MX2017002502A - Catalizador con mayor estabilidad hidrotermica. - Google Patents

Catalizador con mayor estabilidad hidrotermica.

Info

Publication number
MX2017002502A
MX2017002502A MX2017002502A MX2017002502A MX2017002502A MX 2017002502 A MX2017002502 A MX 2017002502A MX 2017002502 A MX2017002502 A MX 2017002502A MX 2017002502 A MX2017002502 A MX 2017002502A MX 2017002502 A MX2017002502 A MX 2017002502A
Authority
MX
Mexico
Prior art keywords
catalyst
ceria
alumina particles
hydrothermal stability
higher hydrothermal
Prior art date
Application number
MX2017002502A
Other languages
English (en)
Spanish (es)
Inventor
Hilgendorff Marcus
Wei Xinyi
Burk Patrick
Xue Wen-Mei
Original Assignee
Basf Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US14/467,250 external-priority patent/US9611774B2/en
Application filed by Basf Corp filed Critical Basf Corp
Publication of MX2017002502A publication Critical patent/MX2017002502A/es

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/10—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of rare earths
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
    • B01D53/9413—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst
    • B01D53/9422—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst for removing nitrogen oxides by NOx storage or reduction by cyclic switching between lean and rich exhaust gases (LNT, NSC, NSR)
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/944—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or carbon making use of oxidation catalysts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9445—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC]
    • B01D53/945—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC] characterised by a specific catalyst
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
    • B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/56—Platinum group metals
    • B01J23/63—Platinum group metals with rare earths or actinides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/40—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by dimensions, e.g. grain size
    • B01J35/45—Nanoparticles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
    • B01J35/61—Surface area
    • B01J35/612—Surface area less than 10 m2/g
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
    • B01J35/61—Surface area
    • B01J35/613—10-100 m2/g
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
    • B01J35/61—Surface area
    • B01J35/615—100-500 m2/g
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/70—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their crystalline properties, e.g. semi-crystalline
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/70—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their crystalline properties, e.g. semi-crystalline
    • B01J35/77—Compounds characterised by their crystallite size
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
    • B01J37/0201—Impregnation
    • B01J37/0203—Impregnation the impregnation liquid containing organic compounds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/08—Heat treatment
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
    • B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
    • B01D2255/204—Alkaline earth metals
    • B01D2255/2042—Barium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
    • B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
    • B01D2255/206—Rare earth metals
    • B01D2255/2065—Cerium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
    • B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
    • B01D2255/209—Other metals
    • B01D2255/2092—Aluminium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
    • B01D2255/90—Physical characteristics of catalysts
    • B01D2255/91—NOx-storage component incorporated in the catalyst
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
    • B01D2255/90—Physical characteristics of catalysts
    • B01D2255/92—Dimensions
    • B01D2255/9202—Linear dimensions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
    • B01D2255/90—Physical characteristics of catalysts
    • B01D2255/92—Dimensions
    • B01D2255/9207—Specific surface
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2258/00—Sources of waste gases
    • B01D2258/01—Engine exhaust gases
    • B01D2258/012—Diesel engines and lean burn gasoline engines
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2235/00—Indexing scheme associated with group B01J35/00, related to the analysis techniques used to determine the catalysts form or properties
    • B01J2235/15—X-ray diffraction
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2523/00—Constitutive chemical elements of heterogeneous catalysts
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
  • Processes For Solid Components From Exhaust (AREA)
MX2017002502A 2014-08-25 2015-08-25 Catalizador con mayor estabilidad hidrotermica. MX2017002502A (es)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US14/467,250 US9611774B2 (en) 2013-03-13 2014-08-25 Catalyst with improved hydrothermal stability
PCT/US2015/046695 WO2016033046A1 (fr) 2014-08-25 2015-08-25 Catalyseur à stabilité hydrothermique améliorée

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
MX2017002502A true MX2017002502A (es) 2017-05-23

Family

ID=55400431

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
MX2017002502A MX2017002502A (es) 2014-08-25 2015-08-25 Catalizador con mayor estabilidad hidrotermica.

Country Status (9)

Country Link
EP (1) EP3186003A4 (fr)
JP (1) JP6785755B2 (fr)
KR (1) KR102369734B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN106794447A (fr)
BR (1) BR112017002085A2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2955817C (fr)
MX (1) MX2017002502A (fr)
WO (1) WO2016033046A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA201701901B (fr)

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2019042911A1 (fr) * 2017-08-29 2019-03-07 Rhodia Operations Utilisation d'un oxyde mixte pour absorber le nox
WO2019161775A1 (fr) * 2018-02-26 2019-08-29 Basf Corporation Catalyseur pour le post-traitement de gaz d'échappement de moteur à essence
CN112888658B (zh) 2018-08-24 2024-04-16 罗地亚经营管理公司 微孔铝钛硅酸盐结晶沸石，其制备方法和应用
WO2021096841A1 (fr) * 2019-11-12 2021-05-20 Basf Corporation Filtre à particules
DE102020131366A1 (de) 2020-11-26 2022-06-02 Umicore Ag & Co. Kg Abgasreinigungssystem für stöchiometrisch betriebene Verbrennungsmotoren

Family Cites Families (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2537239B2 (ja) * 1987-08-28 1996-09-25 エヌ・イーケムキヤツト 株式会社 耐熱性に優れた内燃機関排気ガス浄化用触媒及びその製造方法
JP3285857B2 (ja) * 1989-07-06 2002-05-27 マツダ株式会社 排気ガス浄化用触媒
US5064803A (en) * 1990-08-31 1991-11-12 Allied-Signal Inc. Preparation of three-way catalysts with highly dispersed ceria
US6348430B1 (en) * 1997-06-20 2002-02-19 Degussa Ag Exhaust gas treatment catalyst for internal combustion engines with two catalytically active layers on a carrier structure
US6221804B1 (en) * 1998-01-27 2001-04-24 Mazda Motor Corporation Catalyst for purifying exhaust gas and manufacturing method thereof
US6296822B1 (en) * 2000-03-29 2001-10-02 Ford Global Technologies, Inc Process for manufacturing nox traps with improved sulfur tolerance
US20080120970A1 (en) * 2006-11-29 2008-05-29 Marcus Hilgendorff NOx Storage Materials and Traps Resistant to Thermal Aging
WO2010012677A1 (fr) * 2008-07-31 2010-02-04 Basf Se Matériaux de stockage de nox et pièges résistant au vieillissement thermique
JP5768474B2 (ja) * 2011-04-28 2015-08-26 日産自動車株式会社 排気ガス浄化システム
JP5806131B2 (ja) * 2012-01-20 2015-11-10 エヌ・イーケムキャット株式会社 ＮＯｘ吸蔵脱硝触媒
BR112015022359A2 (pt) * 2013-03-13 2017-07-18 Basf Corp catalisador de armazenamento de óxido de nitrogênio, e, sistema

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA2955817C (fr) 2023-09-26
BR112017002085A2 (pt) 2018-01-30
KR102369734B1 (ko) 2022-03-04
WO2016033046A1 (fr) 2016-03-03
JP6785755B2 (ja) 2020-11-18
ZA201701901B (en) 2021-06-30
CN106794447A (zh) 2017-05-31
CA2955817A1 (fr) 2016-03-03
EP3186003A4 (fr) 2017-08-30
KR20170047239A (ko) 2017-05-04
EP3186003A1 (fr) 2017-07-05
JP2017530859A (ja) 2017-10-19

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
MX2015012364A (es) Catalizador de almacenamiento de nox con conversion de nox y estabilidad hidrotermica mejorada.
MX2017002502A (es) Catalizador con mayor estabilidad hidrotermica.
MX2015009919A (es) Composicion precipitada y calcinada basada en oxido de zirconio y oxido de cerio.
BR112017009820A2 (pt) zeólito, métodos para formar um zeólito, armazenar nox, reduzir seletivamente nox e oxidar um componente de um gás de escape, catalisador, e, artigo catalisador.
EP3130773A4 (fr) Dispositif de traitement de gaz d'échappement pour moteur diesel marin utilisant un carburant de basse qualité contenant une composante de soufre à concentration élevée
EA201791151A1 (ru) Новая кристаллическая форма производного бензимидазола и способ ее получения
EP2772194A3 (fr) Cartouche d'agrafes comprenant un couvercle libérable
MX2019001259A (es) Catalizador de oxido de cerio impregnado con rutenio.
MX2018012548A (es) Catalizador de oxidacion para motor pobre de gas natural comprimido.
EP2741360A3 (fr) Pile à combustible d'oxyde solide
MX2016009955A (es) Captador de sulfuro de hidrogeno.
EP3838402A3 (fr) Matériau d'oxyde composte inorganique et son utilisation dans catalyseurs de purification de gaz d'échappement
EP3081790C0 (fr) Moteur marin à combustion bicarburant avec recirculation de gaz d'échappement pour réduire l'occurrence du pré-allumage
WO2015184301A3 (fr) Sels d'ammonium quaternaire couplés
MX2017005881A (es) Oxido compuesto de metal mixto para almacenamiento de oxigeno.
FI20165984A7 (fi) Monikomponenttinen diesel-koostumus
MX2018005027A (es) Catalizador de desplazamiento de gas de agua.
Bai et al. ϕϵ-coordinated modules for vertex algebras
DK3158030T3 (da) Anvendelse af additiver til forbedring af oxidationsstabiliteten af paraffinholdige dieselbrændstofsammensætninger
CL2018003212A1 (es) Composiciones cosméticas para la reparación cutánea.
DK3151948T3 (da) Reduktion af emission af nitrogenoxider ved opstart af anlæg til fremstilling af salpetersyre
JP2014229900A5 (fr)
MX356516B (es) Zeolita y modificada con metal, su preparacion y uso.
Al-Sadoon Geometric and long run aspects of Granger causality
Goldwasser et al. Does the lit-only restriction make any difference for the σ-game and σ+-game?