シ材であシ、通常不定形耐火物が用
いられる。The test piece (2) has a trapezoidal cross section as shown in Figure 2,
After being assembled into a cylindrical shape, it is lined at a predetermined portion of the inner surface of the melting furnace (1), that is, at the boundary between the molten metal and the molten slag. This lining condition is shown in FIGS. 3 and 4,
In the figure, (b) is the lining material, which is usually made of monolithic refractory material.
侵食試験に際しては、第１図に示すように高周波誘導加
熱によ多金属をまたマイクＯ被加熱によシスラグを溶融
すると共に、炉（１）を、その中心軸線（９）がこれと
平行な軸線αＱの周シを公転するように、適宜の駆動装
置（図示せず）を介して公転運動させ、この公転運動を
正、逆交互に繰返し行う。For the erosion test, as shown in Figure 1, the polymetal is melted by high-frequency induction heating and the syslag is melted by microphone O heating, and the furnace (1) is set so that its central axis (9) is parallel to this. It is caused to revolve through an appropriate drive device (not shown) so as to revolve around the circumference of the axis αQ, and this revolution movement is repeated alternately in forward and reverse directions.
斯くすることにより、実炉条件に則した侵食試験を実施
できる。By doing so, it is possible to carry out an erosion test in accordance with actual furnace conditions.
本発明に於ては、炉（１）の公転半径（軸（９）とＯＱ
との間隔）及び／又は回転数を適宜選択することによシ
、試験条件を任意に設定できる。また公転運動の正逆切
換えは、少なくとも一回あればよいが、できれば、適当
な間隔で複数回繰返し行うことが好ましい。In the present invention, the orbital radius of the furnace (1) (axis (9) and OQ
The test conditions can be arbitrarily set by appropriately selecting the distance between the two and/or the number of revolutions. Further, although it is sufficient that the rotational motion be switched between forward and reverse directions at least once, it is preferable that the rotation be repeated multiple times at appropriate intervals.
第５図は本発明法よシテストしたＡ１２０３−５ｔ０２
−５ｉＣ−Ｃ系耐大物の溶損指数を、また第６図は同じ
耐火物の実炉における溶損速度を示している。Figure 5 shows A1203-5t02 tested using the method of the present invention.
-5iC-C series large resistant material, and FIG. 6 shows the melting loss rate of the same refractory in an actual furnace.
第５図及び第６図は類似した傾向を示しておシ、本発明
法では実炉実績に近い評価値が得られる。Figures 5 and 6 show similar trends, and the method of the present invention allows evaluation values close to actual reactor results to be obtained.
尚第５図（本発明）及び第６図（実炉）の実施条件は次
の通りである。The operating conditions in FIG. 5 (invention) and FIG. 6 (actual reactor) are as follows.
〔第５図（本発明）の実施条件〕
溶融金属：銑鉄（厚み：１６５１ｒｊ）溶融スラグ：脱
硫スラグ（厚み：３Ｑｆｆ）炉内温度１５５０°Ｃ
炉の直径：１４０顛（内径）
公転半径：５０ｆｆ
回転数：毎分９０〜９５
侵食時間＝４時間
尚第５図は、試験後、各試験片を長手方向に稼動面に垂
直な断面で切断し、スラグ及び銑鉄によ多侵食された面
積を測定し、標準試料の溶損量（面積）を１００とした
ときの相対値で耐食性を表示した結果である。[Implementation conditions of Fig. 5 (present invention)] Molten metal: Pig iron (thickness: 1651rj) Molten slag: Desulfurization slag (thickness: 3Qff) Furnace temperature 1550°C Furnace diameter: 140mm (inner diameter) Revolution radius: 50ff Rotation speed: 90 to 95 per minute Erosion time: 4 hours Figure 5 shows that after the test, each specimen was cut in the longitudinal direction in a cross section perpendicular to the operating surface, and the area heavily eroded by slag and pig iron was measured. The corrosion resistance was measured and displayed as a relative value when the amount of erosion (area) of the standard sample was set as 100.
〔第６図（実炉）の実施条件〕
第５図と同じ試験片を脱硫率８０％の混銑車のスラグラ
インに張シ分けて実施し、その損耗速度（ｌチャージ当
りの損耗量ｍｘ ／ ｔ ｈ ）を表示した。[Implementation conditions for Figure 6 (actual furnace)] The same test piece as in Figure 5 was stretched across the slag line of a mixed pig iron car with a desulfurization rate of 80%, and its wear rate (loss amount per 1 charge mx / th) was displayed.
第１図は本発明法の一実施状況を概略的に示す縦断面図
、第２図は試験片の一例を示す斜面図、第３図及び第４
図は炉に対する試験片の内張シ状況を示す断面図、第５
図は本発明法によシテストしたＡ１２０３−５ｉＯ２−
５ｉ Ｃ−Ｃ系耐火物の溶損指数を示すグラフ、第６図
は同じ耐火物の実炉に於ける溶損速度を示すグラフであ
る。
図に於て、（１）は炉、（２）は試験片、（３）は溶融
金属、（４）は溶融スラグ、（５）は高周波コイル、（
６）は高周波発振装置、（７）はマイクロ波発振装置、
（８）は導波管、（９）は炉の中心軸線、ａＯは′該軸
線と平行なｍ線であ第１図
第４図
ＳｉＯ２（％）
第６図
５ｉｎ２（％）FIG. 1 is a vertical cross-sectional view schematically showing one implementation state of the method of the present invention, FIG. 2 is a slope view showing an example of a test piece, and FIGS.
The figure is a cross-sectional view showing the lining condition of the test piece against the furnace.
The figure shows A1203-5iO2- tested by the method of the present invention.
5i A graph showing the erosion index of C-C refractories, and FIG. 6 is a graph showing the erosion rate of the same refractories in an actual furnace. In the figure, (1) is a furnace, (2) is a test piece, (3) is a molten metal, (4) is a molten slag, (5) is a high-frequency coil, (
6) is a high frequency oscillation device, (7) is a microwave oscillation device,
(8) is the waveguide, (9) is the central axis of the furnace, and aO is the m-line parallel to the axis. Figure 1 Figure 4 SiO2 (%) Figure 6 5in2 (%)
Claims (1)
定部位に内張りされた試験片を、炉内装填の溶融金属及
び溶融スラグの共存下で侵食させるに際し、金属の溶解
を高周波誘導加熱により、またスラグの溶解をマイクロ
波加熱によりそれぞれ行うと共に、試験操作中、炉の中
心軸線を、これと平行な軸線周りに、正逆交互に公転運
動させることを特徴とする耐火物の侵食試験方法。(1) When a test piece assembled in a regular polygonal or cylindrical shape and lined in a predetermined part of the furnace is eroded in the coexistence of molten metal and molten slag filled in the furnace, the melting of the metal is induced by high-frequency induction. Erosion of refractories characterized by heating and melting the slag by microwave heating, and during the test operation, the central axis of the furnace is rotated alternately in forward and reverse directions around an axis parallel to the central axis of the furnace. Test method.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP13157484A JPS6110744A (en) | 1984-06-25 | 1984-06-25 | Corrosion testing method of refractory material |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP13157484A JPS6110744A (en) | 1984-06-25 | 1984-06-25 | Corrosion testing method of refractory material |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS6110744A true JPS6110744A (en) | 1986-01-18 |
Family
ID=15061233
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP13157484A Pending JPS6110744A (en) | 1984-06-25 | 1984-06-25 | Corrosion testing method of refractory material |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS6110744A (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6350973B2 (en) * | 1996-07-25 | 2002-02-26 | Ea Technology Limited | Radio-frequency and microwave-assisted processing of materials |
| JP2017083400A (en) * | 2015-10-30 | 2017-05-18 | 黒崎播磨株式会社 | Evaluation method for refractory material |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS57124234A (en) * | 1981-01-26 | 1982-08-03 | Kyushu Refract Co Ltd | Method for testing erosion of refractories |
-
1984
- 1984-06-25 JP JP13157484A patent/JPS6110744A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS57124234A (en) * | 1981-01-26 | 1982-08-03 | Kyushu Refract Co Ltd | Method for testing erosion of refractories |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6350973B2 (en) * | 1996-07-25 | 2002-02-26 | Ea Technology Limited | Radio-frequency and microwave-assisted processing of materials |
| JP2017083400A (en) * | 2015-10-30 | 2017-05-18 | 黒崎播磨株式会社 | Evaluation method for refractory material |
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