MY109975A - Method and apparatus for removing undesirable chemical substances from gases, exhaust gases, vapors, and brines - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for removing undesirable chemical substances from gases, exhaust gases, vapors, and brines

Info

Publication number
MY109975A
MY109975A MYPI92002356A MYPI19922356A MY109975A MY 109975 A MY109975 A MY 109975A MY PI92002356 A MYPI92002356 A MY PI92002356A MY PI19922356 A MYPI19922356 A MY PI19922356A MY 109975 A MY109975 A MY 109975A
Authority
MY
Malaysia
Prior art keywords
catalysts
gases
brines
vapors
catalyst
Prior art date
Application number
MYPI92002356A
Inventor
Franz Dietrich Deste
Original Assignee
Oeste Franz Dietrich
Aalbers Robert
Dietrich Olga Geb Leye
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Oeste Franz Dietrich, Aalbers Robert, Dietrich Olga Geb Leye filed Critical Oeste Franz Dietrich
Publication of MY109975A publication Critical patent/MY109975A/en

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H3/00—Other air-treating devices
    • B60H3/06—Filtering
    • B60H3/0608—Filter arrangements in the air stream
    • B60H3/0633—Filter arrangements in the air stream with provisions for regenerating or cleaning the filter element
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
    • B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
    • B01D53/8659—Removing halogens or halogen compounds
    • B01D53/8662—Organic halogen compounds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J19/12—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electromagnetic waves
    • B01J19/122—Incoherent waves
    • B01J19/123—Ultraviolet light
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/18—Stationary reactors having moving elements inside
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
    • B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/56—Platinum group metals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
    • B01J35/39—Photocatalytic properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
    • B01J37/0215—Coating
    • B01J37/0217—Pretreatment of the substrate before coating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
    • B01J37/0215—Coating
    • B01J37/0232—Coating by pulverisation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H3/00—Other air-treating devices
    • B60H3/06—Filtering
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion
    • F01N3/2086—Activating the catalyst by light, photo-catalysts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
    • B01D2255/80—Type of catalytic reaction
    • B01D2255/802—Photocatalytic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
    • B01J21/18—Carbon
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
    • B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
    • B01J2208/00017—Controlling the temperature
    • B01J2208/00106—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange
    • B01J2208/00168—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange with heat exchange elements outside the bed of solid particles
    • B01J2208/00176—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange with heat exchange elements outside the bed of solid particles outside the reactor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
    • B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
    • B01J2208/00017—Controlling the temperature
    • B01J2208/0053—Controlling multiple zones along the direction of flow, e.g. pre-heating and after-cooling
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
    • B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
    • B01J2208/00592—Controlling the pH
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/18—Details relating to the spatial orientation of the reactor
    • B01J2219/182—Details relating to the spatial orientation of the reactor horizontal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
    • B01J35/34—Mechanical properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H3/00—Other air-treating devices
    • B60H3/06—Filtering
    • B60H2003/0675—Photocatalytic filters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H3/00—Other air-treating devices
    • B60H3/06—Filtering
    • B60H2003/0691—Adsorption filters, e.g. activated carbon
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02C—CAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG]
    • Y02C20/00—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases
    • Y02C20/30—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases of perfluorocarbons [PFC], hydrofluorocarbons [HFC] or sulfur hexafluoride [SF6]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)
  • Treating Waste Gases (AREA)
  • Gas Separation By Absorption (AREA)

Abstract

THE PRESENT INVENTION RELATES TO A METHOD AND PERTINENT APPARATUS FOR PURIFYING GASES, EXHAUST GASES, VAPORS, AND BRINES, WHICH ARE CONTAMINATED WITH UNDESIRABLE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES OR CONTAIN HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF THESE SUBSTANCES, BY MEANS OF PHOTOCATALYTIC REACTIONS OCCURRING ON THE SURFACE OF CATALYSTS.THE CATALYSTS ARE SITUATED IN A FIXED (1, 19) OR FLUIDIZED (78) BED ON CATALYST CARRIERS (1). IN FLUIDIZED BEDS (78), THE CATALYSTS THEMSELVES CAN SERVE AS CATALYST CARRIERS. THE SUBSTRATES TO BE PURIFIED ARE FED THROUGH A CLOSED SYSTEM WHICH CONTAINS THE CATALYST CARRIERS AND CATALYSTS.IN THE FIXED-BED (1, 19) CATALYTIC METHOD THE CATALYST CARRIER/CATALYST SYSTEM CONTINUOUSLY OR DISCONTINUOUSLY PASSES THROUGH A WASHING ZONE (12) TO REMOVE THE GENERATED MINERALIZATION PRODUCTS.THE REACTION IS INDUCED BY SHORTWARE PHOTONS OF WAVELENGTHS BETWEEN 250 AND 400 NM. (FIG. 2)
MYPI92002356A 1991-12-21 1992-12-21 Method and apparatus for removing undesirable chemical substances from gases, exhaust gases, vapors, and brines MY109975A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4142520 1991-12-21
DE4241451A DE4241451A1 (en) 1991-12-21 1992-12-09 Methods and devices for cleaning gases, exhaust gases, vapors and brines from undesirable chemical substances

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
MY109975A true MY109975A (en) 1997-10-31

Family

ID=25910422

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
MYPI92002356A MY109975A (en) 1991-12-21 1992-12-21 Method and apparatus for removing undesirable chemical substances from gases, exhaust gases, vapors, and brines

Country Status (9)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0590202B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH05337337A (en)
CN (1) CN1076139A (en)
AT (1) ATE142898T1 (en)
AU (1) AU657020B2 (en)
CA (1) CA2085758A1 (en)
DE (2) DE4241451A1 (en)
ES (1) ES2096013T3 (en)
MY (1) MY109975A (en)

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EP0738539A1 (en) * 1993-01-18 1996-10-23 PCP-PHOTOCATALYTIC PURIFICATION GmbH Process for cleaning gases, waste gases, vapours and water containing unwanted chemical compounds
KR970706901A (en) * 1994-11-16 1997-12-01 시게후치 마사토시 Photocatalytic functional material and method of production thereof
WO1996038212A2 (en) * 1995-05-23 1996-12-05 United Technologies Corp Back-side illuminated organic pollutant removal system
US6121191A (en) * 1996-09-20 2000-09-19 Teruo Komatsu Ultrafine metal particle carrying photocatalyst, highly function material loaded with the photocatalyst, and method of manufacturing them
NL1004961C2 (en) * 1997-01-09 1998-07-13 Dsm Nv Monolith reactor.
IL121877A (en) * 1997-10-01 2001-09-13 Yissum Res Dev Co Photocatalysts for the degradation of organic pollutants
CN1057477C (en) * 1998-05-08 2000-10-18 湖北省化学研究所 Steam purifying method and apparatus for change-over system of synthetic ammonia plant
CN1112229C (en) * 1998-05-15 2003-06-25 中国科学院成都有机化学研究所 Method and device for treating organic pollution gas
FR2794033B1 (en) 1999-05-27 2001-06-29 Ahlstrom Paper Group Res And C PROCESS FOR THE PURIFICATION OF GASEOUS EFFLUENTS BY PHOTOCATALYSIS, INSTALLATION FOR CARRYING OUT SAID METHOD
DE10064317A1 (en) * 2000-12-22 2002-10-17 Studiengesellschaft Kohle Mbh New photocatalysts and methods for their discovery
US6884399B2 (en) * 2001-07-30 2005-04-26 Carrier Corporation Modular photocatalytic air purifier
JP4272865B2 (en) * 2002-09-27 2009-06-03 オサダ技研株式会社 Gas component decomposition method
CN102755711B (en) * 2011-04-29 2016-03-30 云南大学 A kind of Green Destruction technique of high concentration strong acid (alkali) precursor chemicals
JP5822307B2 (en) * 2012-11-22 2015-11-24 有限会社マロニエ技術研究所 Humidifier and humidification method
DE202013105277U1 (en) 2013-11-21 2015-03-10 Rgenau Industries Kg Catalyst support body
JP6548919B2 (en) * 2015-03-08 2019-07-24 東邦エンジニアリング株式会社 Pad cleaning method
DE102016209952A1 (en) * 2016-06-07 2017-12-07 Robert Bosch Gmbh filter means
CN109731534B (en) * 2018-12-28 2021-05-11 中国纺织科学研究院有限公司 Method for purifying soluble fiber coagulating bath
CN109847256B (en) * 2019-04-17 2021-04-09 湖南知远环保科技有限公司 Ferric arsenate @ polymer arsenic fixation material, preparation method thereof and arsenic fixation method of arsenic-containing solution
CN112208306B (en) * 2019-07-11 2022-05-20 莱恩创科（北京）科技有限公司 On-vehicle antibiotic photocatalysis air purifier that removes flavor
CN111845277A (en) * 2020-07-28 2020-10-30 西安工程大学 An evaporative cooling cooling and disinfection bus
CN113663626B (en) * 2021-08-30 2022-09-20 江西科技学院 Photocatalytic degradation device for copper slag waste material and use method
WO2023122693A1 (en) * 2021-12-21 2023-06-29 Nitto Denko Corporation Deactivation resistant catalytic materials and method for making the same
CN114288971A (en) * 2021-12-30 2022-04-08 贵州融晟环保科技有限公司 A high-efficiency separation device for valuable metals from industrial waste
CN114713014A (en) * 2022-03-23 2022-07-08 成都兴鑫悦环保技术开发有限公司 Rotary packed bed of honeycomb type hypergravity machine
DE102023114872A1 (en) * 2023-06-06 2024-12-12 Ams-Osram International Gmbh PHOTOACTIVE COMPONENT, PHOTOACTIVE SYSTEM, METHOD FOR PURIFYING A MEDIUM AND METHOD FOR CLEAVING A COMPONENT OF A MEDIUM

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JP2691751B2 (en) * 1988-10-14 1997-12-17 株式会社日立製作所 Catalytic structure and method and apparatus for producing the same
JPH02169040A (en) * 1988-12-22 1990-06-29 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd How to regenerate photocatalyst
JP2564421B2 (en) * 1989-08-24 1996-12-18 工業技術院長 Ventilation equipment for road tunnels
US5045288A (en) * 1989-09-15 1991-09-03 Arizona Board Of Regents, A Body Corporate Acting On Behalf Of Arizona State University Gas-solid photocatalytic oxidation of environmental pollutants
WO1991009823A1 (en) * 1990-01-04 1991-07-11 Trustees Of Boston University Photocatalytic process for degradation of organic materials in a vaporized or gaseous state
DE4023995C2 (en) * 1990-07-28 1994-06-09 Pcp Photocatalytic Purificatio Method and device for fresh air and indoor air purification in motor vehicles

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA2085758A1 (en) 1993-06-22
AU657020B2 (en) 1995-02-23
DE59207201D1 (en) 1996-10-24
DE4241451A1 (en) 1993-12-16
EP0590202B1 (en) 1996-09-18
CN1076139A (en) 1993-09-15
ATE142898T1 (en) 1996-10-15
JPH05337337A (en) 1993-12-21
ES2096013T3 (en) 1997-03-01
EP0590202A1 (en) 1994-04-06
AU3034192A (en) 1993-06-24

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