NO174060B - Basisblanding for hydrauliske fluida, og hydraulisk fluidum fremstilt paa basis av blandingen - Google Patents

Basisblanding for hydrauliske fluida, og hydraulisk fluidum fremstilt paa basis av blandingen Download PDF

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Publication number
NO174060B
NO174060B NO884237A NO884237A NO174060B NO 174060 B NO174060 B NO 174060B NO 884237 A NO884237 A NO 884237A NO 884237 A NO884237 A NO 884237A NO 174060 B NO174060 B NO 174060B
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Prior art keywords
mixture
hydraulic fluids
hydraulic
oils
triglycerides
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NO884237A
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English (en)
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NO884237L (no
NO884237D0 (no
Inventor
Gert Stenmark
Kari Jokinen
Heikki Kerkkonen
Eero Leppaemaeki
Piirilae Eino
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Raision Tehtaat Oy Ab
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Priority claimed from US07/007,627 external-priority patent/US4783274A/en
Application filed by Raision Tehtaat Oy Ab filed Critical Raision Tehtaat Oy Ab
Publication of NO884237L publication Critical patent/NO884237L/no
Publication of NO884237D0 publication Critical patent/NO884237D0/no
Publication of NO174060B publication Critical patent/NO174060B/no

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Description

Foreliggende oppfinnelse vedrører en basisblanding for hydrauliske fluida av den art som er angitt i krav l's ingress, samt et hydraulisk fluidum som angitt i krav 6.
Hydrauliske fluida som vanligvis anvendes er petroleums-baserte, kjemisk mettede eller umettede, uforgrenede eller forgrenede eller ringtype hydrokarboner.
Petroieumsbaserte hydrauliske fluida innbefatter imidlertid fare for omgivelsene og helsen. Hydrokarboner kan utgjøre en kreftrisiko ved forlenget kontakt med huden såvel som fare for ødeleggelse av lungene når den trekkes inn med luften. Ytterligere når olje får utslippe i omgivelsene forårsaket av spill vil dette forårsake forurensing av jordsmonnet og grunnvannet, selv i små mengder. De er også toksiske for livet i elver, innsjøer, etc.
I tillegg til det som er angitt ovenfor så har hydrokarbonoljer som sådanne i realiteten en meget begrenset anvendelse og derfor inneholder hydrauliske fluida, basert på slike oljer et antall additiver i betydelige mengder. Petroleum er også en ikke-fornybar naturlig ressurs, og således av begrenset tilgjenglighet. Det er således et åpenbart behov for fluida for hydrauliske formål som er basert på fornybare, naturlige ressurser og som samtidig kan tåles av omgivelsene. En slik naturlig basiskomponent for hydrauliske fluida er oljeaktige triglyserider, slik som foreslått i GB patent nr. 2 134 923.
Triglyseridene beskrevet i det nevnte GB patent nr. 2 134 923 er glyserolesteret av fettsyrer og den kjemiske struktur for disse estere kan defineres ved hjelp av den følgende formel: hvor i Ri, R2 og R3 kan være like eller forskjellige og er valgt fra gruppen bestående av mettede eller umettede rett-kjedete alkyl, alkenyl og alkandienylkjeder med vanligvis 9-22 karbonatomer.
Triglyseridene kan også i henhold til nevnte GB patent nr. 2.134 923 inneholde små mengder av en alkantrienylsyrerest,
men en større mengde er ødeleggende fordi en slik rest fremmer oksydasjon av triglyseridoljen. Visse triglyseridoljer såkalte tørkende oljer inneholder betydelige mengder av alkatrienyl og alkadienyl grupper og de danner faste filmer under innvirkning av luftens oksygen. Slike oljer hvis jodtall vanligvis er
høyere enn 130 og som bl.a. anvendes som bestanddeler i spesialbelegg kan ikke komme i betraktning for anvendelse i hydrauliske fluida.
I GB nr. 2 134 923 er det angitt at hvilket som helst andre oljeaktige triglyserider med et jodtall på minst 50 og ikke mere enn 128 er egnet for formålet. Spesielt egnete er triglyserider av oleinsyre-linolensyre som ikke inneholder mere enn 20 vektprosent forestrede, mettede fettsyrer, beregnet på mengden av forestrede fettsyrer. Disse oljer er væsker ved 15-20°C og deres viktigste fettsyrerester er avledet fra de følgende umettede syrer: oleinsyre, 9-okta-dekensyre, linolensyre, 9,12-okta-dekadiensyre. For anvendelse ved normale temperaturer er de mest foretrukne av disse triglyserider av vegetabilsk opprinnelse og er beskrevet til å være de som inneholder forestret oleinsyre i en mengde som overskrider 50 vektprosent av den totale mengde av fettsyrene ( Tabell 1).
Det er karakteristisk for alle oljeaktige triglyserider at deres viskositeter endres i mindre grad enn viskositetene for hydrokarbon-basisoljer ved endring av temperaturen. Viskositet-til-temperaturforhold egenskapene for hver av oljene kan karakteriseres ved hjelp av den empiriske viskositets-indeks (VI), hvis numeriske verdi er høyere jo mindre viskositeten for oljen endres ved en forandring i temperaturen. Viskositetsindeksene for triglyserider er klart høyere enn de for hydrokarbonoljer uten tilsetningsmiddel, slik at triglyseridene av natur er såkalte multigrad oljer. Dette er av betydelig viktighet under betingelser hvor driftstempera-turen kan variere innen vide grenser. Viskositeter og viskositetsindekser for visse triglyserider er vist i tabell 2.
Røykpunktet for triglyserider er over 200°C og flammepunktet over 300"C (begge bestemt i henhold til AOCS Ce 9a-48 eller ASTM D 1310). Flammepunktet for hydrokarbon-basisoljer er som regel klart lavere.
Triglyseride oljer skiller seg fullstendig fra ikke-polare hydrokarbonoljer med hensyn til at de har polar natur. Dette er grunnen til den fremragende evne til triglyserider for å bli absorbert på metalloverflater som en meget tynn ved-heftende film. Et studium av drift av glideflater plassert i nært forhold til hverandre og under betraktning av trykk og temperatur som er fundamentale faktorer som påvirker smøring viser at de filmdannende egenskaper for triglyserider er spesielt fordelaktig i hydrauliske systemer.
I tillegg vil vann ikke kunne presse en triglyserid oljefilm fra en metallflate så lett som en hydrokarbonfilm.
Rapsfrøolje er vurdert som et eksempel på monomere triglyseride oljer for anvendelse i hydrauliske fluida i henhold til GB patent nr. 2 134 923, hvilken rapsfrøolje også erholdes fra underartene Brassica campestris og denne inneholder i sin for tiden konversielle form lite eller ingen erucinsyre. Det må imidlertid tas i betrakning at anvendbare triglyserid oljer adskiller seg fra rapsfrøoljer kun med hensyn til sammensetningen av fettsyrene som er forestret med glyserol, disse forskjeller viser seg som forskjellige hellepunkter og viskositeter for oljene. Selv oljene erholdt fra undergruppen fra raps og fra deres beslektede underklasser utviser forskjeller med hensyn til hellepunkter og viskositeter som følge av forskjeller i sammensetningen av fettsyrer, slik det fremgår av tabell 3. Av rapsfrøoljene nevnt i tabellen er den første (eruca) erholdt fra undergrupper som har et høyere innhold av erucinsyre (C 22:1).
I tabell 4 er egenskapsdata for rapsfrøolje sammenlignet med visse kommersielle basismineraloljer.
De ovenfor viste data indikerer at triglyseridene har mange egenskaper som er fordelaktige, spesielt i hydrauliske fluida. Som tidligere nevnt er viskositetsindeksen (VI) for triglyseridene overlegent bedre sammenlignet med mineraloljeprodukter. Viskositetsindeksen for triglyserid oljene er åpenbart også mere stabile mot mekaniske og varme påkjenninger som eksi-sterer i hydrauliske systemer enn viskositetsindeksen for hydrauliske fluida basert på sammensatte mineraloljer og som inneholder polymere viskositetsindeksforbedrere. I tillegg kan det forventes at evnen til det polare triglyseridmolekyl vil vedhefte til metalloverflåtene vil forbedre smøreevnene for disse triglyserider. Den eneste egenskap for de naturlige triglyserider så har vist seg å forhindre deres påtenkte anvendelse for hydrauliske formål er deres tendense til lett oksydasjon.
Oksydasjonen har mange negative innvirkninger på egenskapene for et hydraulisk fluidum basert på et naturlig triglyserid, hvorpå et slikt fluidum må erstattes med ferskt fluidum oftere enn for fluida basert på hydrokarbonoljer.
For eksempel vil viskositeten for den naturlige triglyserid hydrauliske fluidum øke som følge av oksydasjon. Oksydasjon vil også forårsake skumming av fluidumet og filtrerings-egenskapene for fluidumet nedsettes og den høye vann-oppløslighet forårsaker problemer i det hydrauliske system. Oksydasjonsproduktene er også korrosive. For å unngå disse problemer forårsaket av oksydasjon må arbeidstemperaturen for de hydrauliske system holdes lavere enn det hvor hydrokarbonbaserte oljer anvendes.
Det har imidlertid blitt bemerket at tendensen for de naturlige triglyserider til å bli oksydert kan i det vesent-lige nedsettes til det samme nivå som det for vanlige hydrokarbon-baserte hydrauliske oljer, ved tilsetning av additiver i meget moderate mengder, hvilke additiver velges i henhold til oppfinnelsen. Dette faktum fremgår av det
etterfølgende eksempel 1.
Eksempel 1
I dette eksempel ble stabiliteten for hydrauliske fluida mot oksydativ nedbrytning undersøkt. De aktuelle fluida ble undersøkt med et apparat i henhold til forsøksmetoden ASTM D 525 ved å innføre i et trykk-kar 100 ml av væsken som skulle undersøkes. Karet ble lukket og plassert i kokende vann og under forsøket ble oksygentrykket i karet bestemt De anvendte additiver var: "Irgalup 349" aminofosfatderivat (Ciba-Geigy), "Irganox L 130" blanding av tertiær-butyl-fenol derivater (Ciba-Geigy), "Reomet 39" triazolderivater (Ciba-Geigy) , "Anglamol 75" sink-dialkylditio-fosfat (Lubrizol), "EN 1235 "kortacid" T derivat (Akzo Chemie), "Hitec 4735 blanding av tertiær-butyl-fenolderivat (Ethyl Petroleum Additives Ltd.)/ "Irganox PS 800" dilauryl tio-di-propionat (Ciba-Geigy) , "Irganox L 800" triaryl-fosfitt (Ciba-Geigy), "Irganox L 57" blanding av alkyl-difenyl-amin (Ciba-Geigy), "Irganlube TPPT" trifenylfosforotionat (Ciba-Geigy), "Tinuvin 770" bis (2,2,6,6-tetrametyl-4-piperidyl) sebacat (Ciba-Geigy), "Vanlube AZ" sink-diamyl-ditiokarbamat (R.T. Vanderbilt), "Additin 10" 2,6-tertiær-butyl-4-metylfenol (Rhein-Chemie).
Resultatene er gitt i tabell 5.
Slik det fremgår av resultatene i tabell 5 er blandingene nr. 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13 og 14 klart sammenlignbare med de vanlige mineraloljebaserte hydrauliske oljer 15 og 16 anvendt for sammenligning i dette eksempel. Blandingene 2 og 9 inneholder anti-oksydante additiver utvalgt i henhold til oppfinnelsen, men de anvendte mengder har ikke vært til-strekkelige. Fra de data som er vist i tabell 5 kan det utledes at et triglyserid som er i overenstemmelse med de definisjoner som er gitt i begynnelsen av foreliggende beskrivelse og som inneholder en vis mengde av omhyggelig utvalgte anti-oksydante additiver kan danne basis for en fluidum komposisjon som er anvendbar for hydrauliske formål.
Basisblandingen er således særpreget ved det som er angitt i krav l's karakteriserende del. Ytterligere trekk fremgår av kravene 2-5.
I henhold til oppfinnelsen utgjør anti-oksydant andelen i blandingen 2,0 til 4,5 vektprosent av blandingen og anti-oksydanten er valgt slik at minst en forbindelse kommer fra gruppen (1) av blokkerte fenoler (hindered phenolics) og aromatiske aminer og den eller de gjenværende forbindelser som utgjør resten av blandingen, kommer fra gruppen (2) av metallsalter av di-tiosyrer, fosfitter eller sulfider eller fra gruppen (3) av amider, ikke-aromatiske aminer, hydrazider og triazoler.
Som eksempler på forbindelser som tilhører de ovenfornevnte grupper kan de følgende nevnes: 1) 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-metyl-fenol, 2<1>2-metyl-enebis-(4-metyl-6-tert-butylfenol), N,N'-disek-butyl-p-fenylen-diamin, alkylert difenyl-amin, alkylert fenyl-alfa-naftyl-amin 2) sink dialkylditiosfat, tris- (nonylfenyl) fosfitt, dilauryl-tiodipropionat 3) N^-dietyl-N^-difenyloksamid, N,N'-disalicyliden-1,2-propenylendiamin, N,N'-bis (beta-3,5-ditertbutyl-4-hydroksy-fenyl-propiono) hydrazid
En indikasjon på resistens mot oksydasjon av oljer er også deres evne til å bibeholde smøreegenskapene ved høye temperaturer. Denne evne ble undersøkt i det etterfølgende eksempel 2.
Eksempel 2
I forsøkene ble anvendt en "Cameron Plint" prøvemaskin (High Frequency Friction Machine TE. 77). I denne prøvemaskin ble friksjonen mellom et bevegelig og et stasjonært element bestemt ved stigende temperaturer. Som det beveglige element anvendes en stålkule med en diameter på 6 mm, mens det stasjonære element består av en stålplate. Smøremiddelet som skal undersøkes utspredes på platen og den eksponeres mot det omgivende luftoksygen under forsøket. Forsøkene ble utført ved at kulen ble presset mot platen med en kraft på 40 N under en frem og tilbake gående bevegelse med en amplitude på 5 mm og en frekvens på 20 Hz. Temperaturen ved begynnelsen av hver bestemmelse ble justert til 40°C hvor etter den ble forøket med 2°C/min. Temperaturen hvilken friksjoner begynte å øke skarpt ble registrert, og denne temperatur ble anvendt som en indikasjon på sammenbrudd av den smørende film mellom kulen og platen. Filmens sammenbruddstemperatur er et mål for oljens oksydasjonsresistens. Resultatene av prøven er gitt i den etterfølgende tabell 6.
Fra resultatene i tabell 6 (forsøkene 2 og 3) kan det sees at hvis oljen inneholder en anti-oksydant som kan klassifiseres som blokkerte fenoler (Hitec 4735) eller til aromatiske aminer (Irganox L 57) så er filmsammenbruddstemperaturen høyere enn den for en rapsfrøolje. Forsøk 3 viser imidlertid at prosent-andelen av anti-oksydanten ikke har vært tilstrekkelig høy. Resultatene er klart bedre vis oljen inneholder også en liten mengde av en annen oksydant ("Irgalube 349", amino-fosfat-derivat, forsøk 5). Høyere prosentandeler av anti-oksydantene gir resultater som er overlegent bedre enn resultatene som erholdes med hydrokarbonbaserte hydrauliske oljer.
Egenskapene for hydrauliske fluida i henhold til oppfinnelsen ble også undersøkt i et fullskala forsøk som er beskrevet i det etterfølgende eksempel 3.
Eksempel 3
Et vegetabilsk oljebasert hydraulisk fluidum ble undersøkt under anvendelse av som referanse et kommeriselt mineraloljebasert hydraulisk fluidum. Ved forsøket ble to nye identiske hydrauliske minelastere anvendt. Under forsøket varierte trykket i de hydrauliske kretser fra 0-165 bar og temperaturen for det hydrauliske fluidum var 60-80°C. Hydrauliske trykk ble generert med girpumper og kraften ble tatt ut ved hjelp av sylinder-stempel anordninger.
De hydrauliske fluida var: 1. Vegetabilsk olje2. Vegetabilsk olje
3. Mineraloljebasert hydraulisk
fluidum, "Teboil OK 14-46"
Den etterfølgende tabell 7 angir viskositeten for oljene etter lengre tidsdrift.
I det samme forsøk ble også volumeffektiviteten for de hydrauliske systemer 2 og 3 bestemt under forsøksperioden og resultatene i den etterfølgende tabell 8. Effektivitetsforsøkene ble utført under anvendelse av fludiumtrykk på 165 bar og en temperatur på 65°C.
Forsøksresultatene i tabell 7 indikerer at varighet mot skjærbelastning for vegetabilsk oljebasert fluidum var bedre enn den for mineraloljebasert fluidum.
Forsøksresultatene i tabell 8 indikerer at effektiviteten for systemet som inneholder vegetabilsk oljebasert fluidum avtar langsommere enn den for mineraloljebaserte fluidum.
De smørende egenskaper for de hydrauliske fluidum basert på triglyseridblandingen ifølge oppfinnelsen ble undersøkt ved hjelp av prøvemetoden beskrevet i det etterfølgende eksempel 4
Eksempel 4
Rapsfrøoljens egnethet som hydraulisk fluidum ble undersøkt i en firekuletester i henhold til prøvemetoden IP 239 hvor prøveperioden var 1 time og belastningen 1 kg, såvel som i henhold til standard Test Method STD Nr. 791/6503,1 i henhold til hvilken belastningen øker trinnvis under prøveperioder av
10 s. De undersøkte oljer ér vist i tabell 9.
Alle de undersøkte oljer hørte til viskositetskategorien i ISO VG 32 i henhold til prøvemetoden ASTM D 2422.
Resultatet av forsøket er vist i tabell 10.
Smøreegenskapene ble også sammenlignet under anvendelse av et girsystem, hvilket bestemmelse er beskrevet i det etter-følgende eksempel 5
Eksempel 5
Den beskyttende virkning av tre hydrauliske fluida på gir-systemer mot slitasje ble bestemt under anvendelse av FZG-metoden med henhold til standard DIN 51354 E ("FZG gir rig test maskin").
De anvendte oljer var:
Olje nr.
"Sarkosyl 0" er N-akyl-sarkosin (Ciba-Geigy). Resultatene av dette forsøk er vist i den etterfølgene tabell 11.
I tillegg til basisblåndingen for det hydrauliske fluidum i henhold til oppfinnelsen så kan dette også omfatte andre bestanddeler: - Grensesmøremiddel-additiver, så som metall di-alkyl-ditiofosfater, metall diaryl-tiofosfater, metall dialkyl-ditiokarbonater, alkyl-fosfater, fosforiserte fett og olefiner, svovlede fett og fettderivater, klorerte fett og fettderivater - Korrosjonsinhibitorer så som metall sulfonater, sure fosfat-estere, aminer og alkyl-ravsyre-syrer - VI (viskositetindeks) forbedrer, så som polymetakrylater, styren-butadien kopolymere, polyisobutylener - Hellepunkt undertrykkere så som klorinerte polymerer, alkylerte fenol-polymere, polymetakrylater.
- Skum undertrykkere så som polysiloksaner, polyakrylater
- Emulgeringsnedbrytende midler så som tungmetall såper, Ca-og Mg-sulfonater.
Fra basis sammensetningen i henhold til oppfinnelsen kan det fremstilles hydrauliske fluida for forskjellige formål ved å justere deres viskositet. Den etterfølgende tabell 12 gir et eksempel på justeringsmulighetene.
Tabell 12
Fra basisblandingen i henhold til oppfinnelsen ble fremstilt hydrauliske fluida med forskjellige viskositetsklasser (ASTM D 2422)
"Rilanit EHO": 2-etylheksyl-oleat, (Henkel)
"Priolube 3987": pentaerytritol-ester, (Unichema) "Priolube 3986": kompleks ester, (Unichema).

Claims (6)

1. Basisblanding for hydrauliske fluida bestående av: én eller flere naturlige triglyserider som er estere av rettkjedede <C>10<-C>22~fettsyrer 0<3 glyserol, hvilke triglyserider har et jodtall på minst 50 og ikke mer enn 128, og én eller flere anti-oksydanter i en mengde på minst 1,5 vekt-% regnet på blandingen, hvor mengden av antioksydantandelen inneholder minst én forbindelse valgt fra gruppen: (I) blokkerte fenoler og aromatiske aminer,karakterisert ved at i tillegg til anti-oksydant (ene) (I) inneholder blandingen minst én anti-oksydantforbindelse valgt fra (II) metallsalter av ditiosyrer, fosfitter og sulfider, og/eller (III) amider, ikke-aromatiske aminer, hydraziner og triazoler slik at den totale mengde av anti-oksydant-forbindelsen ikke overstiger 4,5%.
2. Basisblanding for hydrauliske fluida ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at antioksydantandelen (I) ikke overstiger 3 vekt-% av blandingen.
3. Basisblanding for hydrauliske fluida ifølge krav 2, karakterisert ved at antioksydantandelen (I) utgjør 2 vekt-% av blandingen.
4. Basisblanding for hydrauliske fluida i henhold til kravene 1-3, karakterisert ved at triglyseridet er av oleinsyre-linolsyretypen og inneholder ikke mer enn 20 vekt-% mettede fettsyrer, regnet på mengden av fettsyrer esterifisert med glyserol.
5. Basisblanding for hydrauliske fluida ifølge krav 4, karakterisert ved at triglyseridet består av rapsfrøolje.
6. Hydraulisk fluidum fremstilt på basis av blandingen ifølge hvilke som helst av kravene 1-5, karakterisert ved at fluidumet i tillegg inneholder minst én bestanddel valgt fra: grensesmøre-middeladditiver, korrosjonsinhibitorer, VI-forbedrere, hellepunktundertrykkere, skumdempere og deemulgeringsmidler.
NO884237A 1987-01-28 1988-09-23 Basisblanding for hydrauliske fluida, og hydraulisk fluidum fremstilt paa basis av blandingen NO174060B (no)

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DK536188A (da) 1988-09-27
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