LT3576B - Method and appliance for milking mechanically - Google Patents

Abstract

This invention is intended for a machine milking method, which, in order to extract milk, creates a rarefaction of a predetermined size in the internal cavity of a milking cup, which is put on the teat, and causes pulsations of a rubber sleeve of a predetermined frequency and amplitude, which act on the teat, and the milking cup, which is put on before the main milking phase, stimulates the teat for a predetermined time during the stimulation phase. The invention also concerns a device intended for implementing the method. The purpose of the invention is to increase milk yield. This purpose is achieved by starting to extract milk 10-60 seconds after the start of stimulation. The device implementing the method is characterized in that the main pipe (2) leading to the dilution source has a parallel pipe having a first adjustable passage opening (33), in addition, a bypass pipe (50) is provided, bypassing the regulating throttle (26), and a second regulating throttle (71) is provided in the bypass pipe, the main pipe (2) is provided with a first closing device (31,32) located in the parallel pipe (33) and closing during the stimulation phase, and the bypass pipe (50) is provided with a second closing device (44) closing during the main milking phase.

Description

The invention concerns a method of machine milking, which, in order to extract milk, creates a rarefaction of a predetermined size in the internal cavity of a milking cup, which is put on the teat, and causes pulsations of a rubber sleeve of a predetermined frequency and amplitude, which act on the teat, and the milking cup, which is put on before the main milking phase, stimulates the teat for a predetermined time during the stimulation phase. The invention also concerns a device for the realization of a method, which has a pulsator iS connected on one side to a rarefaction source, and iS on the other side to pipelines passing through the pulsation cavities of the milking glasses, two membranes interconnected by connecting rods, each of which divides the aneroid box into two separate cavities, two of which cavities are interconnected by an adjustable throttle, and the other two have the ability to be connected in turn to the rarefaction source through a control mechanism, and a switching device connected to the connecting rods, which connects one or two groups of pipelines of the pulsator in turn to the rarefaction source and the atmospheric air outlet.

The species of animals from which humans obtain milk by machine milking, such as cows, sheep and goats, have a mechanism provided by nature that can cause direct blockage of milk release in dangerous situations. This phenomenon is known to every milker and causes concerns, which are called milk retention. Therefore, first of all, the main prerequisites for extracting milk should be the elimination of fear in the animals in general, the arousal of their sense of calm and security, and their general good condition. Due to the fact that the animals are accustomed to the milking process, that painless milking units have been perfected, that the animals are selected according to their readiness for milking and the principle of milk release, complete milk retention has now become a rare occurrence. In addition to complete blockage of milk release in individual animals, cases of partial blockage also occur, which fluctuate within wide limits and are expressed in varying degrees of unwillingness to release milk.

Depending on the breed and selection of the animals, there are clear differences in the adaptation to machine milking. These differences are manifested in the degree of udder emptying possible during the machine milking process. Such, for example, is currently the only dairy sheep breed, the Sardinian sheep, for which the possibilities of machine milking are currently well studied. The main machine milking of this breed is 81-87 7., and the secondary 19-13 7.. The secondary milking of sheep breeds milked by machine is on average about 37 7.. Therefore, it is noteworthy that even from sheep of the well-selected Casaf breed, the improved avasiD the amount of milk obtained by machine starvation is so small that the lambs of one litter, when allowed to approach the ewe after milking, easily suck the amount of milk that is necessary for its growth. This example shows particularly well that in order to actually extract all the milk, appropriate stimulation is necessary. This is confirmed by recent scientific studies carried out on 7 breeds of sheep. In this case, the proportion of animals that gave milk completely to the machine due to stimulation increased on average from 48% to 76%. This increase was approximately equal for all seven breeds. Furthermore, the positive effect of udder emptying in this study is that the increase in the amount of milk extracted approximately corresponds to a secondary decrease in the amount of milk extracted by hand.

Over the past 20 years, in parallel with the widespread introduction of machine milking, great breeding achievements have been achieved in breeding dairy cows adapted to machine milking. For example, there are currently high-yielding breeds (Holstein Friesian, German Green, German Black and White, Danish Green) or crossbred breeds (Israeli Friesian, Swiss Green, Green and Holstein Friesian), which, being very productive, can be completely milked by machine. On the other hand, due to various breeding goals (for example, emphasizing meat productivity, lower sensitivity, lower requirements for feed), the classic national breeds (German Black and White, Swiss Green) are very relevant and widespread. These animals also allow themselves to be milked, but satisfactory udder emptying is possible only after high-quality stimulation. And even in this case, it is not always possible to achieve the high degree of udder emptying of pure dairy cows. As scientific research shows, these breeds also respond clearly positively, in terms of annual milk and fat productivity of more than 10%, when, instead of the usual udder preparation,

C lasting 12-20 seconds? is a continuous quality stimulation C lasting 40-60 seconds?. In addition, good stimulation at the beginning of lactation has a positive effect on the growth of the mammary glands.

In principle, the preparation for milking is brought about by stimulation. This applies to both the natural act of sucking and the extraction of milk by machine. Stimulation is a very complex process. Nerve reflexes caused by stimulating stimuli weaken the tension of the smooth muscles of the udder. As a result, the narrow milk ducts in particular dilate. In addition, the pituitary gland releases the hormone oxytocin into the bloodstream and causes certain cells surrounding the alveoli that produce milk to contract. At the same time, the milk that is constantly secreted in the alveoli is squeezed out of the porous structure of the glands (milk ejection) and as a result, only then does the milk flow into the lower cavities and only then is it milked at all. The milk let-down causes an increase in internal pressure in the udder to 30-60 mbar, which causes the teats to become stiff, receiving more blood, and the narrow space between the teat and the cistern of the gland (Fiursteinberg's venous ring) opens wide. Only now is the animal ready to be milked.

Regardless of the breed and type of dairy cattle, optimal milk production is only possible by quickly and carefully expressing milk immediately after full milking.

As far as possible, complete emptying of the udder is very important for milk productivity because secretion, together with glandular tissue and metabolic activity, depends on the availability of space. When the storage volume is filled, the internal pressure of the udder increases. Since milk secretion occurs by overcoming this pressure, it decreases when the storage volume is filled. Based on these circumstances, there is a mistaken, sometimes defended, view that milk that has not been milked before will be additionally milked during the next milking. It is probably completely lost. If the udder is not completely emptied for a long time, this immediately leads to a decrease in daily productivity, a shortening of lactation time and a deterioration in resistance. The influence of the degree of udder emptying on productivity is especially pronounced in highly productive cows, and least of all in goats, since the filling volume of their glandular cistern is much larger than the glandular tissue.

The general rule is that the better the stimulation, the faster and more milk is produced. Poor stimulation increases the secondary milking by machine and at the same time the manual work during milking. As the secondary milking increases, the number of udder diseases increases at the same time.

Stimulation can be done in principle by various methods of stimulation, such as touch, heat, vision, hearing, smell. In addition, the stimulation receptors located in the nipple and at the base of the nipple, which are sensitive to touch and pressure, are of great importance. When massaging, the hands

In the teat, the receptors are stimulated until milk is released. This work takes the milker at least 45-60 seconds. In terms of cows, this is almost double the time the milker spends on each animal compared to the case where stimulation is not performed before milking. However, in practice, the increase in total milking time is less, since good stimulation makes the secondary milking much shorter, and therefore less manual labor is required to extract the milk.

The calculations of the economy of labor for sheep look particularly bad, first of all, because during milking only about 10% of the milk produced by one cow is milked. Even if the usual repeated milking of sheep were abandoned, due to the preliminary stimulation by hand and the low labor productivity, the productivity would decrease by 40%. Therefore, stimulation of sheep is not practiced anywhere at present.

On the other hand, it is also necessary to consider that the degree of udder emptying achieved without stimulation also varies greatly among animals in the same herd. Animals that are not fully milked without stimulation have an inevitable consequence - a decrease in productivity and udder diseases. In sheep, such udder diseases usually end in death. In addition, objective economic calculations show that in the end no work rationalization effect can be such that it does not compensate for at least a small amount of milk productivity deficiencies. This means that in order to obtain as much milk as possible, there is no alternative to high-quality stimulation of all dairy animals, if we consider it from an economic point of view.

In practice, there have long been various attempts to mechanize stimulation work. Various special brushes, vibrators and massaging devices are known. However, all these devices have the disadvantage that the milker, as before, must be near the animal during the entire stimulation period and at the same time cannot save time. In addition, these devices often irritate the entire udder, and not the teats, the irritation of which is much more effective.

This drawback has not been overcome, at least not by semi-automation of the milking cup, because the necessary positioning requires the use of equipment, which is associated with technical costs and often breaks down under difficult working conditions. This solution is opposed, for example, by the fact that the need to restrict the movement of the animal often leads to undesirable milk retention, and at the same time, an effect is often achieved that is the opposite of effective stimulation. Such positioning causes great difficulties, for example, with restless sheep.

US patent 2554166 already discloses a device for stimulating the udder, which consists of a ground-mounted apparatus with several upwardly directed nozzles from which a warm liquid is sprayed under pressure. The disadvantage of such a device is high water consumption, large losses of heated water and significant hygienic disadvantages, since the weightlessness on the udder softens and the teats become weightless due to the weightless water flowing through them, which can only be removed by careful manual work.

In US patent 4034713, a milking machine device is proposed for the stimulation process, in which a device with several supports is provided for each teat, which springily fit to the teat from various sides, and which have spray heads on the inwardly facing sides, from which a warm liquid is sprayed onto the teat. The said device is only suitable for the stimulation process. The milker himself has to put it on, and at the end of the stimulation phase - remove it again, in order to then put the milking machine on the teats. The application of such known stimulating devices, which work independently of the milking machine, has shown that the coordination of stimulation and the urgent putting on of the milking machine is difficult to implement in practical conditions. If the animal is in such a state that it is ready to be milked, even if it is not milked for a short time, then the stimulation effect not only quickly disappears, but also partly even has a negative effect on the emptying of the udder. This is what often happens in practice, since the milker usually serves several milking machines and is busy with routine work, such as combining and secondary milking of another animal. As the number of milking machines increases, and in order to increase work efficiency, the milker is constantly in a stressful state, irritated by the requirements to stimulate qualitatively, to put the milking machine on time and to milk it completely mechanically a second time, so that the machine does not work idle. In addition, the milker practically always has to decide which animal to choose.

To avoid the need for stimulation by the milker and to avoid the need to coordinate individual work operations at the beginning of milking, milking machines have been designed that have a pre-stimulation phase before the main milking phase.

IS VFR 1482320 patent discloses a method of milking using cups with two cavities, when during the milking phase the pulsator blade creates a rarefaction of air in the cup cavity and atmospheric pressure, and the teat in the inner cavity of the rubber sleeve is affected by a constant rarefaction of air. At the beginning of the milking process, this known milking apparatus, after putting the milking cups on the teats, stimulates in such a way that the teat in the inner cavity of the rubber sleeve is affected by a rarefaction of air of the same magnitude as the rarefaction during the milking phase. However, during the discharge phase, the air pressure in the milking cup cavity increases more than atmospheric pressure, so the rubber sleeve presses the teat much more strongly, and as a result, the teat is massaged. The increase in pressure in the pulsator pipes is stopped only when milk starts to be sprayed from the alveoli into the tanks. However, it is not specified how this is determined. Since a constant air depletion is created during the stimulation phase, and the pulsator pressure has a suction phase, the parameters of which are the same as those of the milking process, normal milk extraction begins here immediately after the milking cups are attached.

Deutsche Agrartechnik, 21, Jahrgarg, Heft 4, April, 1971, in the article Zur Automatisierung der Milchgewinnung in the journal Z. Czech, p. 164, describes the method according to patent VFR 1482320. In this method, too, immediately after the milking machine is attached, a normal rarefaction of air is created in the inner space of the milking cup. The pulsator pressure control is changed in such a way that an excess pressure of 0.5 kg/cm is created in the milking cup cavity during each discharge stroke, and in the suction phase the pressure is reduced to the normally applied rarefaction. At the same time, during the discharge stroke, the teats are massaged intensively. These changing conditions are maintained for 60 seconds until normal milking is started, when during the discharge stroke the pulsator pressure increases only to atmospheric pressure. Since in this pre-phase the usual dilation is created during each pumping stroke, normal milk extraction begins immediately after the milking cups are attached.

From the patent VFR 1956196 a method of machine milking using cups with two cavities is known, which describes that when the cups with two cavities are put on the teats, they rise upwards if the cow is not yet sufficiently stimulated. Since this can cause a blockage of the milk flow, according to this known method the rarefaction in the inner cavity of the rubber sleeve is reduced both at the beginning of the milking process and during the suction phases in the milking cup cavity in order to protect the teats from injuries and to ensure milk extraction in general. The variation of the rarefaction in the milking cup cavity, corresponding to the decrease in the rarefaction in the inner cavity of the rubber sleeve, acts on the teats in such a way as to avoid the effect of so-called ballooning'*. Such a decrease in rarefaction also occurs at the end of the milking process, when the milk flow decreases. It is also considered expedient to reduce the frequency of the pulsator when the measured milk flow decreases, since the frequency of teat massage would therefore be reduced. A high frequency of massaging when milk flow is low or absent is considered a disadvantage, as it can lead to damage to the nipples.

In general, the variation of parameters in the known mode occurs only depending on the measured milk flow.

Further, from the patent of VFR 2524398, a milking vacuum is known, in which, in contrast to the method previously known from the patent of VFR 1956i96, the thinning of the inner cavity of the rubber sleeve acting on the teats is increased to such an extent that the milk is definitely extracted, because with the methods known up to that time this was not always possible for animals that were difficult to milk because the vacuum vacuum was too thin at the beginning of the milking.

At the beginning of the milking process, when milk is not yet flowing or only a small amount is flowing, a correspondingly reduced thinning is created in the pulsation cavity to protect the teats. In addition, the thinning created in the pulsation cavity must be of such a size that during suction the inner wall of the rubber sleeve acting on the teat does not open completely so that the thinning does not affect the entire teat, but only its tip. In addition, this method significantly limits the flow of milk back towards the teat. Such backflow is a risk factor for transmitting mastitis. This starvation ensures that milk is reliably extracted from animals that are difficult to milk, even during the stage when great care is taken. The switch from the initial phase, during which the thinning in the pulsation cavity is reduced, to the main milking phase also takes place depending on the milk flow.

From US Patent No. 4011838, a method of milking is also known, in which the expansion in both the inner cavity of the rubber sleeve and the pulsation cavity is reduced in the stimulation phase compared to the expansion during the main milking phase. In the best variants of milking machines, a reduction of 33 kPa in the rubber sleeve space and a reduction of 27 kPa in the pulsation cavity during the stimulation phase are considered particularly suitable. At such pressures, it is guaranteed that milk from cows that are normally milked will flow immediately after the muscle tone of the narrowed ducts decreases, i.e. after 5-15 seconds. This process is completely independent of milk ejection, i.e. milk from an unstimulated cow also flows from the tank. Accordingly, the milking process and at the same time the switch from the stimulation phase to the main milking phase are also controlled, depending on the milk flow, for example, when it exceeds 0.2 kg per minute. Only for cows that are difficult to milk, a switchover after a preset time of 61 seconds is provided as an aid, if the milk flow has not exceeded the set limit value by that time. It is considered appropriate to additionally reduce the pulsation frequency during the stimulation phase compared to the pulsation frequency during the main milking phase.

Further, from the US patent, a milking method is already known, which solves the problem of overstretching of the teat base CBalooningJ due to the annular edge of the rubber sleeve, which is put on the teat, as well as the problem of the milking cup rising up along the teat. This is done in such a way that the amount of rarefaction in the upper part of the rubber sleeve, which acts on the teat, is measured, which is used as a signal controlling the rarefaction in the pulsation cavity, namely in the sense that, as the rarefaction in the upper part increases, the rarefaction in the pulsation cavity decreases so that in the suction position the rubber sleeve is not fully open. It is noted that the device can also be adapted for initial stimulation. However, if it were to operate according to the principle specified in the patent, then after putting the milking cup on the teat that is not filled with milk, it would not yet fit the rubber sleeve body, and rarefaction would already be required inside the rubber sleeve. Under these conditions, the teat cup rises up the teat until its annular edge from the head side begins to rest on the teat 1 and fits against it. Usually, for a teat without a device, this only happens at the level of the Fürstenberg venous ring. Only when the teat cup is completely on the upper part of the teat, due to the large rarefaction of about 50 kPa and located in the inner cavity of the head, the rarefaction in the pulsation cavity decreases to approximately 17 kPa. However, due to this reduction, this milking cup rise can no longer be avoided later, therefore, as already described in the patent application P3001963, due to the sensitive overstretching of the teat base, which occurs from the action of the annular edge of the rubber sleeve on the pressure-sensitive receptors 1, a pressure is created at the teat base, which is unpleasant for the cow. In terms of stretching the base of the teat, this known method is comparable to a completely normal milking machine. It even works better than this method, because the teats are massaged much more strongly.

From the patent VFR 2423554, a milking stall and a device are also already known, in which, due to a controlled valve inserted into each pulsator tube, an unregulated opening movement of the rubber coupling hose into the pulsation cavities of the milking glass is prevented during the milking phase, since this movement may cause a reverse flow of milk towards the teat, which would act as a blow to the teat tip, which may be the cause of the bacteria mechanism entering the inside of the cow's teat. For this reason, at the beginning of the milking process, while the milk flow is below a certain threshold, a control device is inserted into each pulsator tube, which significantly reduces the cross-section of the pulsator tube and leaves only a small part of the cross-section free. This results in the fact that during the suction phase, the rarefaction in the milking cup cavity settles slowly, while when switching from the suction phase to the discharge phase, air enters suddenly and the pressure in the pulsation cavity increases almost immediately to atmospheric pressure.

This method is not very suitable for stimulation, because an unstimulated teat, which is not yet producing milk, is subjected to very high forces that can cause damage to the teat cistern.

Indeed, the above methods have the advantage that the milker no longer has the problem of proper time coordination. However, in practice, compared to manual stimulation, the above methods lead to unsatisfactory results, such as poor udder emptying and long milking times. But contrary to expectations, these results are completely similar, despite the completely different implementations of the stimulation phase.

The basis of this invention is the formulated task of creating a method of machine milking with automatic stimulation, which would provide optimal preparation for milking, in order to improve udder emptying, increase milk productivity, and improve milking efficiency.

Based on the above-mentioned method, this problem is solved according to the invention in such a way that milk is not drawn for 40-90 seconds, and preferably 40-60 seconds, from the beginning of this stimulation phase, and only then does milking begin.

This technical idea arose from such observations and such experience. Even when milking by hand, when the stimulating effect is best suited to natural milk extraction, in some sheep farms the sheep are milked twice with a short interval CRipasso?. In this case the second manual milking constitutes up to 44% of the best manual milking. If, on the other hand, the manual secondary milking, which in this case is applied to the sheep after machine milking, is replaced by repeated milking of the milking apparatus within a short time Cdouble pose?, then the Assaf and Avassi sheep do not experience a decrease in milk productivity. From this observation it was concluded that the essence is not the type of stimulation, but that the short interval between milkings has the main influence. Initially, it was concluded that the sheep, which usually requires stronger stimulation than the cow, experiences adequate stimulation irritation from the milking machine, regardless of whether pre-stimulation has been done or not by known methods. C Si s assertion contradicts the widespread belief that sheep do not respond to mechanical stimulation.? From the phenomena described above, it was concluded that, with mechanical stimulation, problems most often arise due to the delay time, usually 30-60 s, which elapses from the start of stimulation until the full effect of the neurohormonal response C alveolar eruption of milk}.

If a milking machine is put on an animal that has not been stimulated in advance, it is obvious that the so-called cistern milk is first milked, which can be milked without the participation of hormones. Due to secretory pressure, this milk first flows out of the alveoli and freely accumulates in the lower cavities of the udder. When the cistern milk has already been milked, which in most cases happens in sheep whose milk passage is 30-60 s. , until the alveolar milk is released from the upper part of the mammary gland as if from a sponge due to an eruption, only then can it be milked, then a process takes place that is not only externally analogous to secondary milking, but also has similar anatomical and physiological reasons.

During milking, the pressure inside the udder decreases linearly. The rate of decrease depends on the speed of milking and the amount of milk freely collected in the udder. As the internal pressure of the udder decreases, the milk ducts in the udder narrow, and first of all the width between the teat cistern and the glandular cistern at the level of the Fürstenberg venous ring. This process continues until less milk flows into the teat from above than is expressed through the narrowed ducts. As a result, the rarefaction passes to the teat cistern, the teat contracts and loses support in the milking cup, so the latter rises due to the vacuum and completely blocks the path of milk to the teat.

At the same time, in this state, the surfaces of the extremely sensitive inner mucosa of the teat rub against each other due to the pulsation, and together with the mechanical blockage, this irritation causes a nervous system-regulated narrowing of the milk outflow ducts of the udder, which manifests itself as a strong reluctance of the animals to be milked, despite the fact that the mammary gland is only partially emptied. This situation usually occurs in sheep, so after the first amount of milk that has freely accumulated in the udder is expressed, a pause is made at first, and then, after a certain time, milking is carried out a second time by hand.

It has been found that some high-yielding breeds of sheep, such as the Southern Alpine, deliver milk to the milking machine in two distinctly separated excretory periods, during which the milk flow rate decreases almost to zero. A new, in most cases slower, increase in milk flow rate begins approximately 40 seconds after the start of milking. In animals that are less demanding of stimulation, the onset occurs in sufficient time and the premature general blockage caused by the repeated increase in internal pressure in the udder is prevented. At the same time, at least some of the alveolar milk can be extracted by the machine, which considerably reduces the manual work required to empty the udder satisfactorily.

Among other things, it was also observed that in cows that were not sufficiently stimulated beforehand, the milk flow decreased sharply after 30-60 seconds. However, complete cessation of milk flow was rare. This is explained by the fact that a cow, with approximately the same amount of milk to be extracted in the teat, has a larger amount of tank milk compared to a sheep, so in most cases the tank milk is not completely milked when alveolar milk is released from the upper part of the udder due to the stimulating action of the machine. However, it was observed that it is obvious that the retention of milk ejection causes slower milking and poorer udder emptying. Several reasons can be mentioned here. In the absence of increased internal pressure in the udder, the animal does not want to be milked at the beginning of milking, as a result of which the tone of the smooth muscles of the udder does not fully relax. Although delayed milk let-down also causes an increase in the internal pressure of the udder, due to the already partially emptied space in the lower udder cavities, the pressure never reaches the same level as in the case of milk let-down immediately before milking. Moreover, such a delayed increase in internal pressure can only partially eliminate the narrowing of the udder milk ducts caused by the previous too rapid decrease in internal pressure in the udder during the first minutes of milking. At the same time, milk flow from the upper part of the udder becomes correspondingly more difficult. Poor udder emptying is further aggravated by the weakening of the hormonal stimulation during milking. This factor is of great importance, at least for cows whose average milking time is more than 5 minutes.

From this test it should be concluded that dairy cattle should not be milked until the animal is ready to be milked due to insufficient milk let-down and high internal pressure in the udder. Therefore, milking during the stimulation phase inevitably leads to a decrease in milk yield and the consequences described above.

As studies have shown, it is not necessary to stimulate throughout the entire stimulation phase. It has been found that it may be sufficient to stimulate at the beginning of the stimulation phase and then stop the stimulation again. It is important to start expressing milk only after approximately 40-60 seconds have passed since the start of stimulation. For example, stimulation is completely sufficient when stimulation is given for the first 30 seconds, then stimulation is stopped for 10-30 seconds, and milk expression is only started after this break.

If the device according to the invention is implemented with one single-cavity milking cup, then usually during the stimulation phase only such a rarefaction is created inside the milking cup that is sufficient only to keep the milking cup on the teat, and milk is not drawn from the teat. In fact, stimulation can be performed by heating the teat with an electric device installed inside the milking cup, or by preheated air supplied to the single-cavity milking cup. For this purpose, an additional remote control valve can be provided on the outside of the single-cavity milking cup, opened during the stimulation phase and closed at other times. In the above-mentioned example, in the variant with a single-cavity milking cup, stimulation can be performed in such a way that electrodes can be placed or vaporized on the inside of the single-cavity milking cup, with which electrical impulses are — 20 — supplied to the teat, preferably with a frequency of 5-70 Hz.

According to the invention, another embodiment of the method, having a milking cup with two cavities, allows reducing the expansion in the pulsator tubes during the stimulation phase, compared to the milk extraction phase, to such an extent that the rubber sleeve acting on the teat and during the rest of the suction phase would remain in a more than half-closed state and would interfere with milk extraction.

Due to the compressed rubber sleeve, which is in contact with the teat, the thinning remains the same as during the milking process, and no milk is drawn in during the stimulation phase. In this phase, even with a sagging teat, the milking cup is blocked from rising upwards, as the rubber sleeve is constantly more or less compressed and only vibrates. In the pulsator pipes, thinning can be reduced by a vacuum limiting valve installed in the milking cup or in the pulsator pipe, which is activated remotely or simply after a certain delay. As soon as the vacuum limiting valve is released, thinning in the pulsator pipe reaches its full size again as in the milking phase, and therefore the milking phase begins.

In addition to reducing the thinning during the suction stroke, the pressure in the discharge strokes can be increased by connecting the pulsator tube to the corresponding excess pressure tube. In this case, the teat is massaged particularly well. However, this variant requires a more complex control scheme, since before the thinning is activated, the teats must first be placed in the milking cup, otherwise the thinning will make it impossible to place the teats in the cup.

The additional compressed air supply can have a pressure of 1.3 to 1.7 bar.

Stimulation can also be carried out in such a way that there is a constant pulsating excess pressure in the cavity of the two-chambered cup. The limits of the pulsating excess pressure are approximately 1.2 to 1.7 bar. With this type of stimulation, the teat is well massaged. Further, the thinning in the inner cavity of the rubber sleeve is reduced so that the milking cup remains on the teat, thereby protecting the teat from damage. A corresponding pulsator safety valve should be provided in the pulsator pipe, which, during normal milking, switches off or a transition is set. For milking, the usual milking parameters of the milking cup are set.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the stimulation can be carried out in such a way that, after the milking cup is put on, the teat is heated or electrical impulses are applied to the teat. In this case, the rarefaction in the cavity of the rubber sleeve can maintain the same size as in the milking phase, when at that time the pulsator is kept in the discharge stroke, i.e. there is atmospheric pressure in the milking cup cavity. In order to pass

from the stimulation phase to the milking phase phase. just need from new start the pulsator. Generally about this invention is available optimal stimulation and optimal milk production surrender. For that, that you can do the stimulation yourself milking machine, and that

The stimulation phase is precisely time-consistent with the milking phase, ensuring that milk extraction only begins when good quality stimulation has been achieved, and on the other hand, milk extraction does not begin when the peak of stimulation has long passed. It has been shown that optimal stimulation can significantly reduce udder emptying and milking speed.

This is a double advantage for the milker because, firstly, he no longer needs to stimulate the animals himself, but only needs to put on the milking machine, and secondly, due to good stimulation, the amount of secondary milking is reduced.

The above-described method of milking causes good stimulation for most cows and the resulting improvements in all the aforementioned parameters. It also turned out that such machine stimulation is noticeably better than manual stimulation performed by a specialist for 60 seconds. This can probably be explained by the fact that with machine stimulation, there is a summation of stimulating effects, which is probably due to the fact that with machine stimulation, all four teats are stimulated simultaneously, while with manual stimulation, only two teats are soaped at the same time. Good stimulation is characterized by the fact that, regardless of the quantitatively measured improvements, during milking, during the stimulation phase and the main milking phase that follows it, the cows usually stand very still, as if in thought, with half-closed eyes and lowered ears. Particularly sensitive animals react to this by raising their tails for a long time, thereby showing satisfaction. At the beginning of the stimulation phase, such animals are also calm and thoughtful, which is partly related to the lifting of the tail. And the udder and teats of these cows become firm and elongated. All these signs indicate that the stimulation is very effective, and that the animal is optimally prepared to be milked. However, in these cows, optimal preparation for milking may decrease even during the stimulation phase. During this stage, partial relaxation and shortening of the teats can be accurately determined. At the end of the stimulation phase, the animals become restless, while at the beginning of the stimulation phase they stood calm and thoughtful. In some cases, it even happened that the milking machine was dropped at the end of the stimulation phase.

This phenomenon was often followed by slower or delayed milk letdown, which was associated with an increase in secondary milk production.

After extensive research, it was found that the above-mentioned difficulties usually arose due to the following circumstances:

a? some cows partially stimulate themselves during preparation for milking, i.e. some cows already develop conditioned reflexes due to optical, acoustic or olfactory stimuli before the apparatus is put on (for example, giving concentrated feed from a milking cup). However, qualitative stimulation is observed very rarely;

b? some cows already have milk dripping before milking, despite the fact that milk has not yet been let down Cleaving milk? ;

-- 24 — c5 more often during morning milking than evening milking;

d5 for cows that respond very quickly and strongly to stimulation;

e5 more often in cows in the first third of lactation than in cows in the second third, and especially in the third third;

f5 for cows in their second or third lactation compared to cows in their first lactation;

g5 finally for cows with small udders and high milk productivity.

After much speculation about the specific course of stimulation in the above cases, it was found that in certain cases, probably at a time when oxytocin has not yet fully taken effect, a very high pressure is created in the udder, which can occur for various reasons, especially if the space in the glandular cistern is small compared to the volume of milk squeezed out of the alveoli. For example, the ratio between the volume of the alveoli and the volume of the glandular cistern in individual cows can vary from 30:70 to 70:30.5 These internal udder pressures can exceed 10 kPa. However, if such a high internal pressure occurs in the udder, it is obvious that it is unpleasant for the cow and even causes her pain. This can cause the release of the hormone adrenaline during the stimulation phase and at the same time an immediate decrease in the tone of the smooth muscles of the udder, as a result of which, having already appeared by this time, the readiness to be milked practically disappears suddenly. Furthermore, adrenaline can block the unoccupied oxytocin receptors in the alveolar mass and at the same time prevent the milk from being properly ejected. Ultimately, this whole process can result in the cow being more unfit for milking at the end of the stimulation phase than unstimulated cows.

After a number of tests, it was found that the internal pressure of the udder at the end of a quality stimulation phase is usually around 3-5 kPa. However, measurements show that the internal pressure of the udder has a large range, from less than 1.5 kPa to more than 11 kPa.

Therefore, further milk extraction is improved in the direction of achieving optimal stimulation of the cow before the main milking phase, so that increased internal pressure does not occur in the udder before the start of the main milking phase, which reduces the readiness to be milked.

In the invention, the problem set out on the basis of the above-mentioned method is solved in such a way that during the stimulation phase, the pulsation of the rubber sleeve on the teat is carried out at a frequency that exceeds the frequency of the main milking phase by at least 50% and during this time period, the maximum rarefaction in the pulsation cavity of the milking glass is selected depending on the rarefaction of the internal cavity of the rubber sleeve acting on the teat and on the pressure of the formation of the fold of the rubber sleeve in such a way that it is in the interval calculated according to the formula:

pulse and its duration

C stimulat ion phaseZ) thinning in the inner cavity of the coupling the length of the coupling crease formation + 5 k Pa

The method proposed in the invention provides good, i.e. high-quality, stimulation and all the resulting positive consequences for practically all cows. The basis of the invention is the conclusion that it is obviously particularly good if at the end of the stimulation phase, i.e. approximately 40-90 s. from the start of stimulation, the internal pressure in the udder is about 3-5 kPa. Usually this corresponds to an average increase in the internal pressure of the udder from 2.5 to 3.5 kPa during the stimulation phase. It turned out that, on the one hand, such an increase in pressure should, if possible, be achieved by the end of the stimulation phase, but on the other hand, the pressure should not increase further and become higher than the aforementioned pressure, because such a further increase in the internal pressure in the udder can again reduce the cow's readiness to be milked, since it is unpleasant for the cow or even causes pain. If an increase in the internal pressure in the udder is caused quickly and prematurely, i.e. by the end of the 40-90 s. time interval between the start of stimulation and the start of the main milking phase, stimulation should be performed in such a way that, if possible, for all cows at the end of the stimulation phase after 40-90 s. the internal pressure in the udder reaches 3-5 kPa and that there is no further increase in the internal pressure in the udder that would exceed this pressure.

This is achieved by the fact that the maximum rarefaction in the pulsation cavity during the suction phase is selected accordingly depending on the rarefaction in the inner cavity of the rubber sleeve and the pressure of the formation of the fold of the rubber sleeve together with the increase in the pulsation frequency. Due to this process, milk is not extracted until the internal pressure in the udder is about 3-5 kPa, and if the internal pressure in the udder increases more than the above, only enough milk is extracted so that this internal pressure remains at 3-5 kPa during the stimulation phase.

In this case, the internal pressure of the rubber sleeve 1 can be maintained at the same level as the pressure applied during the normal main milking phase. However, the rarefaction in the internal cavity of the rubber sleeve can also be reduced during the stimulation phase. The method itself does not depend on the amount of this rarefaction in the internal cavity of the rubber sleeve as long as the rarefaction is of a sufficient magnitude to allow milk to be drawn off as soon as the internal pressure in the udder exceeds the above-mentioned value. The choice of the difference between the pressure in the internal cavity of the rubber sleeve and the pressure in the pulsation cavity is of great importance for the implementation of the method. The difference between these pressures at a given rarefaction in the internal cavity of the rubber sleeve is evident from the indicated ratio, but it naturally depends on the hardness of the rubber sleeve. It has been shown that the comparative value of the hardness of the rubber sleeve can be determined from the wrinkling pressure. In this case, the crimping pressure is considered to be the difference in pressure between the inner cavity of the rubber sleeve and the pulsation cavity, which compresses the rubber sleeve to the point where its two opposing walls come into contact at one point. If the pressure in the inner cavity of the rubber sleeve is assumed to be equal to the pressure in the pulsation cavity, and if the rarefaction in the pulsation cavity is reduced, this first causes the inner wall of the rubber sleeve to fit more and more closely against the teat, until finally, as the rarefaction in the pulsation cavity continues to decrease, the rubber sleeve does not loosen, i.e. until the two opposing inner walls of the rubber sleeve begin to fit together at a certain distance below the teat.

In this state, the rubber sleeve still has a free passage, the cross-section of which is in the form of a stretched octagon, through which milk can flow as before. The harder the rubber sleeve, the greater the wedge-shaped force tension can be transmitted from the walls of the rubber sleeve to the nipple tip to close the passage, i.e. to close the narrowed channel. A very soft rubber sleeve on the nipple Csmall wrinkling pressure?, although it can easily compress under a small pressure difference, the wedge-shaped force tension with which it can act on the nipple tip in an approximately radial direction is insignificant. Such a soft rubber sleeve fits softly to the nipple tip along its entire surface, and therefore pressure acting on the nipple tip from all sides occurs and there is no radial wedge-shaped force tension. Studies have shown that in order to obtain certain closing tension forces acting on the teat apex, other things being equal, the difference in pressure between the pulsation cavity and the inner cavity of the rubber sleeve for a soft rubber sleeve with a low puckering pressure (C 6 kPa!) must be 10 times greater than that for a hard rubber sleeve with a high puckering pressure (C 15 kPa?).

The pressure difference between the rarefaction in the pulsation cavity during the pulling phase and the rarefaction in the inner cavity of the rubber sleeve acting on the teat, such that during the stimulation phase the internal pressure is maintained at 3-5 kPa, and the internal pressure in the udder, increasing above this value, decreases to the aforementioned pressure during milking, was found from the fact that during the stimulation phase the rarefaction in the inner cavity of the rubber sleeve is in the range of 20~5i kPa, and that rubber sleeves with a wrinkling pressure of 5~i5 kPa are used.

Setting the pressure difference between the rarefaction in the pulsation cavity during the withdrawal phase and the rarefaction in the inner cavity of the rubber sleeve acting on the teat, such that the internal pressure is maintained equal during the stimulation phase

3-5 kPa, and the internal pressure in the udder, increasing more than this value, would decrease to the aforementioned pressure during milking, was found from the fact that during the stimulation phase, the rarefaction in the internal cavity of the rubber sleeve is in the range of 20-51 kPa, and the pressure is equal to 5~i5 kPa.

For stimulation, the type of stimulation itself is not very important as long as a minimum level of irritation is achieved. The minimum value of 5i can vary greatly. If, according to this method of the invention, the movement of the rubber sleeve were reduced, i.e.

amplitude of movement to limit the milk flow, it turns out that under these conditions it would no longer be possible to perform optimal stimulation. According to the invention, it was observed that even under these conditions it is possible to achieve optimal stimulation when the pulsation frequency is increased accordingly. It turned out that a small amplitude of movements of the rubber sleeve and an increased pulsation frequency primarily cause a much better relaxation of the udder tone and especially the muscles of the narrowed ducts, compared to large movements of the rubber sleeve and a lower frequency. This means that as the pulsation frequency increases, it is usually necessary to increase the pressure acting on the teat in order to limit the milk flow accordingly. It turned out that it is very good if, at least at low frequencies {starting from 120 cycles per minute} , the slope of the pulsation curve is selected during the stimulation phase to be as flat as possible, i.e. During the stimulation phase, the usually rectangular pulsation curve is transformed into a sawtooth or triangular or even isosceles triangle curve. The flatter the increase or decrease in the pulsating rarefaction, the less impulses are exerted on the teat. In addition, the rubber sleeve can more easily follow the pressure fluctuations, so there is no need to fear uncontrolled or sudden movements of the sleeve Csnappy pulsationD. Another advantage is that due to the triangular shape of the pulsation curve, the pulling phase is usually significantly reduced and the time of minimum load on the teat apex is significantly shortened. At the same time, the rarefaction in the pulsation cavity can be increased without increasing the milk outflow. This increases the amplitude of the rubber sleeve movement and the stimulating rarefaction with the previous milk flow.

The increase in tone attenuation due to higher pulsation frequencies and the decrease in the pulling force acting on the nipple apex due to the flat slope of the curve balance each other out. However, following the trend, it is necessary to slightly increase the pressure on the nipple as the frequency increases. Frequencies of 120-280 cycles per minute have proven to be particularly suitable, so that, with short stimulation times, it is better to stimulate actively, i.e.

at a high frequency (up to 450 cycles per minute!) and not very low amplitude. However, there are indications that it is better to apply a slightly lower intensity stimulation, in order to avoid a certain risk of overstimulation in the long term or to avoid the development of a habit. According to the invention, the bod is applicable not only to cows, but to the same extent also to sheep and goats, moreover, for the latter it is necessary to apply smaller pressure differences, calculated according to the above formula.

The above considerations are reserved for the so-called two-cavity cup, i.e. a milking cup with a rubber sleeve, which is put on the teat, in which a cavity is formed between the rubber sleeve and the cup body, intended for connection to the pulsator, however, according to the invention, this body can be realized with the so-called one-cavity milking cup, i.e. a milking cup in which there is no change of suction stroke and discharge stroke, and the teat tip is constantly pressed by the rubber sleeve without massage. In this case, the thinning in the milking cup, when the cup is put on the teat, during the stimulation phase must be selected so that, despite the thinning, there is internal pressure in the udder during the stimulation phase. Therefore, when using a single-cavity milking cup, the method according to the invention should be implemented in such a way that during the stimulation phase the torus of the upper part of the single-cavity cup pulsates at a frequency 50% higher than the frequency of the main milking phase, and that during this time the rarefaction in the inner cavity of the rubber sleeve acting on the teat is limited to 18-25 kPa.

It is not necessary for stimulation to involve nipple pulsation throughout the entire stimulation phase. In fact, such pulsation can be performed only during part of the stimulation phase, i.e.

at the beginning of the stimulation phase. If the pulsation is turned off during the next part of the stimulation, it is necessary to control that the position of the milking cup is the suction phase, and since the position of the cup is static, that there is a sufficient pressure difference between the inner cavity of the rubber sleeve and the pulsation cavity.

The pressure difference between the inner cavity of the rubber sleeve and the pulsation cavity can be adjusted in a simple way using a vacuum limiting valve installed in the pulsator connecting pipe.

Stimulation is achieved in such a way that during the stimulation phase, a pulsating pressure is created in the pulsation chamber of the milking glass, which is increased not only to atmospheric pressure, but also to excess pressure. In this case, the excess pressure can be about 0-25 kPa. Due to the fact that the pressure in the pulsation chamber changes in the range from maximum rarefaction to maximum excess pressure, an increased irritating effect is exerted on the teat, which is desirable for less sensitive and less selected cows.

According to the invention, it is expedient to implement the method by using the device mentioned in the introductory part, which differs in that the main pipe C23 leading to the rarefaction source is equipped with a parallel pipe having a first adjustable passage opening C33D, and that a bypass pipe C503 is provided, bypassing the adjustment throttle.

C260, and that in the main pipe C2) a first closing device C31,320 is provided, located parallel to the pipe C330 and closed during the stimulation phase, in the bypass pipe C50? - a second closing device

C44?, is closed during the main milking phase. Such a design allows easy and precise adjustment of the pulsation frequency, changed during the stimulation phase, compared to the main milking phase, and the rarefaction created in the pulsation cavity, without making fundamental changes to already known pulsators.

In addition, in many embodiments, it is expedient to install a third closing device in the pipe for supplying atmospheric air, adjacent to the pulsator switching device, which is closed during the stimulation phase, and a second parallel pipe, bypassing the closing device and having a second adjustable passage opening. This arrangement allows for precise adjustment of the slope of the growth and decline of the pulsation cavity rarefaction curve, for example, so that both the growth and decline of the curve slope are equal or a sharp pulse is formed with a relatively sharp slope of the growth and decline of the curve.

In one embodiment, the first closing device in the main pipe is designed as a diaphragm valve, the control side of which is connected to the pipe through which atmospheric air is supplied and to the rarefaction source via a throttle. In another embodiment, the second closing device has a pneumatically controlled diaphragm, the control side of which is connected to both the pipe through which atmospheric air is supplied and to the rarefaction source via a throttle. In these cases, a particularly simple coordination of the stimulation phase with the temporary switching of the main milking phase is achieved by providing a fourth closing device in the pipe through which atmospheric air is supplied, which is closed depending on the advance time relay.

The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to the attached drawings, which show:

Fig. 1 - schematic view of a pulsator made according to the invention;

Fig. 2 - dependence of the rarefaction in the pulsation cavity on time, the ordinate axis shows the rarefaction in kilopascals, the abscissa axis shows time. C The constant rarefaction in the internal cavity of the rubber coupling acting on the nipple is 50 kPa, the maximum rarefaction in the pulsation cavity is 24 kPa, the frequency is 200 cycles per minute;

Fig. 3 - the solid curve represents a picture similar to Fig. 2, with the following values: the constant rarefaction in the inner cavity of the rubber sleeve acting on the teat is 43 kPa, the maximum rarefaction in the pulsation cavity is 22 kPa, the frequency is 240 cycles per minute. For additional comparison, the dotted line represents the normal curve of the pulsation during the main milking phase;

Fig. 4 - schematic view of a pulsator, similar in operating principle to the pulsator shown in Fig. i, but with electrical operation.

Fig. i schematically shows a pulsator 1 having a connecting pipe 2 leading to the rarefaction source, two pipes 3 and 4 leading to the pulsation cavities of the milking glasses Cnot shown3, and a pipe 5 through which atmospheric air is supplied. The main parts of the pulsator are: two aneroid boxes 6 and 7, each of which is divided by a membrane 8 and 9 4 two cavities 10 and 11, as well as 12 and 13, respectively. The membranes are connected by a rod 14, the ends of which are attached to the center of the membranes. A rod 14 is placed on the rod 14

Slider 15, Sliding plate 16, in which parallel to each other and perpendicular to the axis of the rod 14 are grooves 17, 18, 19. The two outer grooves 17 and 19 are connected to pipes 3 and 4, leading to the pulsation cavities, and the middle groove 18 is connected through a gasket to a pipe 20, which is connected to the connecting pipe 2, leading to a rarefaction source (not shown).

Both cavities 11 and 12 of the aneroid boxes 6 and 7 are connected to a known control mechanism by means of pipes 21, 22.

23. The control mechanism 23 is connected by a pipe 24 to the pipe 2 leading to the rarefaction source. Both cavities 10 and 13 of the aneroid boxes 6 and 7 are connected by a connecting pipe 25, in which a regulating throttle 26 is installed, which has the form of a dosing plug and is screwed into the pipe. The regulating throttle is required to change the transition section of the connecting pipe.

The previously described pulsator is known, except for the connecting pipe 5, through which atmospheric air is supplied.

According to the invention, the pipes 2 and 20 are connected in such a way that the pipe 2 enters the annular cavity 29 of the control mechanism 30. The annular cavity is open to the same side as the end of the pipe 20, and both openings can be closed by a membrane 31 if it fits against the surface 32. If the membrane is in the unbent position, the end of the pipe 20 is connected to the annular cavity 29 and through it to the pipe 2. Parallel to this connection is a continuous hole 33, connecting the pipe 20 and the annular cavity 29. The passage section of this hole 33 can be adjusted by a screw-in screw 34, the end of which is conical. The continuous hole 33 together with the screw-in screw 34 forms a vacuum reducing valve.

On the side of the membrane 31 opposite the end of the tube, another cavity 36 is formed, into which the atmospheric air inlet pipe 5 is connected. The atmospheric air inlet pipe 5 is usually open. This connecting pipe is usually a flexible hose. It can be clamped by the end 37 of the lever 38 and at the same time can be closed when the end 37 presses the hose of the pipe 5 against a fixed support.

39. The lever 38 is also part of a timer which can be preset for a certain advance time compared to the duration of the stimulation phase. While the preset time is running, the lever 38 rotates in the direction of the arrow 40, which is counterclockwise, and at the end of the preset time, the lever 38 presses against the tube 5.

In addition, the cavity 36 of the control mechanism 30 is connected by a tube 43 to a pneumatic hose clamp 44. The hose clamp 44 is formed by a housing of an aerodynamic box 45 divided into two cavities by a membrane 46. The tube 43 enters the cavity 47. The cavity 48 is open to the atmosphere, since a hook 49, attached to the membrane 46, passes through the wall of the housing. The hook 49 hooks with its curved end a bypass tube 50, which is a flexible hose and is a bypass tube of the control throttle 26 located in the connecting tube 25. On the other hand, the bypass tube 50 may have a control throttle 71.

In addition, another connecting pipe 53 is provided in the control mechanism 30, connecting the pipe 2 and the cavity 36. A throttle 54 is inserted into the connecting pipe 53, having a significantly smaller cross-section than the pipe 5.

The working principle of the pulsator is as follows.

At the beginning of the stimulation phase, the set stimulation time is set by turning the lever 38 of the timer 52 clockwise. Then the connecting pipe 5 opens, atmospheric pressure settles in the cavity 36 of the control mechanism 30, and through the pipe 43 and the hose in the cavity 47 of the pneumatic clamp 44. In this state, the pneumatic clamp 44 empties the bypass pipe 50. Since atmospheric pressure settles on one side of the membrane 31, and on the other side the rarefaction that has arisen through the pipe 2 acts, the membrane 31 of the control mechanism 30 bends so that it presses against the surface 32 and at the same time closes the direct transition from the pipe 2 through the annular cavity 29 to the pipe 20. In this case, the rarefaction from the pipe 2 can settle both in the pipe 20 and through the groove 18 in turn in one of the pulsation pipes 3 or 4 only through the annular cavity 29 and the continuous opening 33.

For the control mechanism 23 to work correctly, it is important that it is directly connected to the pipe 2 leading to the rarefaction source, and not to the pipe 20. The control mechanism directs the rarefaction resulting from the rarefaction source

3β in the tube 2, through the tube 22 into the cavity 12 of the aeroid boxes 7 and 6 and through the tube 2 i into the cavity 11. Accordingly, the membranes 8 and 9 and the rods 14 attached to them bend to the right and left in turn. The liquid contained in the cavities 13 and 10 of the aeroid boxes 6 and 7 can flow out through the connecting tube 25 and partly through the bypass tube 50, which is open at this moment. Since the bypass tube 50 is open, this equalization can take place very quickly, since a very fast return sliding movement of the hose 20 is guaranteed, i.e. a high pulsation frequency is guaranteed. In the bypass tube 50, the pulsation frequency required for the stimulation phase can be set by means of the regulating throttle 71. During the reciprocating sliding movement of each rod 14, the slider 15 mounted on it also moves in a reciprocating sliding movement, therefore, in the left end position of the slider, shown in the drawing, the grooves 17 and 18 connect with each other, as a result of which the rarefaction from the pipe 20 passes into the pulsator pipe 3, and atmospheric pressure through the free groove 19 settles in the pulsator pipe 4. In the right position of the rod 14, the slider stands so that the grooves 18 and 19 of the plate are connected and as a result of which the rarefaction from the pipe 20 passes into the pipe 4, and the groove 17 remains free, and then atmospheric pressure settles in the pulsator pipe

3.

By adjusting the size of the continuous opening 33, the rate of rarefaction settling in the tube 20 is set and, along with that,

- the size of this thinning until the next switch of the rod 14.

In the same way, the rise of the curve over time is regulated as the rarefaction in the pulsation cavity increases.

The adjustment of the slope of the pulsator curve, as shown in detail in Fig. 2 and 3, occurs in a similar manner by adjusting the entry of atmospheric air into the grooves 17 and 19. Such a device is easy to manufacture and is therefore not shown in detail.

At the end of the stimulation phase, the duration of which is determined by the timer 52, the end 37 of the lever 38 is pressed against the hose of the connecting tube 5, the hose is clamped and thus prevents the entry of atmospheric air. Starting from this moment, the rarefaction can settle in the cavity of the control mechanism 30, which has entered from the tube 2 through the throttle 54. As soon as the rarefaction in the cavity 36 is the same as in the tube 2, the membrane will move to the unfolded position

The teat will straighten, so the large cross-section pipe 2 will connect to the vacuum pipe 20 through the annular cavity 29. As a result, after each slider changeover, a large rarefaction will be established in the pipe 3 or 4 and at the same time in the corresponding pulsation cavities of the milking cups in a relatively short time, and the amount of rarefaction in the suction phases corresponds to the milking vacuum.

At the moment when the rarefaction in the cavity 36 of the control mechanism 30 is established, it is also established in the cavity 47 through the pipe 43 and acts so that the membrane Cfig. 19 bends upwards. At the same time, the hook 49 moves upwards, pulling the hose 50 to the outer side of the pneumatic clamp and clamps the hose 50. The bypass pipe 50 closes. At this stage, the pressure equalization between the cavities 10 and 12 of the aero boxes 6 and 7 takes place via the pipe 25 and the regulating throttle 26. However, from the very beginning, the throttle 26 is adjusted so that the pulsator can only oscillate at a frequency of about 60 cycles per minute. This frequency corresponds to the usual pulsation frequency during the main milking phase.

It follows that the pulsator according to the invention guarantees precise adjustment of parameters during the stimulation phase and at the same time automatic switching to the main milking phase after the stimulation phase has ended.

The control mechanism 30 does not necessarily have to be located in the tube 2 leading to the rarefaction source. It is even possible to place one control mechanism each in the tubes 3 and 4 (C alternating pulse mode). In the synphasic mode, only one control mechanism would be necessary for all the tubes of the pulsator taken together. The advantage of such a configuration is that in practice there is almost no need to change the existing stimulators.

Fig. 2 and 3 show the pressure variation characteristic of the pulsation cavity of a milking cup, the pulsation of which is controlled by the pulsator shown in Fig. 1 during the stimulation phase.

Fig. 2 shows the rarefaction in kilopascals in the pulsation cavity on the ordinate axis. Here, the value 0 represents atmospheric pressure. The 50 kPa line shows the amount of rarefaction, which is constant in the inner cavity of the rubber sleeve acting on the teat during the main milking phase and is maximum in the pulsation cavity during the suction phase. If the pulsation pressure cycle in the stimulation phase is analyzed, it can be seen that starting from point P, where the atmospheric pressure in the pulsation cavity stabilizes, the rarefaction increases continuously, reaching a maximum of 24 kPa at point P^. After reaching this maximum rarefaction, there is a continuous decrease in rarefaction until atmospheric pressure is again reached at point P^. As can be clearly seen from the curve, the increase in rarefaction occurs during the time interval from P to P , and the decrease in rarefaction occurs during the time interval from P^ to P _g in approximately the same way. In other words, the rise in the slope of the 60 curve roughly corresponds to the fall in the slope of the 60 curve. Moreover, this rise is relatively small. This means that there is no sudden change in pressure in the pulsation cavity during each cycle, so there is no large force impulse acting on the nipple during each cycle.

Furthermore, it can be seen from curve 60 that the maximum rarefaction in the pulsation cavity is reached and maintained only for a very short period of time, namely, during the time at point Ρθ. As explained above, the pressure difference in the inner cavity of the rubber sleeve from the maximum rarefaction in the pulsation cavity, taking into account the wrinkling pressure of the rubber sleeve, determines the minimum tension of the retaining forces on the teat apex during each pulsation cycle. The longer the time during which only a small retaining force acts on the teat apex, the more milk can be extracted, given the rarefaction created in the inner cavity of the rubber sleeve. Due to the fact that the maximum rarefaction in the pulsation cavity is reached only for a very short period of time, the milk actually extracted from the teat can be regulated very precisely and in very small quantities.

At the same time, it is possible to maintain the necessary internal pressure in the breast during the stimulation phase. Fig. 2 curve 60 shows the pulsation curve when the frequency is 200 cycles per minute.

It turned out that this pulsation frequency was very suitable for stimulation.

Fig. 3 shows a pulsation curve similar to the curve in Fig. 2. Under such stimulation, a rarefaction of 43 kPa was maintained in the inner cavity of the rubber sleeve. The rarefaction in the pulsation cavity was regulated according to curve 70 so that it cyclically varied from atmospheric pressure to a maximum rarefaction of 22.5 kPa. During the cycle, the rising and falling slopes of this curve are approximately of equal inclination and are relatively flat. The maximum rarefaction of 22.5 kPa also occurs for a very short time each time.

The pulsation frequency is 240 cycles per minute. It has been shown that the above conditions are very favorable for the stimulation phase. The dotted curve 80 is shown for comparison in Fig. 3. The Si curve 80 corresponds to the commonly used pulsation curve during the main milking phase. The Si curve is special in that the maximum rarefaction is 50 kPa, that the pulsation frequency is 60 cycles per minute, and that the suction phase is longer than the discharge phase.

Fig. 4 schematically shows another possible variant of the pulsator, in which the milking parameters can be adjusted by electrical control during the stimulation phase and during the main milking phase. In the pipe 90, leading from the thinning source, a first electromagnetic valve 91 is installed. The outlet pipe 92 of the first electromagnetic valve 91 is connected through a second electromagnetic valve 93 to a pipe 94, leading to the pulsation cavities. The first electromagnetic valve 9i has an anchor 95, at the lower end of which there is a valve plate 96. At the time when the second magnet 97 is in the excited state, the valve plate 96 is attracted to the valve seat 99 and overcomes the force of the spring 98.

In the non-operating position, the spring holds the solenoid valve open. Thus, when the magnet 97 is energized, the connection between the pipe 90 and the pipe 92 via the solenoid valve 91 is interrupted.

A regulating throttle 101 is installed in the pipe 100, which bypasses the electromagnetic valve 91 and connects the pipe 90 to the pipe 92.

The connecting pipe of pipes 92 and 94 is closed by a second electromagnetic valve 93.

The solenoid valve armature 102, which also has a valve plate 103 at its lower end, has a spring 104 and presses against the valve seat 105. As long as the solenoid coil 106 of the solenoid valve is not energized, the connection between the pipes and 94 is closed.

The anchor 102 has a blind bore 107 parallel to its axis, open upwards. It has a transverse bore 108.

When the solenoid coil 106 is not energized and the solenoid valve is closed, the cross-sectional opening is in a position in which it directly communicates with the tube 94. The outer opening of the cross-drilling 108 is closed by a tubular sleeve 109 when the solenoid coil 106 is energized and the armature 102 is in the raised position. As the armature 102 moves in the direction of the drawing Cfig. 40 plane, it is closed by a tubular sleeve 109. With the solenoid coil 106 in the energized state, the valve plate 33 opens the passage between the tubes in a vertical direction and 94.

The pulsator shown in Fig. 4 has the following operating principle.

Adjustment throttle before stimulation begins

Inserted into a given transition cut. The coil of the magnet 97 is energized because the first solenoid valve is closed. Then, during the stimulation phase, the solenoid valve is controlled to be at the pulsation frequency so that this solenoid valve opens and closes in accordance with the stroke required for the pulsation frequency. Each time this second solenoid valve 93 closes, the connection between the tube 94 and the tube 100 via the tube 93 with the tube 92, which is connected (not shown) to the rarefaction source, is broken. In this position of the second solenoid valve 93, the tubular sleeve 109 releases the opening of the transverse bore 108. In this way, the connection of the tube 94 via the transverse bore 108 and via the blind bore 107 with atmospheric pressure is restored and atmospheric pressure is established in the tube 92. If the magnet coil 106 is then energized, the armature 102 is attracted by the magnet, as a result of which the transverse drilling hole 108 is closed by the tubular sleeve 109. At the same time, the valve plate

103 rises from the socket 105, and the pipe 94 connects to the pipe 90 through the pipes 92 and 100. Since the pipe 100 has a throttle 101 and therefore has a narrowed passage for the pipe 100, the necessary rarefaction slowly establishes itself in the pipe 94. Due to all this, it is possible to conveniently and precisely regulate the growth of the slope of the pulsation curve by changing the pressure from atmospheric to the necessary rarefaction. The reverse change in the slope of the curve, i.e. from maximum rarefaction to atmospheric pressure, could be regulated in an appropriate way so that an adjustment throttle is installed at the upper end of the tubular sleeve 109.

The frequency at which the second solenoid valve 93 can vibrate is 90-400 cycles per minute.

When switching from the stimulation phase to the main milking phase, the coil 97 is energized and the solenoid valve 91 opens. As a result, a main connection is established between the pipes 90 and 92 and sufficient expansion can quickly be established in the pulsation cavities. At the same time, the frequency of the second solenoid valve 93 is reduced to the frequency characteristic of the main milking phase - 60 cycles per minute.

Claims (13)

DEFINITION OF INVENTION 1. A method of machine milking which relieves pressure to a predetermined amount of pressure on the inner cavity of an animal's teat milking glass and into the milking glass's inner cavity and pulsates at a predetermined frequency during the main milking and pre-primary milking phase milking glass rubber sleeve in the inner cavity and stimulating the nipple for a predetermined time, characterized in that, to improve the milking process, the rubber sleeve pulsates at a frequency 50% higher than the pulse rate of the main milking phase, reducing the pressure in the milking stimulation phase the reduction in the inner cavity of its rubber sleeve and against the compression of the walls of its rubber sleeve, expressed as: 8 C A = 6 + - + - + 5 kPa, 3 4 where, A is the maximum extension of the inner cavity of the milking glass, 8 - extension of the inner cavity of the milking glass rubber sleeve, C - Compression pressure on the walls of the teat rubber sleeve. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the stimulator is 40 to 90 sec. 3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the rubber sleeve of the teat is pulsating at 140-280 cycles per minute during the stimulation phase. frequency. 4. A method according to claims 1-2, characterized in that the pressure in the inner cavity of the milking glass is constantly increased and decreased during the milking stimulation phase. 5. A method according to claims 1-3, characterized in that it increases and decreases the pressure in the inner cavity of the milking glass during the stimulation phase by an equal amount per unit time. sections suj ungtas 6. A method according to claims 1-5, characterized in that it again increases the reduced to a predetermined pressure within the milk cavity. 7. A milking machine having a pulsator, a vacuum source connected to a vacuum source and a tube connected to the inner cavities of milking glasses, two interconnected stem membranes, each housed in an aneroid box and dividing its cavity into outer and inner sections, interconnected by an adjustable throttle, and by an internal control mechanism and a switching element, which is connected to a vacuum source by means of a shaft for alternating connection of the pulsator tubes to the vacuum source and to the atmosphere, characterized in that it has an adjustable hole in the for its additional connection to the plant to the main pipeline, it also has a second adjustable throttle, two shut-off and bypassing the first adjustable throttle piping with a first shut-off device and a second adjustable throttle In addition, the second shut-off device is mounted at the pipe connection to the main vacuum pipeline. 8. Apparatus according to claim 7, characterized in that the control mechanism comprises an atmospheric air supply pipe and is connected to a main vacuum pipeline. A device according to claim 8, characterized in that the second closing device is a diaphragm, the controlling portion of which is directed to the atmospheric air supply pipe, furthermore an unregulated membrane with an over-atmospheric air choke connected to the cavity on the control side connected to the atmospheric air supply pipe. A device according to claim 9, characterized in that the first shut-off device is pneumatically controlled by a cavity thereof, which is connected to a feed pipe and an unregulated bus vacuum vacuum throttle. 11. A device as claimed in claims 8 to 10, characterized in that it comprises a third shut-off device with a time switch, which is mounted in the atmospheric air supply pipe. 12. A machine milking apparatus having a pulsator connected to a vacuum line connected to a vacuum source, the pulsator having a nozzle for connecting it to the inner cavities of a milking glass so that the pulsator comprises a pair of solenoid valves connected to one another and one mounted therewith. at the junction of the main vacuum pipeline, and the other at the junction of the pipe and the pipe, and having a bypass choke with an adjustable throttle connected to the main vacuum pipeline and the pipe connecting the valves. 13. Apparatus according to claim 12, characterized in that the pulsator has a time relay for controlling the operation of the electromagnetic valves.