OA10048A - Method and means for selective pest control - Google Patents
Method and means for selective pest control Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- OA10048A OA10048A OA60258A OA60258A OA10048A OA 10048 A OA10048 A OA 10048A OA 60258 A OA60258 A OA 60258A OA 60258 A OA60258 A OA 60258A OA 10048 A OA10048 A OA 10048A
- Authority
- OA
- OAPI
- Prior art keywords
- ingrédient
- molluscicidal
- formulation
- toxic
- agent
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 title description 2
- 230000002013 molluscicidal effect Effects 0.000 claims description 46
- 241000237858 Gastropoda Species 0.000 claims description 41
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 claims description 36
- 230000002538 fungal effect Effects 0.000 claims description 36
- FIVPIPIDMRVLAY-RBJBARPLSA-N gliotoxin Chemical compound C1C2=CC=C[C@H](O)[C@H]2N2[C@]1(SS1)C(=O)N(C)[C@@]1(CO)C2=O FIVPIPIDMRVLAY-RBJBARPLSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
- FIVPIPIDMRVLAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N aspergillin Natural products C1C2=CC=CC(O)C2N2C1(SS1)C(=O)N(C)C1(CO)C2=O FIVPIPIDMRVLAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 34
- 229940103893 gliotoxin Drugs 0.000 claims description 34
- 229930190252 gliotoxin Natural products 0.000 claims description 34
- 241000237852 Mollusca Species 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000005667 attractant Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 230000031902 chemoattractant activity Effects 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 102000013142 Amylases Human genes 0.000 claims description 25
- 108010065511 Amylases Proteins 0.000 claims description 25
- 235000019418 amylase Nutrition 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 claims description 24
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000004382 Amylase Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 claims description 19
- 241001225321 Aspergillus fumigatus Species 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000001963 growth medium Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229940091771 aspergillus fumigatus Drugs 0.000 claims description 9
- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium sulfate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 241000228245 Aspergillus niger Species 0.000 claims description 7
- 241001149594 Trichoderma deliquescens Species 0.000 claims description 7
- 241000223261 Trichoderma viride Species 0.000 claims description 7
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 244000045947 parasite Species 0.000 claims description 6
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000242678 Schistosoma Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 241001065417 Aspergillus chevalieri Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 241000227728 Trichoderma hamatum Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003440 toxic substance Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 241000228212 Aspergillus Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 231100000167 toxic agent Toxicity 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000006439 Aspergillus oryzae Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000002247 Aspergillus oryzae Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 241001149558 Trichoderma virens Species 0.000 claims description 2
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000001727 glucose Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 150000004885 piperazines Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 11
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 11
- 229940088598 enzyme Drugs 0.000 description 11
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 10
- 201000004409 schistosomiasis Diseases 0.000 description 8
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 5
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003053 toxin Substances 0.000 description 5
- 231100000765 toxin Toxicity 0.000 description 5
- 108700012359 toxins Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 241000057801 Bulinus africanus Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000238008 Cerithidea rhizophorarum Species 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 244000061456 Solanum tuberosum Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000002595 Solanum tuberosum Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000003750 molluscacide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000041027 Bulinus globosus Species 0.000 description 2
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 2
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229940025131 amylases Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009630 liquid culture Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002906 microbiologic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- PXDJXZJSCPSGGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palmityl palmitate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC PXDJXZJSCPSGGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001717 pathogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007916 tablet composition Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000237359 Biomphalaria Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000173710 Biomphalaria pfeifferi Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000041029 Bulinus Species 0.000 description 1
- DRSHXJFUUPIBHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N COc1ccc(cc1)N1N=CC2C=NC(Nc3cc(OC)c(OC)c(OCCCN4CCN(C)CC4)c3)=NC12 Chemical compound COc1ccc(cc1)N1N=CC2C=NC(Nc3cc(OC)c(OC)c(OCCCN4CCN(C)CC4)c3)=NC12 DRSHXJFUUPIBHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000017667 Chronic Disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920002261 Corn starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241001440269 Cutina Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000896533 Gliocladium Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910021578 Iron(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019759 Maize starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000001888 Peptone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 108010080698 Peptones Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000242594 Platyhelminthes Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000242683 Schistosoma haematobium Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000242680 Schistosoma mansoni Species 0.000 description 1
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000223259 Trichoderma Species 0.000 description 1
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052921 ammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011130 ammonium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052925 anhydrite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 231100000481 chemical toxicant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000396 dipotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- NLFBCYMMUAKCPC-KQQUZDAGSA-N ethyl (e)-3-[3-amino-2-cyano-1-[(e)-3-ethoxy-3-oxoprop-1-enyl]sulfanyl-3-oxoprop-1-enyl]sulfanylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)\C=C\SC(=C(C#N)C(N)=O)S\C=C\C(=O)OCC NLFBCYMMUAKCPC-KQQUZDAGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe](Cl)Cl RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012669 liquid formulation Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003071 parasitic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019319 peptone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001965 potato dextrose agar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002459 sustained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002485 urinary effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/90—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having two or more relevant hetero rings, condensed among themselves or with a common carbocyclic ring system
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
- A01N63/50—Isolated enzymes; Isolated proteins
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Virology (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a method for selectively combating or
Description
1 0048 G/i THIS INVENTION relates to a method and means for sélective pest control.More particularly the invention relates to a method for selectively combating snails,particularly freshwater snails, and to molluscicidal agents and formulations effective tobe used in accordance with tbe invention.
According to the invention there is provided a method for selectively combatingor controlling molluscs, which includes the step of applying to an infested environmenta mollusc attractant selected to attract target snails to a toxic agent, the molluscattractant comprising a fungal amylase as an attractive ingrédient.
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a method for10 selectively combating or controlling molluscs, which includes the step of applying to aninfested environment a molluscicidal agent comprising a toxic ingrédient selected fromthe group comprising gliotoxin and similarly effective epipolythiodioxo-piperazine analogues thereof.
Gliotoxin is an epipolythiodioxo-piperazine the Chemical name (according to IUPAC) of15 which is 2,3,5a, 6 - tetrahydro - 6 - hydroxy - 3 - (hydroxymethyl) - 2 - methyl - 10H - 3,10a - epidithiopyrazino [1,2 - a] - indole - 1,4 - dione (C13H14N2O4S2) and baving theformula
CHjOH I (hereinafter compound I); 1 0048 and the similarly active epipolythiodioxo-piperazine analogues may be compounds of theformula
vn (hereinafter compound II) in which η = 1 - 4; R, R1 = H, OH, alkyl, alkoxy, acvloxy; R2, R3 = H, alkyl;or R2R3 = a fused ring System; or compounds of the formula.
(hereinafter compound III) in which η = 1 - 4; and R1, R2 = H, alkyl or acyl.
The Applicants hâve found that gliotoxin is particularly effective for combatingor controlling freshwater snails, and specifically the snails capable of carrying 10 Schistosome parasites. The molluscicidal agent incorporaîing gliotoxin as the toxicingrédient, is preferably applied to the infested water environment in the form of a solidformulation.
The mollusc attractant may advantageously be applied to an infested environmenttogether with or in combination with the molluscicidal agent according to the invention. 15 The mollusc attractant and the molluscicidal agent may be incorporated in amolluscicidal formulation, eg in solid form to be placed in water infested with watersnails. 1 0048
The toxic ingrédient gliotoxin and its similarly effective analogues as definedherein may be produced by appropriate Chemical synthetic processes. Alternatively andpreferably gliotoxin may be produced by a microbiological process, conveniently by wayof a fermentation process with a suitable fungal species. The mollusc attractant maylikewise be produced by a microbiological process, conveniently also by way of afermentation process with a suitable fungal species. As mentioned above, the molluscattractant may be an enzyme, namely a fungal amylase.
By selecting, by way of trial and experiment, suitable fungal species and suitableculture media, and by optimising fermentation conditions, gliotoxin may be produced inadéquate quantities for use in accordance with the invention. Similarly, by selectingsuitable fungal species and suitable culture media, enzymes, eg fungal amylases may beproduced which are attractive to a particular target snail species.
The Applicants hâve found that, surprisingly, certain fungal species can producegliotoxin as well as an enzyme, eg a fungal amylase, which is attractive to molluscs. Forexample, when the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus is grown on a particular culture mediumit will produce a substance which is very attractive to snails, but grown on a differentculture medium it will produce gliotoxin. This aspect will be reverted to in more detailbelow. Because Aspergillus fumigatus has pathogenic properties, it is generally preferredto produce the fungal amylase by fermentation of Aspergillus oryzae or Aspergillus niger.and the gliotoxin by fermentation of Trichoderma virtde.
The following fungi hâve been found to produce gliotoxin when grown on suitableculture media:
Aspergillus chevalieri [(Mangin) Thom & Church]
Aspergillus fumigatus [Fresenius]
Aspergillus niger [van Tieghem]
Gliocladium deliquescens [Sopp = £. viride Matr]
Gliocladium vire ns [Miller, Giddens & Foster] Pénicillium cinerascens [Biourge] Pénicillium restrictum [Gilman & Abbot] Pénicillium terlikowski [Zaleski] 1 0048
Trichoderma hamatum [Bonard (Bain)]
Trichoderma viride [Pers. ex Gray]
The invention accordingly extends also to a method of producing the active toxicingrédient for a molluscicidal agent, and a method of producing a mollusc attractant,which methods include the steps of allowing a suitably selected fungus species to growon a suitably selected culture medium, and recovering the product formed. Morespecifically the method for producing the toxic ingrédient gliotoxin includes the steps ofpreparing a suitable culture medium, inoculating the culture medium with a strain of afungus selected from the following species:
Aspergillus chevalieri [(Mangin) Thom & Church]
Aspergillus fumigatus [Fresenius]
Aspergillus niger [van Tieghem]
Gliocladium deliquescens [Sopp = G. viride Matr]
Gliocladium virens [Miller, Giddens & Foster] Pénicillium cinerascens [Biourge] Pénicillium restrictum [Gilman & Abbot] Pénicillium terlikowski [Zaleski]
Trichoderma hamatum [Bonard (Bain)]
Trichoderma viride [Pers. ex Gray] allowing the fungus to grow, and recovering the product.
In selecting a suitable fungus, the following aspects should be taken into account:As a first considération, a fungal species should preferably be selected which wouldproduce the desired toxic Chemical in commercially viable yields. Secondly, it ispreferred to select a species which has no or little human pathogenic characteristics. Theculture medium should be selected and adapted so as to enable the selected fungalspecies to produce optimally, and preferably also to facilitate the extraction of thedesired product.
The Applicants hâve found that the species Trichoderma viride gives particularlygood results in practice when used to produce gliotoxin. 10048
The following fungi hâve been found to produce fungal amylases when grown onsuitable culture media:
Aspergillus orvzaeAspergillus niger [Van Tieghem]
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a molluscicidalagent in which the toxic ingrédient is selected from the group comprising gliotoxin andsimilarly effective epipolythiodioxo-piperazine analogues thereof as defîned herein.
As already mentioned above, the gliotoxin may be the product of a fermentationprocess with a suitable fungal species. Furthermore, the molluscicidal agent maypreferably be incorporated in a formulation which includes also a mollusc attractantwhich is attractive to the target snails. The attractive ingrédient in the mollusc attractantmay also be the product of a fermentation process with a suitable fungal species, eg afungal amylase, which is an enzyme.
The molluscicidal agent according to the invention is particularly effective tocombat or control freshwater snails, and in particular the snails capable of carryingSchistosome parasites. It will be appreciated that a molluscicidal agent which is effectiveto control or eradicate these Schistosome host snails would hâve important implicationsfor the control or éradication of schistosomiasis as the disease caused by these parasitesis known.
Schistosomiasis is a chronic disease which affects humans and various animais,particularly in tropical and sub-tropical countries, and which is caused by the presencein the body of parasitic flat-worms of the genus Schistosoma. Two species ofSchistosome parasites are mainly responsible for schistosomiasis, namely Schistosomahaematobium which is carried by the Bulinids, eg Bulinus africanus (also known asBulinus globosus) and which causes urinary bilharziasis; and Schistosoma mansoni whichis carried by the Biomphalaria host snails, eg Biomphalaria pfeifferi, and which causesalimentary bilharziasis. 1 0048
The Applicants hâve found that the toxic ingrédient gliotoxin is effective toeradicate or at least control the host snail Bulinus africanus (also known as Bulinusglobosus). Furthermore the Applicants hâve found that the fungal amylase produced bythe fermentation of for example the fungi Aspergillus orvzae or Aspergillus niger is anattractant substance attractive to the host snail Bulinus africanus (also known as Bulinusglobosus).
Fungal amylase products are commercially available, and such commercialproducts may conveniently be used in accordance with the invention. Thus theApplicants hâve found that the fungal amylase commercially available under the tradename Biozyme F from Amano Pharmaceutical Companv of Japan gives favourableresults as an attractant in respect of host snails of the species Bulinus africanus. Asimilarly effective fungal amylase is commercially available under the trade nameBiobridge supplied by Enzyme SA of South Africa.
By incorporating a mollusc attractant in a solid molluscicidal formulation togetherwith the molluscicidal agent including the toxic ingrédient in accordance with theinvention, the target snails are attracted to the formulation and will proceed to eat thesubstance. When the gliotoxin is ingested, the snails will die. An advantage is that afungal amylase is not generally attractive to other animais, including water animais suchas fish, so that such other animais will not be tempted to eat the toxic substance.
The Applicants hâve found that the concentration of the fungal amylase attractantin the molluscicidal formulation should be carefully controlled, since if the amylase isprésent in too high a concentration it causes repulsion of the snails. On the other hand,if the concentration is too low, the target snails will not be attracted. It is necessary,therefore, empirically to détermine a suitable effective concentration of the fungalamylase attractant in a solid formulation for a spécifie target snail. The Applicants hâvefound that an effective concentration of fungal amylase in a solid formulation accordingto the invention may vary between about 0,0025% and 0,01% for the Bulinus africanussnail. For example, in a 350 mg molluscicidal tablet produced in accordance with theinvention, between about 8/zg and 34/zg of enzyme powder may be included. 100 48
Presently commercially available molhiscicides are usually applied as aqueoussolutions to dams and rivers inhabited inter alia by the schistosomiasis host snails. Suchapplication has several disadvantages: In the first place, because most existingcommercial molluscicides are inorganic substances, they are regarded by some asundesirable in their application to a natural environment. Furthermore, at molluscicidalconcentration, these substances are generally not only toxic to the target snails but alsoto other freshwater snails and to other water organisms. At higher concentrations suchexisting commercial molluscicides may also be toxic to fish, an aspect which precludestheir use in dams where a build-up of toxins can occur.
Existing commercial molluscicides are usually applied as liquid formulations bymeans of pumps or spraying apparatus, methods of application which are clumsy andexpensive and with which overdosage may occur. Repeated, regular applications arenecessary in running water because there is no sustained activity. Because conventionalmolluscicides are generally water miscible, ail users of the treated water, humans as wellas animais, are exposed to the Chemicals concerned.
Gliotoxin, and the manner in which it may be applied in accordance with theinvention, does not entail these disadvantages. Gliotoxin is active against theschistosomiasis host snails at low concentrations. For example, it has been found inlaboratory trials that concentrations of gliotoxin in water from as low as 0,1 mg/0 areléthal to snails, and in particular the schistosomiasis host snails. Laboratory trialsindicated that a molluscicidal agent according to the invention containing gliotoxin as thetoxic active toxic ingrédient does not affect fish, tadpoles and water insects, even whenapplied in concentrations significantly higher than molluscicidal concentrations.
In practice, a molluscicidal agent according to the invention may be applied as anaqueous solution to the water habitat of the snails. Preferably, however, the toxicingrédient of the invention may be incorporated, advantageously with a mollusc attractantas set out above, in a solid environmentally acceptable matrix selected to allow the slowrelease of the attractant, while preventing the dissolution of the toxin, to make up a solidmolluscicidal formulation. The invention accordingly extends to a solid formulation 10048 effective for combating or controlling molluscs, particularly freshwater snails, which comprises gliotoxin or a similarly effective epipolythiodioxo-piperazine analogue thereof as herein defined, and a suitable mollusc attractant incorporated in a solid environmentally acceptable matrix. As already indicated above, the mollusc attractant may be a fungal amylase.
Pièces or chunks of suitable size, eg in the form of tablets or briquettes, of sucha solid formulation may then be placed in suitable locations in infested waters. Watersnails, and specifically the schistosomiasis host snails, attracted to the préparation by theattractant, will be killed when the toxin is ingested. Because only spécifie snails will beattracted by the préparation, the toxin concentration will be optimised in its effect onsuch snails, while other water animais, such as fish, tadpoles, etc will not be affected.
The active ingrédients may be incorporated in the matrix by admixing or blending.Such a solid matrix incorporating the toxic ingrédient according to the invention and themollusc attractive ingrédient may then be formed into tablets or briquettes. Such solidforms facilitate distribution and application, and application can be limited to spécifieinfested areas, and can be controlled.
Where the toxic ingrédient, eg gliotoxin, is incorporated in a solid matrix,overdosage will not easily take place. In the event that trace amounts of gliotoxin arereleased from the solid matrix, the gliotoxin will undergo a 50 per cent dégradation after100 hours in solution when exposed to sunlight, thereby eliminating or at least reducingthe possibility of a toxin build-up. Human and animal users of the water are thereforenot exposed to undue health risks.
Because the fungal amylase attractant gradually leaches out of the matrix, and sobecomes available to attract the target snails, the formulation will gradually loose itsattraction. When this occurs, the formulation must be replaced. It has been found thatthe duration of the attraction of the amylase may vary between about 24 and 48 hours. 1 0048 9
The invention and the manner in which it may be put into practice will now befurther described and explained by way of the following examples, based on laboratorytrials. EXAMPLE 1 PRODUCTION OF GLIOTOXIN WITH ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS: A liquid culture medium was prepared by admixing with 1? water the followingingrédients: 1 g kh2 po4 1,8 g Asparagine0,5 g MgSO415 g CaCO320 g Brown sugar
The liquid medium was inoculated with Aspergillus fumigatus and shaken for 9days at 25-28°C. The culture filtrate was then extracted with chloroform, and thegliotoxin was crystallised from ethyl acetate. A yield of 50-90 mg/? was obtained withdifferent trials. EXAMPLE 2 PRODUCTION OF GLIOTOXIN WITH TRICHODERMA VIRIDE: A liquid culture medium was prepared by admixing with 1 C of water the following ingrédients: Ug (NH4)2SO4 0,8g k2hpo4 0,4g MgSO4 0,008g FeCl3 0,016g Peptone 15g Sucrose
The liquid medium was inoculated with Trichoderma viride and shaken for 7 daysat 27°C. The culture filtrate was then extracted with choloroform and 63 mg/î wasobtained in a représentative trial. 1 0048 10 EXAMPLE 3 PRODUCTION OF AMOLLUSC ATTRACTANT WITH ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS: A culture medium was prepared by boiling a potato, drying the boiled potato inan oven, and grinding or milling the dried potato to form a granulated dried product. 5 2 g of this product and 10 g of glucose were added to IC water, and the medium inoculated with Aspergillus fumigatus. The culture was allowed to stand for 7 days at37°C, whereupon the mycelia were filtered out. 1 g of CaSO4 was added to 80 ml offiltrate, and the product was freeze dried and pulverised. The résultant powder wasfound to be extremely attractive to fresh water snails. 10 The attraction of the product for snails was clearly demonstrated in tests.
An ordinary commercial potato dextrose broth used as a culture medium wasfound to give unsatisfactory results. EXAMPLE 4
PREPARATION OF A MOLLUSCICIDAL FORMULATION (ON A LABORATORY 15 SCALE): 250 mg of an emulsifier commercially available from Quest International underthe trade name HYMONO 8903 and 0,2 mg of gliotoxin as prepared in Example 1, weredissolved in acetone, and 250 mg of the mollusc attractant as prepared in Example 2, wasadded to the solution. The mixture was dried under vacuum, and the résultant substance 20 formed into a tablet by pressing.
When the tablet was placed in water inhabited by snails, it was found that it wasvery attractive to the snails, and when ingested caused the snails to die. In separateexperiments, it was found that different species of fish and tadpoles présent in the waterwere unaffected. 1 0048 11 EXAMPLE 5 PREPARATION OF A MOLLUSCICIDAL FORMULATION IN TABLET FORM: A tablet formulation was made up by admixing the following ingrédients: (a) Gliotoxin 0,75 mg (b) Cutina CP* 122,00 mg (c) BaSO4 50,00 mg (d) Glucose 50,00 mg (e) Maize Starch 25,00 mg (f) Attractant** 200/d
Cutina CP (trade name) is a commercially available tablet binder.
The attractant was made up by dissolving 1 μ\ of the aforementioned Biobridge(trade name) fungal amylase concentrate in 150 ml of water.
Ingrédients (a) - (d) were granulated by heating the Cutina to melting point (43°C- 51°C) and adding a pre-mixed mixture of gliotoxin, BaSO4 and glucose. The mixturewas cooled while constantly stirring to achieve granulation.
The correct amount of starch and the attractant were added to form a paste whichwas dried and compacted into tablets.
It was found that this procedure was not suitable for large scale tablet production.Furthermore, the attractive properties of the formulation were inadéquate. EXAMPLE 6 PRODUCTION OF A MOLLUSCICIDAL FORMULATION IN TABLET FORM (ONA SCALE SUFFICIENT TO SUPPORT EXTENSIVE FIELD TRIALS): A tablet formulation was made up by admixing the following ingrédients:Gliotoxin 0,75 mg
Enzyme triturate* 10,00 mg (ie 17 /rg of enzyme powder/tablet)
BaSO4 50,00 mg 10048 12
Starch
Glucose
Stearic acid 40,00 mg50,00 mg199.25 mg350,00 mg 5 * The enzyme triturate is made up by mixing 10 mg of fungal amylase powder in 5 872,40 mg starch.
The mixture is pressed into a tablet, conveniently having a diameter of 8 mm, witha single break lip and a bevelled edge, and compactée! to 9,80 newton.
The characteristics of the tablets eg stability in water, leaching out of attractant 10 and ease of compaction can be controlled by altering the amounts of stearic acid andstarch included in the formulation.
The Applicants hâve found thaï a concentration of attractant of 17/zg of enzymepowder/350 mg tablet is optimum. Increasing the quantity of enzyme powder to34gg/350 mg tablet begins to cause repulsion of the snails. Decreasing the quantity of 15 enzyme to 8/zg/350 mg tablet shows decreased attraction. The duration of attraction wasfound to be about 24 to 48 hours.
The Applicants hâve found that a solid molluscicidal formulation containingbetween about 0,07 to 0,21% of the toxic ingrédient, and between about 0,0025 to 0,01%of the attractive ingrédient gives favourable results in practice. A molluscicidal 20 formulation in solid form may thus be provided, containing between about 0,71 and2,14 mg of toxic ingrédient per gram of solid formulation, and between about 22,9 and68,6 /zg of attractive ingrédient per gram of solid formulation.
Claims (30)
1. A method for selectively combaîing or controlling molluscs, which includes thestep of applying to an infested environment a mollusc attractant selected to attract targetsnails to a suitable toxic agent, the mollusc attractant comprising a fungal amylase as an 5 attractive ingrédient.
1 0048 13 CLAIMS
2. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the mollusc attractive ingrédient is theproduct of a fermentation process with a suitable fungal species.
3. A method as claimed in claim 2, in which the fungal species is selected from thegroup comprising: 10 Aspergillus oryzae. andAspergillus niger.
4. A method of selectively combating or controlling molluscs, which includes the stepof applying to an infested environment a molluscicidal agent in which the toxic ingrédientis selected from thé group comprising gliotoxin and similarly effective epipolythiodioxo- 15 piperazine analogues thereof as herein defined.
5. A method as claimed in claim 4, in which the molluscicidal agent is appliedtogether with a mollusc attractant comprising a fungal amylase as the attractiveingrédient.
6. A method as claimed in claim 5 for combating or controlling freshwater snails, in20 which the molluscicidal agent and the mollusc attractant are provided in the form of a solid formulation, which solid formulation is placed in the water habitat of the snails.
7. A method as claimed in claim 6, in which the freshwater snails are snails capableof carrying Schistosome parasites, and in which the toxic ingrédient is gliotoxin. 10048 14
8. A method as claimed in claim 6 or claim 7, in which the mollusc attractant isselected and the solid formulation is made up to allow the attractant to be graduallyleached from the formulation by water.
9. A method of producing a toxic ingrédient for a molluscicidal agent, which includesthe steps of allowing a selected fungus species to grow and ferment in a selected culturemedium, and recovering the product formed.
10. A method as claimed in claim 9, in which the fungal species is selected from thegroup comprising: Aspergillus chevalieri [(Mangin) Thom & Church] Aspergillus fumigatus [Fresenius] Aspergillus niger [van Tieghem] Gliocladium deliquescens [Sopp = G. viride Matr] Gliocladiuro virens [Miller, Giddens & Foster] Pénicillium cinerascens [Biourge] Pénicillium restrictum [Gilman & Abbot] Pénicillium terlikowski [Zaleski] Trichoderma hamatum [Bonard (Bain)] Trichoderma viride [Pers. ex Gray]
11. A molluscicidal agent which includes a mollusc attractant comprising a fungalamylase as the attractive ingrédient, and a suitable toxic ingrédient.
12. A molluscicidal agent as claimed in claim 11, in which the fungal amylase is theproduct of a fermentation process with a suitable fungal species.
13. A molluscicidal agent as claimed in claim 12, in which the fungal species isselected from the group comprising: Aspergillus orvzae. and Aspergillus niger. 10048 15
14. A molluscicidal agent which includes a toxic ingrédient selected from the groupcomprising gliotoxin and similarly effective epipolythiodioxo-piperazine analogues thereofas herein defined.
15. A molluscicidal agent as claimed in claim 14, in which the toxic ingrédient is theproduct of a fermentation process with a suitable fungal species.
16. A molluscicidal agent as claimed in claim 15, in which the fungal species isselected from the group comprising: Aspergillus chevalieri [(Mangin) Thom & Church] Aspergillus fumigatus [Fresenius] Aspergillus niger [van Tieghem] Gliocladium deliquescens [Sopp = G. viride Natr] Gliocladium virens [Miller, Giddens & Foster] Pénicillium cinerascens [Biourge] Pénicillium restrictum [Gilman & Abbot] Pénicillium terlikowski [Zaleski] Trichoderma hamatum [Bonard (Bain)] Trichoderma viride [Pers. ex Gray]
17. A molluscicidal agent as claimed in any one of daims 14 to 16 for combating orcontrolling snails capable of carrying Schistosome parasites, in which the toxic ingrédientis gliotoxin, and which includes a fungal amylase as a mollusc attractant.
18. A molluscicidal agent as claimed in claim 17, which is in solid form.
19. A molluscicidal formulation which includes a molluscicidal agent as claimed in anyone of daims 11 to 18, and an environmentally acceptable matrix.
20. A molluscicidal formulation as claimed in claim 19, which is in solid form andincludes a solid environmentally acceptable matrix selected and compacted to allow the 1 0048 16 graduai release of the active ingrédient when placed in water while delaying thedissolution of the toxic ingrédient.
21. A molluscicidal formulation as claimed in claim 20, in which the matrix is selectedand compacted to allow release of the attractive ingrédient over a period of at least 24 5 hours.
22. A molluscicidal formulation as claimed in claim 20 or 21, in which the solid matrixincludes starch, glucose, stearic acid and barium sulphate.
23. A molluscicidal formulation as claimed in any one of daims 19 to 22, whichcontains between about 0,07% and 0,21% of the toxic ingrédient, and between about 10 0,0025% and 0,01% of the mollusc attractive ingrédient by weight in the solid formulation.
24. A molluscicidal formulation as claimed in claim 23, which contains between about0,71 mg to 2,14 mg of the toxic ingrédient per gram of solid formulation, and betweenabout 22,9 //g to 68,6 /rg of the attractive ingrédient per gram of formulation 15
25. A mollusc attractant comprising a fungal amylase as the attractive ingrédient.
26. A method of selectively combating or controlling snails capable of carryingSchistosome parasites, substantially as described and exemplified herein.
27. A molluscicidal agent, substantially as described and exemplified herein.
28. A molluscicidal formulation, substantially as described and exemplified herein. 20
29. A mollusc attractant, substantially as described and exemplified herein.
30. A method of producing a toxic ingrédient for a molluscicidal agent, substantiallyas described and exemplified herein.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZA916311 | 1991-08-09 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| OA10048A true OA10048A (en) | 1996-10-14 |
Family
ID=25580868
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| OA60258A OA10048A (en) | 1991-08-09 | 1992-08-07 | Method and means for selective pest control |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AP (1) | AP293A (en) |
| OA (1) | OA10048A (en) |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA1220739A (en) * | 1983-05-17 | 1987-04-21 | Herbert J. Hatcher | Two component biocidal system |
| EP0184288A1 (en) * | 1984-10-23 | 1986-06-11 | Schering Agrochemicals Limited | Herbicides, insecticides and fungicides |
| US4765979A (en) * | 1986-03-11 | 1988-08-23 | Nielsen James W | Method and composition for killing terrestrial molluscs |
-
1992
- 1992-08-07 OA OA60258A patent/OA10048A/en unknown
- 1992-08-07 AP APAP/P/1992/000415A patent/AP293A/en active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AP293A (en) | 1993-12-23 |
| AP9200415A0 (en) | 1992-10-31 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CA2566864C (en) | Microbial biosurfactants comprising rhamnolipids as an agent for controlling pests | |
| US5877113A (en) | Solid form compositions for treating natural bodies of water | |
| US12137706B2 (en) | Micro-encapsulated aquaculture feed | |
| WO2010115335A1 (en) | Paecilomyces cicadae biological microbial agent, preparation method therefor and use thereof in controlling plant nematodes | |
| CN104045164A (en) | Microbial preparation for improvement of freshwater aquaculture water body | |
| US3420933A (en) | Oral larvicidal composition containing bacillus sphaericus | |
| US20040102328A1 (en) | Thermo-stable bio-matrix | |
| US20040022860A1 (en) | Release composition and method of preparation | |
| AU2001284560A2 (en) | A thermo-stable bio-matrix | |
| AU2001284560A1 (en) | A thermo-stable bio-matrix | |
| US11213029B2 (en) | Composition for plant disease control comprising limonene derivatives as active ingredients | |
| OA10048A (en) | Method and means for selective pest control | |
| JPH03503758A (en) | encapsulated bacteria | |
| CN1211898A (en) | Water surface floating microbial pesticides | |
| US3152953A (en) | Method of killing fish with antimycin | |
| US20040228844A1 (en) | Method for controlling harmful plant-parasitic nematodes | |
| JP4266046B2 (en) | Method for producing thick film spores of Trichodermahalzianam | |
| RU2113121C1 (en) | Biolarvicide and method of its preparing | |
| KR102746332B1 (en) | Eco-friendly plant protection and nutrient composition and the method for growing plants using the same | |
| KR100341186B1 (en) | Microencapsulation of Xenorhabdus nematophilus and its preparation and composition | |
| JP3614303B2 (en) | Plant pathogen control agent for spraying on the leaves of plants, method for producing the same and method for using the same | |
| CN121369378A (en) | Special bait for attracting termites by using composite cellulose | |
| KR20050110835A (en) | Fertilizer and manufacturing method of the same | |
| RU2333644C1 (en) | Method of potato beetle abatement and instrument for its realisation | |
| AU2022383916A1 (en) | Composition and method for breaking down crop residue and adding nutrients to soil |