OA21880A - Moringa-based feed for farmed fish and its manufacturing process. - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a feed for farmed fish (Clarias garienpinus, Oreochromis niloticus). The feed is essentially composed of Moringa Oleifera powder, rice bran, broken corn, peanut cake, water and palm kernel oil. It also relates to the method for manufacturing this feed for farmed fish and its use for purifying the feed water of farmed fish.

Description

The present invention relates to a feed for farmed fish and its manufacturing process. It relates to the field of fish farming and aims to enhance the value of natural resources and agro-industrial residues.

Generally speaking, fishmeal is usually used to feed farm animals in an agricultural and aquaculture environment, for example, pigs, poultry, and farmed fish, with the majority of fishmeal being used as feed for farmed fish. The composition of fishmeal varies depending on the species, and whole fish typically contains 64 to 74% by weight of protein, 11 to 20% by weight of ash, 8 to 10 12% by weight of fat, 6 to 8% by weight of water, and 2 to 3% by weight of phosphorus.

Several inventions relating to the formulation of flours intended for feeding animals are known from the prior art. We can cite application WO2023110486 which concerns fish flour and its production and use.

However, the main constraint in the production of these fishmeals is the need to use fish in a context of dwindling fish resources. Another constraint is the high production cost, which means that these fishmeals are sold at a very high price on the market.

In the aquaculture industry, the focus is constantly on fish growth. The goal is to produce healthy fish that gain weight quickly and thus achieve a satisfactory slaughter weight in a short time. However, the growth of global aquaculture and the need to preserve natural marine resources require us to change the composition of feed for farmed fish by introducing fishmeal substitute feeds. The principle of substitution is based on the fact that fishmeal is not an essential raw material; it is the nutrients it provides that are (proteins, lipids, amino acids). Substitute feeds have been introduced to reduce the use of animal protein (fish). Based on their composition and market availability, the most commonly used plant products are derived from oilseeds (soybean, rapeseed, sunflower), cereals (corn, wheat) and protein crops (lupins, peas).

On the other hand, studies have shown that completely replacing fishmeal with plant products causes, in some species, a decrease in growth rate and feed efficiency, even though the necessary nutrients are present in the feed. It would therefore be essential to incorporate fishmeal into these plant products.

The object of this present invention is to provide a solution to these shortcomings by proposing a feed for farmed fish made from a vegetable plant such as Moringa and agricultural by-products without the presence of protein of animal origin (fish meal).

Indeed, the feed for farmed fish according to the invention is characterized in that it is composed of:

Moringa oleifera powder, rice bran, corn chips, peanut cake, water, palm kernel oil, vitamins (A, D), binder (xanthan gum).

Moringa oleifera leaf powder is a nutrient concentrate, and its incorporation into feed could improve growth, survival rate, and production cost. Moringa branches and leaves are rich in protein, flavonoids, and other nutrients, and its protein content can reach 27%, twice that of milk, and has high nutritional value.

The invention will be better understood with the help of the following explanations and examples of implementation.

According to one embodiment, the fish feed as provided in this invention (R2) is formulated in the following proportions in comparison with another feed containing fish meal (RI).

Table 1: Composition of experimental feeds (% dry weight) Ingredients RI R2 Fish meal ^(a> 20 0 Moringa oleifera leaf 0 20 Rice bran 37 37 Peanut cake 25 25 Broken corn 15 15 Vitamin Premix 1 1 Growth vitamin 1 1 Binder 1 1 Total 100 100 According to another embodiment, fish food (R2) has the analytical composition of the Table 2 5 Table 2: Analytical composition of RI and R2 foods Specific components RI R2 Dry matter (%) 91.86 91.32 Crude protein (% DM) 21.84 26.07 Fat (% DM) 9.60 07.12 Crude cellulose (% DM) 02.43 10.08 Ash (% DM) 14.82 9:30 Phosphorus (% DM) 9:15 0.53 Energy (Kcal ED/Kg) 3222.40 3172.04

To better assess the effect of the feed used (R2), comparison tests were carried out by feeding fish with the RI and R2 formulas in two replicates of the same surface area (8m ² ). To avoid the mass effect, we placed 3 fish per m ² ; which gives a total of 24 fish per replicate. Each individual is measured and weighed individually. The sex parameter is not taken into account, because we work in terms of biomass. After stocking the tanks, dead individuals are weighed and replaced before the actual start of the study, which begins 24 hours after the replacement of the dead individuals.

Each replica receives a diet (specify diet) for 60 days. The food is distributed by hand 4 times a day (8:00 a.m., 1:00 a.m., 14:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m.), every day of the week.

Comparison Tests Survival

During the experiment, the survival rate of fish in the different replicates was calculated after each control fishing (every 15 days). The percentages obtained per diet are presented in Table 3.

Table 3: Variation in survival rate (%) during the experiment

the fishing ^{era 2nd} fishing I'm fishing 4th fishing Average ± standard deviation RI Regime 100 100 100 95.83 98.95 ± 2.08 R2 Regime 87.50 100 100 100 96.87 ± 6.25

For the total duration of the experiment, the survival rate in the different replicates was respectively 98.95 ± 2.08%, 96.87 ± 6.25% for RI and R2 diets. No significant difference between these mean values was observed.

Comparison of growth of RI and R2 regimes

During the experimental study, tests with Moringa oleifera powder (R2) gave more satisfaction with weight gains exceeding 100 g, in 2 months of breeding, for juvenile Oreochromis niloticus weighing 48 g initially.

Chemical and microbiological analyses have shown that this fish food is mainly rich in protein and crude fiber, compounds known for their multiple biological properties.

The graphical representation of the evolution of the average individual weight of fish by diet, during the experiment, gave the following figure:

Figure 1: Weight growth of fish by diet

Fish fed the RI diet, a feed containing fish meal, showed lower and significantly different growth (p < 0.05) than fish fed the R2 diet. It was also observed that the growth of fish fed the R2 diet was slow during the period D15 - D30 (an average weight gain of 10.01 g); faster in the period D45 - D60 (an average weight gain of 13.58 g for the same replicate), whereas for fish fed the R2 diet, the greatest growth was recorded during the period D0 - D15 (an average weight gain of 7.06 g).

Table 4: Values (mean ± standard deviation) of coefficients estimating fish growth performance during the experiment. On each line, values with the same subscript letter are not significantly different (P > 0.05)

RI Regime R2 Regime CMC (g) 16.98 ± 1.98a 55.22 ± 1.70b CIJ (g/d) 0.28 ± 0.13a 0.83 ± 0.11b TCS (% pc/d) 0.49 ± 0.27a 1.18 ± 0.28b

With an average weight gain of 55.22 ± 1.70 g in 60 days, an individual daily growth of 0.83 ± 0.11 g/day and a specific growth rate of 1.18 ± 0.28% bw/day, fish fed with R2 feed showed better growth performance compared to fish fed with RI feed. These values are close to the expected results (average weight gain of 62 g in 60 days, for an individual daily growth of 1.03 g/day).

Feed intake and efficiency

The ingestion and utilization efficiency of the test foods were evaluated by calculating the main commonly used indices, namely voluntary intake (VI), protein efficiency coefficient (PEC) and consumption index (CI). The different average values obtained per diet during the experiment are recorded in the table below:

Table 5: Table 6: Main feed efficiency indices: average values for the total duration of the experiment (60 days)

RI Regime R2 Regime IV 3.98 ± 0.07a 3.56 ± 0.03a CEP 0.01 ± 0.007a 0.03 ± 0.007a IC 2.03 ± 0.02a 1.55 ± 0.10b

Fish were observed to eat the distributed feed with apparent avidity. Voluntary intake ranged from 3.56 ± 0.03 to 3.98 ± 0.07%/d, with no significant difference observed between diets (P > 0.05).

At the protein efficiency coefficient level, the values of 0.01 ± 0.007 for the R2 diet compared to 0.03 ± 0.007 for the RI diet, suggest that the proteins of the R2 diet seem to be better utilized than those of the RL diet.

At the end of the experiment, taking into account the biomass produced and the total amount of feed distributed, the feed conversion index of each feed was calculated. It is 1.55 ± 0.10 for the R2 feed, and 2.03 ± 0.02 for the RI diet. The feed conversion index of the first R2 feed is better than that of RI.

In conclusion, the performance tests carried out with Moringa as a total substitute for fish meal show satisfaction with the various zootechnical parameters.

The invention also relates to the method of manufacturing this feed for farmed fish and its use for purifying farmed water.

The fish feed manufacturing process includes the following steps:

product formulation (Moringa powder + other components (rice, corn, peanut)

- addition of water (1.5%) to obtain a pasty extrusion mixture for better floatability of the product

- extrusion to improve digestibility addition of palm kernel oil granulation

- and finally drying at 40 - 45° C.

The farmed fish feed as presented in this invention has multiple advantages:

The primary advantage of this fish feed is the use of local agro-resources of low market value and the absence of chemicals in its formulation.

Another advantage is the availability of raw materials to ensure the sustainability of fishing and aquaculture activities. This fish feed also has high nutritional properties which leads to rapid development of the fish;

This fish food is easily absorbed and digested quickly in the fish's body.

Claims (7)

l. Feed for farmed fish characterized in that it is composed of Moringa oleifera powder, rice bran, broken corn, peanut cake, water, and palm kernel oil, vitamins (A and D) and binder (xanthan gum). 2. Fish feed according to claim 1, characterized in that the Moringa oleifera powder is obtained from Moringa oleifera leaves dried in the shade for three days. 3. Fish feed according to claims 1 and 2 characterized in that the rice bran, the broken corn, the peanut cakes are dried at a temperature of 40-45°C for 24 hours and ground with the Moringa leaves in a hammer mill with a mesh size of 0.5 mm. 4. Fish feed according to claim 3, characterized in that said feed is in the form of granules. 5. Fish feed according to claim 4 characterized in that said feed is used for feeding the species Clarias garienpinus. 6. Fish feed according to claim 4, characterized in that said feed is used for feeding the species Oreochromis niloticus. 7. Method for manufacturing fish feed according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: formulation of the product (Moringa powder + other components) addition of water (1.5%) to have a pasty mixture extrusion for better floatability of the product extrusion to improve digestibility addition of palm kernel oil granulation and finally drying.