NL8002675A - Alkoxy-bis(trialkoxysiloxy)-silan oppervlakactieve middelen met lage schuiming. - Google Patents

Alkoxy-bis(trialkoxysiloxy)-silan oppervlakactieve middelen met lage schuiming. Download PDF

Info

Publication number: NL8002675A
Authority: NL; Netherlands
Prior art keywords: surfactant; carbon atoms; surfactant according; groups; hydrogen
Prior art date: 1979-05-21

Application number

NL8002675A

Other languages

English (en)

Dutch (nl)

Original Assignee

Olin Corp

Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)

1979-05-21

Filing date

1980-05-09

Publication date

1980-11-25

1980-05-09 Application filed by Olin Corp filed Critical Olin Corp

1980-11-25 Publication of NL8002675A publication Critical patent/NL8002675A/nl

Links

239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 title claims description 38
239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 title description 8
125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 20
125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 18
229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 18
UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 claims description 7
150000002431 hydrogen Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 4
125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims 3
229910018557 Si O Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
125000001301 ethoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 claims 1
125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims 1
125000002572 propoxy group Chemical group [*]OC([H])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims 1
125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims 1
LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon monoxide Inorganic materials [Si-]#[O+] LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 10
-1 2-ethyl-pentyl Chemical group 0.000 description 9
JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 7
BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
239000000370 acceptor Substances 0.000 description 6
239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 6
239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 6
XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 4
229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 4
UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 3
229910000039 hydrogen halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
239000012433 hydrogen halide Substances 0.000 description 3
238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 3
229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
PUPZLCDOIYMWBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N (+/-)-1,3-Butanediol Chemical compound CC(O)CCO PUPZLCDOIYMWBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
241000004297 Draba Species 0.000 description 2
WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 2
125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
150000002009 diols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 2
230000003301 hydrolyzing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
SKEAGCOIRPUIOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl (chloro-methyl-tributoxysilyloxysilyl) silicate Chemical compound CCCCO[Si](OCCCC)(OCCCC)O[Si](C)(Cl)O[Si](OCCCC)(OCCCC)OCCCC SKEAGCOIRPUIOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 2
125000006176 2-ethylbutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])*)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
125000004337 3-ethylpentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl urethane Chemical compound CCOC(N)=O JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene oxide Chemical compound CC1CO1 GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical group [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
150000004982 aromatic amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
238000004851 dishwashing Methods 0.000 description 1
238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 1
238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen chloride Substances Cl.Cl IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
229910000041 hydrogen chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 1
235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
125000003538 pentan-3-yl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
AOJFQRQNPXYVLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridin-1-ium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1 AOJFQRQNPXYVLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
150000003222 pyridines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
229920002545 silicone oil Polymers 0.000 description 1
239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 1
239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
IMFACGCPASFAPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributylamine Chemical compound CCCCN(CCCC)CCCC IMFACGCPASFAPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1

Classifications

- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/0005—Other compounding ingredients characterised by their effect
- C11D3/0026—Low foaming or foam regulating compositions
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
- C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
- C07F7/025—Silicon compounds without C-silicon linkages
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
- C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
- C07F7/08—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages
- C07F7/18—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages as well as one or more C—O—Si linkages
- C07F7/1804—Compounds having Si-O-C linkages
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
- C11D1/82—Compounds containing silicon
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S516/00—Colloid systems and wetting agents; subcombinations thereof; processes of
- Y10S516/01—Wetting, emulsifying, dispersing, or stabilizing agents

Landscapes

Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
Organic Chemistry (AREA)
Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
Emulsifying, Dispersing, Foam-Producing Or Wetting Agents (AREA)
Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Detergent Compositions (AREA)
Silicon Polymers (AREA)

NL8002675A 1979-05-21 1980-05-09 Alkoxy-bis(trialkoxysiloxy)-silan oppervlakactieve middelen met lage schuiming. NL8002675A (nl)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number	Priority Date	Filing Date	Title
US06/040,629 US4226794A (en)	1979-05-21	1979-05-21	Low-foaming alkoxy-bis(trialkoxysiloxy)-silane surfactants
US4062979		1979-05-21

Publications (1)

Publication Number	Publication Date
NL8002675A true NL8002675A (nl)	1980-11-25

Family

ID=21912042

Family Applications (1)

Application Number	Title	Priority Date	Filing Date
NL8002675A NL8002675A (nl)	1979-05-21	1980-05-09	Alkoxy-bis(trialkoxysiloxy)-silan oppervlakactieve middelen met lage schuiming.

Country Status (12)

Country	Link
US (1)	US4226794A (fr)
JP (1)	JPS55155096A (fr)
AU (1)	AU5858780A (fr)
BE (1)	BE883402A (fr)
BR (1)	BR8003105A (fr)
CA (1)	CA1160244A (fr)
DE (1)	DE3019075C2 (fr)
ES (1)	ES8104391A1 (fr)
FR (1)	FR2457122A1 (fr)
GB (1)	GB2053942B (fr)
IT (1)	IT1144059B (fr)
NL (1)	NL8002675A (fr)

Families Citing this family (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
JPS59179883A (ja) *	1983-03-30	1984-10-12	竹本油脂株式会社	繊維処理用油剤及び該油剤による熱可塑性合成繊維糸の処理方法
US4623697A (en) *	1985-04-30	1986-11-18	Ppg Industries, Inc.	Ungelled resins containing hydrolyzable moieties from organosilane compounds
US4691039A (en) *	1985-11-15	1987-09-01	Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company	Ethoxylated siloxane surfactants and hydrophilic silicones prepared therewith
US4752633A (en) *	1985-11-15	1988-06-21	Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Co.	Ethoxylated siloxane surfactants and hydrophilic silicones prepared therewith
US4657959A (en) *	1985-11-15	1987-04-14	Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company	Hydrophilic silicones
DE3929866A1 (de) *	1989-09-08	1991-03-21	Bayer Ag	Spaltbare tenside, verfahren zu ihrer herstellung und ihre verwendung
US5198474A (en) *	1992-06-30	1993-03-30	Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation	Silicone surfactants having t-butyl terminated polyether pendants for use in high resilience polyurethane foam
DE4306997A1 (de) *	1993-03-05	1994-09-08	Thera Ges Fuer Patente	Hydrophilierte Polyether
AU690302B2 (en) *	1994-06-30	1998-04-23	Dade Behring Inc.	Bioactive porous partition members
US5583178A (en) *	1994-06-30	1996-12-10	Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company	Cure-indicating molding and coating composition
DE69725855T2 (de) *	1996-08-16	2004-08-19	Monsanto Technology Llc	Reihenanordnungsmethode zur behandlung von pflanzen mit exogenen chemikalien
US5821195A (en) *	1996-08-16	1998-10-13	Monsanto Company	Sequential application method for enhancing glyphosate herbicidal effectiveness with reduced antagonism
US6828013B2 (en)	2000-12-11	2004-12-07	Exxonmobil Oil Corporation	Porous biaxially oriented high density polyethylene film with hydrophilic properties
US20050027032A1 (en) *	2003-07-18	2005-02-03	Hare Robert V.	Polyorganosiloxane dental impression materials
US7618777B2 (en) *	2005-03-16	2009-11-17	Agilent Technologies, Inc.	Composition and method for array hybridization
EP1882469A1 (fr) *	2006-07-28	2008-01-30	3M Innovative Properties Company	Préparation à base de polyether et leur utilisation

Family Cites Families (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
NL268304A (fr) *
FR950449A (fr) *	1946-05-28	1949-09-27	Thomson Houston Comp Francaise	Perfectionnements à la fabrication des matières intermédiaires pour silicones
US2839558A (en) *	1952-02-16	1958-06-17	Visco Products Co	Oxyalkylene compounds
IT535373A (fr) *	1954-06-10
US2990377A (en) *	1955-08-01	1961-06-27	Dow Corning	Organosiloxane esters as emulsifying agents
NL132926C (fr) *	1964-07-10
US3976675A (en) *	1973-12-26	1976-08-24	Olin Corporation	Silicate-based surfactant composition
US3965136A (en) *	1975-09-24	1976-06-22	Olin Corporation	Alkoxysilane cluster compounds and their preparation
GB1577715A (en) *	1975-11-21	1980-10-29	Castrol Ltd	Hydraulic fluids
US4086260A (en) *	1977-04-27	1978-04-25	Olin Corporation	Alkoxysilane ester cluster compounds and their preparation and use
US4160776A (en) *	1978-06-29	1979-07-10	Olin Corporation	Alkoxy-bis (trialkoxysiloxy)-silane surfactants

1979
- 1979-05-21 US US06/040,629 patent/US4226794A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
1980
- 1980-04-22 CA CA000350380A patent/CA1160244A/fr not_active Expired
- 1980-05-08 IT IT48624/80A patent/IT1144059B/it active
- 1980-05-09 NL NL8002675A patent/NL8002675A/nl not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1980-05-16 GB GB8016352A patent/GB2053942B/en not_active Expired
- 1980-05-19 DE DE3019075A patent/DE3019075C2/de not_active Expired
- 1980-05-19 BR BR8003105A patent/BR8003105A/pt unknown
- 1980-05-20 ES ES491623A patent/ES8104391A1/es not_active Expired
- 1980-05-20 FR FR8011273A patent/FR2457122A1/fr active Granted
- 1980-05-20 AU AU58587/80A patent/AU5858780A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1980-05-21 JP JP6660380A patent/JPS55155096A/ja active Pending
- 1980-05-21 BE BE0/200693A patent/BE883402A/fr unknown

Also Published As

Publication number	Publication date
FR2457122A1 (fr)	1980-12-19
ES491623A0 (es)	1981-04-16
AU5858780A (en)	1980-11-27
GB2053942B (en)	1983-12-21
FR2457122B1 (fr)	1983-01-28
ES8104391A1 (es)	1981-04-16
IT8048624A0 (it)	1980-05-08
US4226794A (en)	1980-10-07
CA1160244A (fr)	1984-01-10
JPS55155096A (en)	1980-12-03
BR8003105A (pt)	1980-12-23
DE3019075A1 (de)	1980-11-27
DE3019075C2 (de)	1982-12-09
GB2053942A (en)	1981-02-11
BE883402A (fr)	1980-09-15
IT1144059B (it)	1986-10-29

Legal Events

Date	Code	Title	Description
1984-01-02	BV	The patent application has lapsed

Publication	Publication Date	Title
NL8002675A (nl)	1980-11-25	Alkoxy-bis(trialkoxysiloxy)-silan oppervlakactieve middelen met lage schuiming.
US4160776A (en)	1979-07-10	Alkoxy-bis (trialkoxysiloxy)-silane surfactants
US6255511B1 (en)	2001-07-03	Silanes with hydrophilic groups, their synthesis and use as surfactants in aqueous media
DE4415556C1 (de)	1995-06-01	Organosilyl- bzw. Organosiloxanyl-Derivate von Glycerinethern und deren Verwendung
EP0138321B1 (fr)	1989-06-14	Composés organosiliciques, leur préparation et utilisation
AU677116B2 (en)	1997-04-10	Use of organofunctionally modified polysiloxanes for defoaming diesel fuel
CA2125812A1 (fr)	1994-12-17	Composes d'enduction tensio-actifs a base de siloxane et leur emploi dans des produits de revetement
US3992429A (en)	1976-11-16	Alkoxysilane multiple cluster compounds and their preparation
JPS61191653A (ja)	1986-08-26	第三エーテルアミンの製法
CA1080246A (fr)	1980-06-24	Methode pour la preparation de composes ramifies de type alkoxysilane
KR840002461B1 (ko)	1984-12-29	유압용 액체로 사용하기에 적당한 보론-실리콘 화합물의 제법
US2504064A (en)	1950-04-11	Polyethyleneglycol ethers of bis (di-alkyl-hydroxyphenyl)-methane
US4337168A (en)	1982-06-29	Alkoxysilane cluster emulsions and their preparation
US4467105A (en)	1984-08-21	Method of preparing glycol esters of organosilanes
EP0388218A2 (fr)	1990-09-19	Composés organosiliciques
CA1338277C (fr)	1996-04-23	Methode de preparation de polyglycolethers bloques aux extremites
US4056479A (en)	1977-11-01	Magnesium carboxylate-sulfonate complexes
US2511013A (en)	1950-06-13	Esters of antimonous acids and method of preparing same
US3308149A (en)	1967-03-07	Organic polyalkyleneoxy silicates
CN100366626C (zh)	2008-02-06	用于可蒸馏、可聚合单体的高沸点抑制剂
EP0010523B1 (fr)	1982-09-22	Composés surfactifs non ioniques contenant un groupe perfluoroalcoylalcoylènemercapto, procédé pour leur préparation et leur utilisation
US4310698A (en)	1982-01-12	Fluorochemical non-ionic surfactants
EP0175796A1 (fr)	1986-04-02	Bases de Schiff comme surfactifs
US3297735A (en)	1967-01-10	Process for the production of ethers of hydroxymethyl polymethyl siloxanes
US4086260A (en)	1978-04-25	Alkoxysilane ester cluster compounds and their preparation and use