KR19990077709A - 반사형 표시 장치 - Google Patents
반사형 표시 장치 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- KR19990077709A KR19990077709A KR1019990007733A KR19990007733A KR19990077709A KR 19990077709 A KR19990077709 A KR 19990077709A KR 1019990007733 A KR1019990007733 A KR 1019990007733A KR 19990007733 A KR19990007733 A KR 19990007733A KR 19990077709 A KR19990077709 A KR 19990077709A
- Authority
- KR
- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- light
- substrate
- guide plate
- light guide
- panel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 90
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000004988 Nematic liquid crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000000382 optic material Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 63
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 15
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 15
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 11
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000037303 wrinkles Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002120 nanofilm Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002120 photoresistant polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241000533901 Narcissus papyraceus Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004840 adhesive resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006223 adhesive resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000206 photolithography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021420 polycrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005591 polysilicon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012780 transparent material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
- G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
- G02B6/0056—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide for producing polarisation effects, e.g. by a surface with polarizing properties or by an additional polarizing elements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/137—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering
- G02F1/139—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on orientation effects in which the liquid crystal remains transparent
- G02F1/1393—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on orientation effects in which the liquid crystal remains transparent the birefringence of the liquid crystal being electrically controlled, e.g. ECB-, DAP-, HAN-, PI-LC cells
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
- G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
- G02B6/0035—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
- G02B6/0045—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it by shaping at least a portion of the light guide
- G02B6/0046—Tapered light guide, e.g. wedge-shaped light guide
- G02B6/0048—Tapered light guide, e.g. wedge-shaped light guide with stepwise taper
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
- G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
- G02B6/005—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided by one optical element, or plurality thereof, placed on the light output side of the light guide
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/133553—Reflecting elements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/1336—Illuminating devices
- G02F1/133616—Front illuminating devices
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/13363—Birefringent elements, e.g. for optical compensation
- G02F1/133638—Waveplates, i.e. plates with a retardation value of lambda/n
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2203/00—Function characteristic
- G02F2203/02—Function characteristic reflective
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Liquid Crystal (AREA)
- Mathematical Physics (AREA)
- Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (5)
- 외광(外光)의 입사(入射) 측에 위치하는 투명한 제1 기판, 소정의 간극을 통하여 상기 제1 기판에 접합되어 상기 제1 기판의 반대측에 위치하는 제2 기판, 상기 간극 내에 수용된 전기 광학 물질 및 상기 제1 기판과 제2 기판 중 최소한 한 쪽에 형성되어 상기 전기 광학 물질에 전압을 인가하는 전극을 구비한 패널과,상기 제1 기판의 외측에 재치(載置)된 투명한 도광판(導光板)과, 상기 도광판의 단부에 배치되어 필요에 따라서 조명광을 발생하는 광원을 구비한 조명 장치와,편광판과,1/4 파장판을 가지는 반사형 표시 장치로서,상기 도광판은 통상 외광을 투과시켜 상기 제1 기판에 입사시키고 또한 상기 제2 기판으로부터 반사된 외광을 출사(出射)시키는 한편, 필요에 따라서 조명광을 도광하여 상기 제1 기판에 입사시키고 또한 상기 제2 기판으로부터 반사된 조명광을 출사시키기 위하여 사용되고,상기 편광판과 상기 1/4 파장판은 겹쳐져 상기 도광판에 장착되어 있고, 상기 패널의 제1 기판으로부터 불필요하게 반사된 외광 또는 조명광을 차단하는 것을 특징으로 하는 반사형 표시 장치.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 패널은 전압의 인가 상태에 따라서 1/4 파장판으로서 기능하는 액정층을 전기 광학 물질로서 사용하는 것을 특징으로 하는 반사형 표시 장치.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 전기 광학 물질은 유전이방성(誘電異方性)이 정(正)이고 또한 트위스트 배향(配向)된 네마틱 액정층으로 이루어지고, 전압 무인가시 1/4 파장판으로서 기능하고, 전압 인가시 1/4 파장판의 기능을 상실하는 것을 특징으로 하는 반사형 표시 장치.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 도광판은 스트라이프형으로 분할된 평면부 및 인접한 평면부 사이에 위치하는 경사면부를 가지고 있고, 상기 광원으로부터 도광된 조명광을 각 경사면부에서 제1 기판을 향하여 반사하는 동시에, 제2 기판에서 반사된 조명광을 각 평면부로부터 출사시키는 것을 특징으로 하는 반사형 표시 장치.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 편광판과 상기 1/4 파장판의 적층 구조는 상기 패널과 상기 도광판 사이에 배치되는 것을 특징으로 하는 반사형 표시 장치.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP10076698A JPH11259007A (ja) | 1998-03-10 | 1998-03-10 | 反射型表示装置 |
| JP98-76698 | 1998-03-10 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| KR19990077709A true KR19990077709A (ko) | 1999-10-25 |
Family
ID=13612728
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1019990007733A Ceased KR19990077709A (ko) | 1998-03-10 | 1999-03-09 | 반사형 표시 장치 |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6108059A (ko) |
| EP (1) | EP0942228A1 (ko) |
| JP (1) | JPH11259007A (ko) |
| KR (1) | KR19990077709A (ko) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR100718399B1 (ko) * | 1999-11-02 | 2007-05-14 | 닛토덴코 가부시키가이샤 | 액정 표시 장치 및 도광판 |
| KR100840826B1 (ko) * | 2002-01-23 | 2008-06-23 | 샤프 가부시키가이샤 | 도광판과 이를 구비한 광원 장치 및 표시 장치 |
Families Citing this family (105)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH11281979A (ja) * | 1998-03-26 | 1999-10-15 | Enplas Corp | サイドライト型面光源装置及び液晶表示装置 |
| JPH11297115A (ja) * | 1998-04-14 | 1999-10-29 | Nitto Denko Corp | 導光板、面光源装置及び反射型液晶表示装置 |
| JP3410977B2 (ja) * | 1998-09-14 | 2003-05-26 | シャープ株式会社 | フロントライト及び反射型液晶表示装置 |
| JP2000111900A (ja) * | 1998-10-02 | 2000-04-21 | Sony Corp | 反射型表示装置 |
| CA2290860C (en) * | 1998-11-27 | 2007-05-22 | National Research Council Of Canada | Polarizing back-lighting system for direct view liquid crystal displays |
| US6392727B1 (en) * | 1998-12-31 | 2002-05-21 | Honeywell International Inc. | Reduced reflectance polarized display |
| US6421104B1 (en) * | 1999-10-22 | 2002-07-16 | Motorola, Inc. | Front illuminator for a liquid crystal display and method of making same |
| JP3727505B2 (ja) | 2000-02-29 | 2005-12-14 | アルプス電気株式会社 | 液晶表示装置 |
| KR100771258B1 (ko) * | 2000-05-09 | 2007-10-29 | 가부시키가이샤 한도오따이 에네루기 켄큐쇼 | 본인 인증 시스템과 본인 인증 방법 및 휴대 전화 장치 |
| US6352350B1 (en) * | 2000-06-01 | 2002-03-05 | Agilent Technologies, Inc. | High efficiency flat illuminator for liquid crystal micro-display |
| KR20020001594A (ko) * | 2000-06-26 | 2002-01-09 | 가마이 고로 | 도광판, 면광원 장치 및 반사형 액정 표시 장치 |
| US6592233B1 (en) * | 2000-10-03 | 2003-07-15 | Nokia Mobile Phones Ltd. | Lighting device for non-emissive displays |
| JP2002148615A (ja) * | 2000-11-08 | 2002-05-22 | Nitto Denko Corp | 光学フィルム及び反射型液晶表示装置 |
| JP3871913B2 (ja) * | 2000-11-14 | 2007-01-24 | シャープ株式会社 | 反射型表示装置およびプリズムアレイシート |
| JP2002169149A (ja) | 2000-12-01 | 2002-06-14 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | 反射型液晶表示装置 |
| JP2003029258A (ja) * | 2001-07-19 | 2003-01-29 | Omron Corp | 反射型表示装置及び携帯情報機器 |
| JP3702823B2 (ja) * | 2001-08-23 | 2005-10-05 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 液晶表示装置および電子機器 |
| JP4166455B2 (ja) * | 2001-10-01 | 2008-10-15 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | 偏光フィルム及び発光装置 |
| JP2003131582A (ja) * | 2001-10-22 | 2003-05-09 | Minebea Co Ltd | 表示装置 |
| JP3719436B2 (ja) * | 2002-03-06 | 2005-11-24 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 電気光学装置、および電子機器 |
| JP2003279950A (ja) * | 2002-03-25 | 2003-10-02 | Sharp Corp | 表示装置 |
| DE60307522T2 (de) | 2002-04-26 | 2007-06-06 | Optrex Corp. | Verfahren zur Überprüfung transparenter Substrate |
| JP2004095390A (ja) * | 2002-08-30 | 2004-03-25 | Fujitsu Display Technologies Corp | 照明装置及び表示装置 |
| US7063449B2 (en) * | 2002-11-21 | 2006-06-20 | Element Labs, Inc. | Light emitting diode (LED) picture element |
| JP4294992B2 (ja) * | 2003-03-31 | 2009-07-15 | シャープ株式会社 | 反射型液晶表示装置 |
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- 1999-03-10 EP EP99400585A patent/EP0942228A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR100718399B1 (ko) * | 1999-11-02 | 2007-05-14 | 닛토덴코 가부시키가이샤 | 액정 표시 장치 및 도광판 |
| KR100840826B1 (ko) * | 2002-01-23 | 2008-06-23 | 샤프 가부시키가이샤 | 도광판과 이를 구비한 광원 장치 및 표시 장치 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US6108059A (en) | 2000-08-22 |
| JPH11259007A (ja) | 1999-09-24 |
| EP0942228A1 (en) | 1999-09-15 |
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