JPS6355665B2 - - Google Patents
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- Publication number
- JPS6355665B2 JPS6355665B2 JP55102850A JP10285080A JPS6355665B2 JP S6355665 B2 JPS6355665 B2 JP S6355665B2 JP 55102850 A JP55102850 A JP 55102850A JP 10285080 A JP10285080 A JP 10285080A JP S6355665 B2 JPS6355665 B2 JP S6355665B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- test material
- tubular test
- tubular
- liquid medium
- flaw detector
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
- G01N29/221—Arrangements for directing or focusing the acoustical waves
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
本発明は、管状被検材の超音波探傷方法、取分
け液媒体の管状被検材内への浸入を防止する方法
に関するものである。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to an ultrasonic flaw detection method for a tubular specimen, and in particular to a method for preventing liquid medium from entering the tubular specimen.
貫通孔を有し、かつ該貫通孔内面に深触子を取
付けた超音波探傷器を使用し、該探傷器を貫通孔
の軸心廻りに高速で回転させておき、貫通孔内に
液媒体〔水等〕を供給しながら該液媒体の介在の
もとに管状被検材を通過させて超音波探傷を行な
う方法がある。このような方法で管状被検材の超
音波探傷を行なうには、予め管状被検材の両端に
ゴム栓あるいはプラスチツク栓によるシールを行
なつて探傷するのが一般である。この理由は、管
状被検材１が探傷器の貫通孔内を通過する際に、
その開口端から内部に液媒体２が浸入し、管状被
検材１の内周面に付着した状態で一体回転するの
で、第１図に示すように深触子３より発信した超
音波４が液媒体３で反射し、ノイズエコー５とな
つて探傷を阻害するためである。 An ultrasonic flaw detector having a through hole and a deep probe attached to the inner surface of the through hole is used, and the flaw detector is rotated at high speed around the axis of the through hole, and a liquid medium is placed inside the through hole. There is a method of ultrasonic flaw detection in which a tubular specimen is passed through a liquid medium while supplying water or the like. In order to perform ultrasonic flaw detection on a tubular test material using such a method, it is common to seal both ends of the tubular test material with rubber or plastic plugs in advance. The reason for this is that when the tubular test material 1 passes through the through hole of the flaw detector,
The liquid medium 2 enters inside from the open end and rotates integrally with the tubular test material 1 while adhering to the inner peripheral surface, so that the ultrasonic waves 4 emitted from the deep probe 3 as shown in FIG. This is because it is reflected by the liquid medium 3 and becomes a noise echo 5, which obstructs flaw detection.
ゴム栓等によるシールを行なわない方法として
は、先行する管状被検材の後端に、後続の管状被
検材の先端を密着させつつ、両者管状被検材を一
体的に送るエンドツーエンド方式（チユーブツー
チユーブ方式とも云われる）があるが、シール性
を完全に保持できないために、管端信号の消去長
さを比較的長く（約200〜300mm）とる必要があ
る。 As a method that does not use a seal with a rubber plug, etc., there is an end-to-end method in which the tip of the subsequent tubular test material is brought into close contact with the rear end of the preceding tubular test material, and both tubular test materials are sent together. (also called the tube-to-tube method), but because the sealing performance cannot be maintained completely, it is necessary to have a relatively long erasing length (approximately 200 to 300 mm) for the tube end signal.
液媒体ノイズによる探傷トラブルの防止と、管
端切捨長さ縮少のためには、端栓シールが最も確
実な方法であるが、着脱栓の自動化は難しく、探
傷作業そのものが高度に自動化されているのに比
較して、その附帯作業である着脱栓を人力に頼つ
ているのが現状である。 End plug sealing is the most reliable method to prevent flaw detection problems caused by liquid medium noise and to reduce the length of pipe end truncation, but it is difficult to automate plugging and unplugging, and the flaw detection work itself has to be highly automated. However, at present, the incidental work of plugging and unplugging the plugs relies on manual labor.
本発明は、このような従来の問題点に鑑み、端
栓シールを全く行なわずに、空気圧を利用して被
検材両端のシールを行ない、シール作業の自動化
等を容易にするものであつて、その特徴とする処
は、貫通孔１１内面に深触子１２，１３を取付け
た超音波探傷器を使用し、貫通孔１１内に液媒体
１７を供給した状態で管状被検材Ａを貫通孔１１
内に挿入して軸心方向に通過させながら、液媒体
１７の介在の下に管状被検材Ａの超音波探傷を行
なう方法であつて、管状被検材Ａの前端が探傷器
の貫通孔１１内に進入する直前から外部に進出す
るまでの間、探傷器の入側に配置された空気供給
装置２０により管状被検材Ａの後端側から内部に
空気を噴射してその空気を前端から外部に噴出さ
せることによつて管状被検材Ａ内への液媒体１７
の浸入を阻止すると共に、管状被検材Ａの後端が
探傷器の貫通孔１１内に進入する直前から外部に
進出するまでの間、探傷器の出側に配置された空
気供給装置２４により管状被検材Ａの前端側から
内部に空気を噴射してその空気を後端から外部に
噴出させることによつて管状被検材Ａ内への液媒
体１７の浸入を阻止する点にある。 In view of these conventional problems, the present invention uses air pressure to seal both ends of the specimen without sealing end plugs at all, thereby facilitating automation of the sealing work. The feature is that an ultrasonic flaw detector with deep probes 12 and 13 attached to the inner surface of the through hole 11 is used to penetrate the tubular test material A with a liquid medium 17 supplied into the through hole 11. Hole 11
This is a method of performing ultrasonic flaw detection on a tubular test material A with the intervention of a liquid medium 17 while inserting the test material into the tube and passing it in the axial direction. From just before it enters the inside of the test material 11 to when it goes outside, the air supply device 20 placed on the entrance side of the flaw detector injects air into the interior from the rear end of the tubular test material A to the front end. Liquid medium 17 into the tubular test material A by squirting it to the outside from
The air supply device 24 disposed on the exit side of the flaw detector prevents the infiltration of The purpose of this method is to prevent the liquid medium 17 from entering the tubular test material A by injecting air into the tubular test material A from the front end side and blowing the air out from the rear end.
以下、図示の実施例については本発明を詳述す
ると、第２図において、１０は探傷器本体で、軸
心方向の貫通孔１１を有し、かつ図外の駆動装置
により軸心廻りに高速で駆動される。探傷器本体
１０には貫通孔１１の軸心方向中央部に夫々２組
の深触子１２，１３が取付けられると共に、軸心
方向両端の入側及び出側にガイドリング１４，１
５が夫々嵌着されており、また該探傷器本体１０
の貫通孔１１内には、供給管１６より水等の液媒
体１７が供給される。１８は探傷器本体１０の入
側に設置された入側コンベア、１９は探傷器本体
１０の出側に設置された出側コンベアであり、こ
れらコンベア１８，１９は管状被検材Ａをａ矢示
方向に搬送する。２０は入側空気供給装置で、管
状被検材Ａの後端から挿抜自在に挿入される長尺
の噴射ノズル２１と、この噴射ノズル２１と、こ
の噴射ノズル２１を管状被検材Ａの長手方向に往
復移動させるシリンダ２２とを備え、噴射ノズル
２１はバルブ２３を介して空気源に接続される。
２４は出側空気供給装置で、入側空気供給装置２
０と同様に、噴射ノズル２５、シリンダ２６、バ
ルブ２７等から成る。 Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with regard to the illustrated embodiment. In FIG. 2, 10 is a flaw detector main body, which has a through hole 11 in the axial direction, and is driven at high speed around the axial center by a drive device (not shown). is driven by. Two sets of deep probes 12 and 13 are attached to the flaw detector main body 10 at the center of the through hole 11 in the axial direction, and guide rings 14 and 1 are installed at the entrance and exit sides of both ends in the axial direction.
5 are fitted respectively, and the flaw detector main body 10
A liquid medium 17 such as water is supplied from a supply pipe 16 into the through hole 11 . 18 is an inlet conveyor installed on the inlet side of the flaw detector body 10, and 19 is an outlet conveyor installed on the outlet side of the flaw detector body 10. Transport in the indicated direction. Reference numeral 20 denotes an inlet air supply device, which includes a long injection nozzle 21 that is inserted into and withdrawn from the rear end of the tubular test material A, and a long injection nozzle 21 that is inserted into the tubular test material A in a longitudinal direction. The injection nozzle 21 is connected to an air source via a valve 23.
24 is an outlet air supply device, and an inlet air supply device 2
0, it consists of an injection nozzle 25, a cylinder 26, a valve 27, etc.
上記構成において、管状被検材Ａを超音波探傷
する際には、次のようにして行なう。即ち、供給
管１６より探傷器本体１０の貫通孔１１内に液媒
体１７を供給しながら、該探傷器本体１０を軸心
廻りに高速回転させる。すると液媒体１７は貫通
孔１１の内周面に付着し、云わばトンネル状態に
なる。次に入側コンベア１８上に管状被検材Ａが
搬入されると同時に、入側空気供給装置２０のシ
リンダ２２を伸長動作させて、噴射ノズル２１を
管状被検材Ａの後端側より該管状被検材Ａ自体の
移動速度に関係なく高速でａ矢示方向に挿入す
る。そして管状被検材Ａの前端が探傷器本体１０
内に進入する直前にバルブ２３を開放し、噴射ノ
ズル２１より管状被検材Ａ内に圧縮空気を供給
し、管状被検材Ａの前端からの液媒体１７の浸入
を防止する。管状被検材Ａの先端が探傷器本体１
０の出側を通過すると、バルブ２３を閉じて噴射
ノズル２１から管状被検材Ａ内への圧縮空気の供
給を遮断すると共に、シリンダ２２を収縮動作さ
せて噴射ノズル２１を管状被検材Ａより後方へと
ｂ矢示方向に抜き取る。一方、探傷器本体１０の
出側にも、出側空気供給装置２４があり、その噴
射ノズル２５がシリンダ２６の伸長動作によつて
第３図に示すように待期状態にあるので、管状被
検材Ａの移動に伴なつて噴射ノズル２５が相対的
に該管状被検材Ａに前端側から挿入される。そし
て管状被検材Ａの後端が探傷器本体１０に進入す
る直前から該探傷器本体１０の出側を完全に通過
するまでの間、バルブ２７を開放して噴射ノズル
２５から管状被検材Ａ内に逆方向に圧縮空気を供
給し、前述と同様に液媒体１７の浸入を防止す
る。噴射ノズル２５は管状被検材Ａの後端が探傷
器本体１０を通過すると同時に高速でａ矢示方向
に抜取り、管状被検材Ａを次ラインへキツクオフ
した後、ｂ矢示方向に待機位置まで戻す。なお、
この場合、各噴射ノズル２１，２５は、管状被検
材Ａ内に挿入中、停止させておくため、夫々の寸
法は、探傷器本体１０の出入口間の寸法よりも大
にする必要がある。管状被検材Ａの前端及び後端
の検知は、探傷器本体１０出入口側に夫々設けた
フオトスイツチ或いは近接スイツチ等で非接触方
式により行なう。 In the above configuration, ultrasonic flaw detection of the tubular test material A is carried out as follows. That is, while supplying the liquid medium 17 from the supply pipe 16 into the through hole 11 of the flaw detector main body 10, the flaw detector main body 10 is rotated around its axis at high speed. Then, the liquid medium 17 adheres to the inner peripheral surface of the through hole 11, forming a so-called tunnel state. Next, at the same time as the tubular specimen A is carried onto the entrance conveyor 18, the cylinder 22 of the entrance air supply device 20 is extended, and the injection nozzle 21 is directed toward the tubular specimen A from the rear end side. The tubular specimen A is inserted at high speed in the direction of the arrow a, regardless of the moving speed of the tubular specimen A itself. The front end of the tubular test material A is the flaw detector main body 10.
The valve 23 is opened immediately before entering the tubular test material A, and compressed air is supplied from the injection nozzle 21 into the tubular test material A to prevent the liquid medium 17 from entering from the front end of the tubular test material A. The tip of the tubular test material A is the flaw detector body 1
0, the valve 23 is closed to cut off the supply of compressed air from the injection nozzle 21 into the tubular test material A, and the cylinder 22 is contracted to move the injection nozzle 21 into the tubular test material A. Pull it out further backward in the direction of arrow b. On the other hand, there is also an outlet side air supply device 24 on the outlet side of the flaw detector main body 10, and its injection nozzle 25 is in a standby state as shown in FIG. 3 due to the extension operation of the cylinder 26. As the test material A moves, the injection nozzle 25 is relatively inserted into the tubular test material A from the front end side. Then, from just before the rear end of the tubular test material A enters the flaw detector main body 10 until it completely passes through the exit side of the flaw detector main body 10, the valve 27 is opened and the tubular test material is ejected from the injection nozzle 25. Compressed air is supplied into A in the opposite direction to prevent the liquid medium 17 from entering in the same manner as described above. The injection nozzle 25 pulls out the tubular test material A at high speed in the direction of the arrow a at the same time as it passes the flaw detector main body 10, and after kicking off the tubular test material A to the next line, moves it to the standby position in the direction of the arrow b. Return to In addition,
In this case, since each of the injection nozzles 21 and 25 is stopped while being inserted into the tubular test material A, the dimensions of each nozzle must be larger than the dimension between the entrance and exit of the flaw detector main body 10. Detection of the front end and rear end of the tubular test material A is performed in a non-contact manner using a photo switch or a proximity switch provided on the entrance and exit sides of the flaw detector main body 10, respectively.
因みに、上記方法により通常の探傷作業条件の
ままで夫々の方向について各50回ずつ繰返して実
験を行なつた処、第４図に示すように液媒体１
７の浸入による管状被検材Ａ両端のマーキングは
発生しなかつた。また念のため、管状被検材Ａの
端部より50mmの位置に人工欠陥を付し、欠陥の検
出有無を測定したが、同図に示すように欠陥は
欠陥エコーとして明らかに検出されている。これ
は管状被検材Ａ内に液媒体１７が浸入していない
ことを証明するものと云える。なお実験条件は、
次の通りである。 Incidentally, when we repeated the experiment 50 times in each direction using the above method under normal flaw detection working conditions, we found that the liquid medium 1
Marking on both ends of the tubular test material A due to the infiltration of No. 7 did not occur. Also, just to be sure, an artificial defect was attached at a position 50 mm from the end of the tubular test material A, and the presence or absence of detection of the defect was measured.As shown in the figure, the defect was clearly detected as a defect echo. . This can be said to prove that the liquid medium 17 has not penetrated into the tubular specimen A. The experimental conditions are as follows:
It is as follows.
探傷器本体回転速度： 6000rpm
液媒体供給圧力 ： 2.2Kg／cm3
管状被検材 ： チタン薄肉溶管
25.4φ×0.5t×10.000
被検材送り速度 ： 60m／min
空気圧力 ： ４Kg／cm3
各噴射ノズル２１，２５は、第５図に示すよう
に短尺に構成し、管状被検材Ａの前端又は後端に
内嵌させた状態で、該管状被検材Ａと同速で追従
移動させることも可能であり、また第６図に示す
ようにラツパ状の開口部２８を持つ接続具２９を
使用し、この接続具２９の開口部２８を管状被検
材Ａの前端又は後端に当接させ、空気源から可撓
管及び接続具２９を介して管状被検材Ａ内に圧縮
空気を供給しても良い。 Flaw detector body rotation speed: 6000rpm Liquid medium supply pressure: 2.2Kg/cm 3Tubular test material: Titanium thin-wall melt tube 25.4φ×0.5t×10.000
Test material feeding speed: 60 m/min Air pressure: 4 Kg/cm 3Each injection nozzle 21, 25 is configured to be short as shown in Fig. 5, and is fitted inside the front or rear end of the tubular test material A. It is also possible to follow the tubular test material A at the same speed in the same state as shown in FIG. The opening 28 may be brought into contact with the front end or the rear end of the tubular test material A, and compressed air may be supplied from an air source into the tubular test material A via the flexible tube and the connector 29.
以上実施例に詳述したように本発明では、管状
被検材Ａの前端が探傷器の貫通孔１１内に進入す
る直前から外部に進出するまでの間、探傷器の入
側に配置された空気供給装置２０により管状被検
材Ａの後端側から内部に空気を噴射してその空気
を前端から外部に噴出させることによつて管状被
検材Ａ内への液媒体１７の浸入を阻止すると共
に、管状被検材Ａの後端が探傷器の貫通孔１１内
に進入する直前から外部に進出するまでの間、探
傷器の出側に配置された空気供給装置２４により
管状被検材Ａの前端側から内部に空気を噴射して
その空気を後端から外部に噴出させることによつ
て管状被検材Ａ内への液媒体１７の浸入を阻止す
るので、管状被検材の両端部を確実にシールで
き、探傷精度が著しく向上すると共に、作業の機
械化、自動化を促進できる利点があり、その実用
的効果は極めて著大である。 As described in detail in the embodiments above, in the present invention, the front end of the tubular test material A is placed on the entrance side of the flaw detector from just before it enters the through hole 11 of the flaw detector until it advances to the outside. The liquid medium 17 is prevented from entering into the tubular test material A by injecting air into the interior from the rear end side of the tubular test material A using the air supply device 20 and blowing the air out from the front end. At the same time, from just before the rear end of the tubular test material A enters the through hole 11 of the flaw detector until it advances to the outside, the tubular test material A is pumped by the air supply device 24 disposed on the exit side of the flaw detector. Since the liquid medium 17 is prevented from entering the tubular specimen A by injecting air into the interior from the front end side of A and then jetting the air to the outside from the rear end, both ends of the tubular specimen A are It has the advantage of being able to reliably seal the parts, significantly improving flaw detection accuracy, and promoting mechanization and automation of work, and its practical effects are extremely significant.
第１図は従来例を示す説明図、第２図は本発明
方法の一実施例を示す構成図、第３図は同動作状
態を示す構成図、第４図は同実験結果を示す波形
図、第５図及び第６図は他の実施例を示す断面図
である。
１０…探傷器本体、１１…貫通孔、１２，１３
…探触子、１７…液媒体、１８…入側コンベア、
１９…出側コンベア、２０…入側空気供給装置、
２１，２５…噴射ノズル、２４…出側空気供給装
置、Ａ…管状被検材。
Fig. 1 is an explanatory diagram showing a conventional example, Fig. 2 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of the method of the present invention, Fig. 3 is a block diagram showing the same operating state, and Fig. 4 is a waveform diagram showing the experimental results. , FIG. 5, and FIG. 6 are sectional views showing other embodiments. 10...Flaw detector body, 11...Through hole, 12, 13
...probe, 17...liquid medium, 18...inlet conveyor,
19...Output conveyor, 20...Inlet air supply device,
21, 25... Injection nozzle, 24... Outlet side air supply device, A... Tubular test material.
Claims (1)
た超音波探傷器を使用し、貫通孔１１内に液媒体
１７を供給した状態で管状被検材Ａを貫通孔１１
内に挿入して軸心方向に通過させながら、液媒体
１７の介在の下に管状被検材Ａの超音波探傷を行
なう方法であつて、管状被検材Ａの前端が探傷器
の貫通孔１１内に進入する直前から外部に進出す
るまでの間、探傷器の入側に配置された空気供給
装置２０により管状被検材Ａの後端側から内部に
空気を噴射してその空気を前端から外部に噴出さ
せることによつて管状被検材Ａ内への液媒体１７
の浸入を阻止すると共に、管状被検材Ａの後端が
探傷器の貫通孔１１内に進入する直前から外部に
進出するまでの間、探傷器の出側に配置された空
気供給装置２４により管状被検材Ａの前端側から
内部に空気を噴射してその空気を後端から外部に
噴出させることによつて管状被検材Ａ内への液媒
体１７の浸入を阻止することを特徴とする管状被
検材の超音波探傷方法。1 Using an ultrasonic flaw detector with probes 12 and 13 attached to the inner surface of the through hole 11, the tubular specimen A is inserted into the through hole 11 while the liquid medium 17 is supplied into the through hole 11.
This is a method of performing ultrasonic flaw detection on a tubular test material A with the intervention of a liquid medium 17 while inserting it into the interior and passing it in the axial direction. From just before it enters the inside of the test material 11 until it goes outside, air is injected into the interior from the rear end side of the tubular test material A by the air supply device 20 placed on the entrance side of the flaw detector, and the air is sent to the front end. Liquid medium 17 into the tubular test material A by squirting it to the outside from
The air supply device 24 disposed on the exit side of the flaw detector prevents the infiltration of The liquid medium 17 is prevented from entering into the tubular test material A by injecting air into the interior from the front end side of the tubular test material A and blowing the air out from the rear end. An ultrasonic flaw detection method for tubular test materials.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP10285080A JPS5728250A (en) | 1980-07-25 | 1980-07-25 | Ultrasonic flaw detection for tubular material |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP10285080A JPS5728250A (en) | 1980-07-25 | 1980-07-25 | Ultrasonic flaw detection for tubular material |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS5728250A JPS5728250A (en) | 1982-02-15 |
| JPS6355665B2 true JPS6355665B2 (en) | 1988-11-04 |
Family
ID=14338404
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP10285080A Granted JPS5728250A (en) | 1980-07-25 | 1980-07-25 | Ultrasonic flaw detection for tubular material |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5728250A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0328861U (en) * | 1989-07-28 | 1991-03-22 | ||
| JPH04128460U (en) * | 1991-05-17 | 1992-11-24 | 村田機械株式会社 | fax machine |
| JPH066503A (en) * | 1992-06-19 | 1994-01-14 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | Facsimile equipment |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS61128160A (en) * | 1984-11-27 | 1986-06-16 | Kobe Steel Ltd | Method and apparatus for ultrasonic flaw detection of tubular material to be inspected |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5185753A (en) * | 1974-12-27 | 1976-07-27 | Yokogawa Electric Works Ltd | |
| JPS5248261A (en) * | 1975-10-16 | 1977-04-16 | Kazuo Arai | Method of treatment of water for food |
| JPS5524639A (en) * | 1978-08-10 | 1980-02-21 | Tokyo Keiki Co Ltd | Water supply of ultrasonic rotary locating holder |
-
1980
- 1980-07-25 JP JP10285080A patent/JPS5728250A/en active Granted
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0328861U (en) * | 1989-07-28 | 1991-03-22 | ||
| JPH04128460U (en) * | 1991-05-17 | 1992-11-24 | 村田機械株式会社 | fax machine |
| JPH066503A (en) * | 1992-06-19 | 1994-01-14 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | Facsimile equipment |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS5728250A (en) | 1982-02-15 |
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