PL237442B1 - Geological engineering installation for gaining renewable energy and water - Google Patents

Description

Description of the invention

The subject of the invention is a system of devices for obtaining renewable energy and water from the atmospheric air, in which the conversion of kinetic and thermal energy from artificially created catabatic wind and passive condensation of water contained in the atmospheric air takes place.

The phenomenon of natural air movements caused by the pressure difference occurring in nature is used as one of the methods of obtaining the so-called renewable energy. For example, wind turbines or windmills are powered by the wind. A special type of wind is a downward (mountain, katabatic) or upward (valley, anabatic) slope wind that changes its direction in a diurnal cycle. On a sunny day, the mountain slopes heat up, warm air masses rise above them, and at night the air above the slopes is cooler than in the valleys and falls heavier down the slope. A particularly strong katabatic wind occurs in a cloudless sky, when the air above the slopes is cooled by the ground, which radiates its heat into space. Katabatic winds can also blow around the clock in some cases. This phenomenon occurs on snow-covered mountain slopes and on glaciers under cloudless skies. The solar radiation is then not absorbed due to the high reflectivity of the snow, which cools down by radiation due to the high emissivity in the far infrared range, cooling the air directly above it. Anabatic or katabatic air movement can also be caused artificially by deliberately heating or cooling it. There are known solutions that use the force of rising warm air (updraft) or falling cold air (downdraft), which in both cases drives a properly set system of turbines producing electricity.

An example of a device that produces energy in this way is the so-called Solar Tower or Solar Mountain. This device consists of a chamber cover (collector), which is spread over a relatively large area, transparent to solar radiation, in which the air is solar heated, and a conduit (duct) directed upwards from it. Heated, lighter air escapes from the chamber through the duct, driving a turbine coupled with an electricity generator along the way. The downside of such solutions is that the energy supply that drives the devices is limited to the part of the day when the sun is high enough above the horizon. The disadvantage of solar towers is also the limitation to areas characterized by a predominance of sunny days and the use of a large area of land for the collector.

US 3 894 393 discloses a method and device for generating electricity using regulated air flow in areas with low relative humidity. The closed air masses are cooled below the ambient temperature by evaporating the water supplied from outside at a certain height. These air masses are separated from the surroundings by means of a channel of high capacity. As a result, the air that is cooler and denser flows down the channel and the kinetic energy of the falling mass is transformed by turbines and a generator into electricity.

US 4 801 811 discloses a method of generating electricity in areas of low relative humidity using a natural channel open at the top in the form of a canyon closed naturally at one end. The second outlet of the channel is closed with a partition, in the base of which there is a turbine coupled to the generator. The air in the canyon is cooled by spraying water at its entrance, causing it to fall down towards the base of the baffle and the turbine. The baffle is preferably in the form of a flexible curtain covering the mouth of the canyon and has top-mounted fasteners suspended from a rope anchored in two towers placed on the canyon edges.

From US 6,510,687, a device for generating electricity through a set of turbines driven by cooled air falling in a vertical cylindrical structure is known. This system is known as the "Downdraft Energy Tower". The air inside the structure is cooled by spraying water pumped from the ground tank in the upper part of the structure. The limitation to the use of this method of energy production is the need to locate the systems near water reservoirs.

From US 4,481,774 a dish is known which extends above a natural canyon and defines an air channel having a lower inlet and an upper outlet. The sunlight passes through the bowls and causes the air in the duct to heat up and flow upwards. Released from the channel

The air can drive the wind turbine. The canopy is made of a material transmitting solar radiation and has a modular structure. The individual panels of the canopy are made of two plastic sheets separated by a cell containing air, compressed air or a gas lighter than air. The panels are joined with longitudinal joints. The canopy has an anti-reflective coating which allows the solar radiation to pass inside and blocks its reflection from the collector to the outside. In turn, the earth's radiation, with a wavelength longer than the solar radiation wavelength, is blocked by the covering of the dish.

Relative humidity is also related to the change of air temperature. The cooled air becomes relatively humid, and the heated air becomes drier. The phenomenon of water vapor condensation is used in various devices that passively or actively use the increase in relative air humidity to produce fresh water.

In addition, there are known devices that use the phenomenon of natural radiation cooling for air conditioning or cooling water or food products. The method of ice production based on night-time radiation cooling has been known for a long time - the water in a shallow vessel is adequately isolated from the environment. As a result of heat emission at night, the water freezes even though the air temperature does not drop below 0 ° C.

There is a need for a system of devices that is low initial cost and easy to operate, that generates energy in a passive and renewable manner, and allows for the addition of fresh water. The geoengineering scale of the proposed system would allow to meet the mass needs in terms of energy, food, fresh water and increase the comfort of living in extreme climates by lowering the temperature and increasing the humidity of the microclimate. In this sense, geoengineering is an influence on the climate and microclimate, as well as related natural phenomena.

Such a system would work by converting the mechanical energy of the falling cooled air stream into electricity by means of a wind turbine and generator. On the other hand, lowering the air temperature would take place by using the phenomenon of radiation cooling, and not by using the negative heat of vaporization of the sprayed water, as is the case with downdraft installations.

The technical problem to be solved therefore includes the introduction of a completely passive radiant cooling system for the extraction of renewable energy and water from the ambient air.

The arrangement of devices for obtaining renewable energy and defect from atmospheric air using a covering, according to the invention, includes an insulated space defined naturally or artificially in the terrain, especially in a depression of the ground on a slope, in a valley or a canyon, or on a plateau, separated from the atmosphere by a covering and having air inlet and outlet. In this space, a displacement of air masses is caused as a result of its cooling, and ducts leading the cooled air to the energy conversion unit, especially to the electric energy generator, are connected to the air outlet.

The solution according to the invention uses three basic natural natural phenomena. The first is the wind, and in particular the slope wind caused by the difference in density and temperature of air masses. Another phenomenon is the increase in relative air humidity caused by the decrease of its temperature until the condensation process occurs after exceeding the so-called dew point. The last phenomenon is radiative cooling due to the loss of energy by radiating long-wave thermal radiation into space, which is not compensated by the inflow of short-wave solar radiation.

The essence of the solution according to the invention consists in the fact that the covering is a flexible, optically selective structure transmitting the radiation emitted by the ground in the far infrared range towards the atmosphere, while reflecting the visible and ultraviolet solar radiation and near infrared radiation, both falling directly on the covering and scattered. The covering is divided into chambers, the common walls of which are stretched on the slings of the ropes of the covering's skeleton, and these walls are made of flexible polymer covered with an optically selective layer.

Therefore, a covering is introduced - a multilayer structure thermally and optically designed with thermal insulation properties and at the same time spectrally selective transmittance of optics

To control the flow of thermal energy by electromagnetic radiation. Optically selective properties mean that the structure reflects and transmits the corresponding radiation unidirectionally.

Due to these properties, the cover can passively, i.e. without additional, active, energy-consuming air-conditioning installations, influence the microclimate in the space separated by it from the surrounding atmosphere.

The walls of the chambers are covered with an optically selective mirror reflective layer for far infrared radiation as well as visible solar radiation, ultraviolet radiation and near infrared radiation.

The walls of the chambers are covered with an optically selective retroreflective layer for direct incident visible, ultraviolet and near-infrared solar radiation and at the same time reflective for far-infrared radiation.

The cover chambers have a cross-sectional geometry in the form of a hexagonal - a honeycomb arranged parallel to the ground surface, forming hexagonal solids or have the form of longitudinal channels located next to each other and parallel to the ground surface.

The walls of the mirrored chambers are covered with a metallic coating, covered with a transparent protective layer, while in the retroreflective version they are covered with a retroreflective film with a low-emission layer of low absorbance.

The chambers are closed at the bottom with covers stretched on the frame, while the bottom covers of the chambers are made of optically selective material transmitting far infrared radiation and reflecting solar radiation visible and ultraviolet and near infrared, both direct and diffused.

The chambers are covered with horizontally arranged lids made of optically selective material transmitting far infrared radiation, while reflecting the solar radiation visible and ultraviolet and near infrared, both direct and diffuse.

The gas column located in the open chambers is stabilized by the use of an air siphon, the bottom inlet of the chambers having a Winston cone geometry with mirror walls also for far infrared radiation.

The chambers may be equipped with flaps to regulate the amount of long-wave radiation passing through the cover.

The lids can be made of a variety of optically selective materials as shown below.

The cover material is ZnS foil with a thickness of several dozen μm, covered with anti-reflective microrelief with a spread, modulus and height of about 1 μm, with a layer of amorphous fluoropolymer up to 1 μm thick.

The cover material is a NaCl foil with a thickness of several dozen μm, bonded with an amorphous fluoropolymer, covered with an anti-reflective microrelief with a spacing, modulus and height of about 1 μm, with a layer of amorphous fluoropolymer with a thickness of up to 1 μm.

The cover material is a foil made of foamed perfluoropolymer with a fractal, hierarchical pore structure, with a total material thickness not exceeding 3 μm.

The cover material is made of ultra-pure mono- or polycrystalline silicon foil, up to 50 μm thick, covered with micro-relief.

The cover material is a sheet of material selected from the group consisting of opal silicate glass, foamed glass, foamed and photodegradable polymers, non-woven mats, or silicate glass, borosilicate and boron lithium glass fabrics.

According to the invention it is possible to generate a controlled catabatic wind by using a selective climatic partition installed on appropriate landforms. The cover enables the radiative cooling of the covered area and the air masses located between the area with the partition. The cooled air masses in the form of a controlled catabatic wind are directed to an appropriately arranged duct or a set of ducts, driving the air turbines located at their outlet. The installation also produces fresh water from water vapor condensing in the cooled air.

The advantages of this solution are that it introduces favorable microclimatic conditions in relation to the ambient climate. The disclosed system of geoengineering devices is intended for extremely dry and hot climates with strong daily temperature fluctuations. These are

Thus, the conditions are far from the physiological comfort of humans (thermal, optical and humidity comfort) and make the cultivation of plants difficult. The use of the climatic partition enables the cultivation of plants and food production in areas that have not been used for agriculture so far, thus enabling self-sustaining settlement.

The system creates thermal gradients and enables the use of these gradients for energy production, e.g. by the controlled generation of catabatic winds that drive air turbines and enable the production of electricity. An alternative way to use this stream of cooled air for energy production is thermal conversion, e.g. thermoelectric, with the help of a low-boiling medium, or electrothermomagnetic. It is also possible to obtain fresh water used in agriculture and by humans by increasing the relative humidity of the air until reaching the dew point in the space under the climatic cover.

The solution according to the invention is illustrated in the drawings with exemplary embodiments, in which the individual figures show:

Fig. 1 - location of the system of equipment in the field, in a natural canyon, Fig. 2 - location of the system in the field, on a plateau with a slope, Fig. 3 - perspective view, partially sectioned overlap, Fig. 4 - cross-section with an additional upper layer , in perspective view, in partial section, fig. 5 - flap opening and closing unit, fig. 6 - set of parallel channels, fig. 7 - partition opened from above, fig. 8 - air siphon chamber with sigmoidal geometry, fig. 9 - air trap chamber with concentric geometry, Figs. 10A, 10B, 10C - variants of the baffle shell, Fig. 11 - scaffolding shell structure.

The basic element of the system is the cover 1, divided into chambers 2, suspended on ropes 3 by means of slings 4, allowing for the isolation of the space under it from the surrounding atmosphere and for the control of the microclimate in this space.

Covering 1 changes the thermal conditions in the space it covers (statically or dynamically). Cover 1 is (i) an effective thermal insulation in a way that ensures that the masses of cold air remain underneath it, (ii) increases the relative humidity of the air beneath it, (iii) affects the movement of air inside, cutting off the space from external air movements, i.e. wind in the atmosphere above the shell and creates a local circulation system related to thermal convection, (iv) changes the radiation conditions (from ultraviolet to far infrared), primarily reducing the amount of solar energy reaching the ground. The task of cover 1 is to cool and increase the humidity of the air beneath it by reflecting as much solar radiation as possible (coming directly from the sun and diffused by the atmosphere, coming from the entire sky) and passing the energy emitted by the ground in the far infrared range.

From the standpoint of mechanical integrity, the deck 1 spread over the ground may be supported by a rigging assembly supported by poles or anchored directly to the ground depending on the configuration of the terrain. An alternative possibility is to make the cover 1 a self-supporting structure by filling the chambers 2 with a gas that is lighter than air, preferably with a non-flammable gas, e.g. form gas (a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen). However, this solution requires the installation of a fixed and sealed set of covers - both under and above the chambers. In the case when cover 1 covers buildings, it can be spread higher above the ground surface, and in the case of covering valleys or a diversified area, the distance between the ground and cover 1 may be variable, and locally significant. The plateau area is a favorable location for the entire system. The upper surface of the cover 1 can be reinforced by a light framework (scaffolding) made of, for example, composites, which keeps the shape of the chambers despite the wind pressure. A skeleton of a similar structure can also be used to maintain the shape of the lower parts of the chambers 2.

Cover 1 is a flexible, multi-layer structure divided into chambers 2 with a vertical orientation or inclined towards the north (in the case of an installation location in the northern hemisphere) at an angle of approximately 45 °. It is preferable that the cover 1 has a honeycomb structure parallel to the ground surface (Fig. 3 - Fig. 5). The chambers 2 then have the shape of touching each other

There are hexagonal columns or a channel structure made of parallel to each other with the common walls of the chambers (Fig. 6).

The chambers 2 have side walls 5 and are closed at the bottom or at the top, or at the top and bottom with covers 6. which, like the surface of the walls 5, have optically selective properties. If the atmosphere above cover 1 has a temperature higher than the air under cover 1 in chambers 2, thermal-density stratification takes place, thanks to which the entire cover 1 gains the function of a thermal insulator preventing the transfer of heat from the atmosphere under this cover 1.

An alternative solution is to make the chambers 2 open at the top and bottom with a blockage of air movement inside the chambers 2 by providing them with an air trap 22 (non-partition air lock) system with a sigmoidal (Fig. 8) or concentric (Fig. 9) geometry. This siphon arrangement 22 transmits all FIR radiation as a hollow optical fiber or light pipe. Thanks to this solution, thermal-density stratification is obtained and the air is immobilized, which allows the use of this air layer as thermal insulation and prevents wind from penetrating under the cover 1. Optionally, chambers 2 in the form of air locks can be additionally closed at the bottom with covers. It is necessary to install a tube in the lower bend of the siphon to drain precipitation and atmospheric sediments that degrade the optical properties of the cover 1.

The total longitudinal section of the chamber in the air trap 22 version is much higher than in the case of using the straight chamber, which results in less effective finish (light) of the coating surface, i.e. limited long-wave radiation transmittance. In order to avoid these limitations, when using siphons 22, the lower inlets 23 of the chambers 2 should be formed in the form of a Winston cone or a complex paraboloid. Such an optical structure has a higher incident radiation acceptance angle than a simple cylinder, thereby increasing the amount of absorbed diffusive isotropic radiation emitted by the ground.

With a sufficient extension of the chambers 2 in the cover 1, it is possible to omit the covers 6 altogether (FIG. 7). This way, the accumulation of precipitation and atmospheric sediments on the cover 1 is eliminated. There is also no problem with far infrared (FIR) transmittance and photodegradation of the covers sensitive to ultraviolet and visible (UV-VIS) radiation 6.

The walls 5 of the chambers 2 are made of elastic laminates reinforced with fabrics and their surface is optically selective. It is a mirror for the far infrared FIR as well as for ultraviolet and visible radiation UV-VIS and near infrared (NIR), or it is covered with a retro reflective layer only for UV-VIS and NIR and also reflective for FIR. In the special case, when using an ultraviolet (UV) sensitive bottom cover 6b (e.g. HDPE or MDPE), the upper part of the walls 5 of the chamber 2 must be covered with a material containing a UV radiation absorber, which converts the energy of the UV photons into heat, which should be then dissipated by convection and led out over the cover 1.

Depending on the adopted versions of the invention, each chamber 2 or sector of chambers 2 may be provided with one or two covers 6 - the top cover 6a and the bottom cover 6b. The covers 6 can perform several functions - a physical barrier separating the space in the chambers and under the coating from the surrounding atmosphere and selectively an optical coating transparent for the far infrared and reflective for visible light.

In the case of an embodiment of the invention, in which each chamber 2 or sector of chambers 2 is provided with one cover 6, this can be placed at the top or at the bottom of the chamber 2.

Top cover 6a must be transparent to long-wave infrared radiation. The cover 6a must have the optical properties of the cold mirror type, i.e. a dichroic mirror, selective for UV-VIS and NIR radiation, and at the same time it must be transparent to FIR radiation. This limits the choice of materials from which the cover 6a can be made. There are organic materials such as polymers or waxes such as amorphous fluoropolymers, HDPE or MDPE, high melting point paraffin waxes, and inorganic crystalline materials such as NaCl, ZnS or Si, or a combination of these. This is due to the fact that the cover must meet the mechanical requirements and resistance to weather conditions, in particular photodegradation as well as extreme thermal changes and moisture.

The cover material 6 may therefore be a composite foil, reinforced with a metallized glass fiber or metal mesh, possibly pressed into a composite or metal micro-grate (lattice) covered with a metallic mirror coating, thanks to which the micro-scaffolding does not obscure the FIR radiation emitted by the ground. The foil can be made, for example, of ZnS nanograins with a size of approx. 300 nanometers or ZnS nanofibers (Fig. 10) with a thickness of several dozen micrometers.

PL 237 442 B1 compressed (Fig. 10A) or bonded with amorphous fluoropolymers or paraffin waxes (Fig. 10B) and covered with anti-reflective "moth eye" type microrelief with a range, module and height of about 1 μm, dedicated to extinguishing radiation reflections with a wavelength 8-12 μm, additionally protected against moisture by a coating of amorphous fluoropolymer or Al2O3 with a thickness of up to 1 μm, i.e. a material transmitting long-wave infrared radiation.

In another variant, the cover material 6 is a film several dozen micrometers thick, pressed or bonded with NaCl nanograins approximately 300 nanometers in size or NaCl nanofibers (Fig. 10C) coated with anti-reflective "moth eye" type microrelief with a span, modulus and height of approximately 1 μm , dedicated to suppressing radiation reflections with a wavelength of 8-12 μm, additionally protected against the effects of moisture by a coating of amorphous fluoropolymer or Al2O3 with a thickness of up to 1 μm transmitting infrared radiation.

In a further embodiment, the cover material 6 is a foamed, amorphous perfluoropolymer (microfoam or airgel) foil, preferably with a fractal, hierarchical pore structure, with a total material thickness not exceeding 3 µm.

Further, the cover material 6 is an ultra-pure mono- or polycrystalline silicon foil with a thickness of up to 50 μm, transparent for long-wave and reflective radiation for solar radiation, covered with a microrelief reflecting visible radiation and anti-reflecting for FIR radiation.

All the above-mentioned materials, used in a sufficiently thin layer (below 10 μm) are transparent in the far infrared range (8-12 μm), while high reflectivity in UV-VIS and NIR can be ensured by an appropriate combination of these elements and giving them an appropriate spatial dimension. structures. Diffusion reflection of solar radiation can be provided by dispersing elements of different refractive index or by imparting a controlled micro- and nano-porosity to the cover 6a. The top positioning of the cover 6a means that the materials have to meet higher requirements, mainly due to the higher UV-VIS radiation load. A cheaper material, not resistant to UV-VIS radiation, such as fine foamed HDPE or MDPE, can be used here, provided that it will contain a UV stabilizer and the barrier will be replaced every few years, which at the same time partially eliminates the problem of dirt accumulation.

In a further embodiment, the cover material 6 is a sheet of material opaque to longwave radiation, with a very high absorbance and emissivity for this radiation, and high diffusion reflectance for UV-VIS and NIR radiation, although it may be partially permeable in this range, silicate milk glass (i), foamed glass (ii), foamed and photodegradable polymers (iii), non-woven mat or fabric made of silicate glass (iv), borosilicate glass (v) or lithium boron glass (vi).

When the cover 6b is located in the lower part of the cell, it is possible to use other materials opaque to FIR radiation (possibly also UV-VIS) as its core, including metals, inorganic fibers, in particular glass fibers or fiber-reinforced polymer composites. For such a solution, the optical properties of the surface are important, in particular high emissivity and absorption for FIR and high reflectivity in the range of UV-VIS and NIR.

In the first version, the selectively optical cover 1 is therefore transparent to FIR and reflective for UV-VIS and NIR, in a second version opaque, highly absorptive and highly emissive for FIR, and reflective (in a diffusion or mirror manner) for UV-VIS and NIR.

The use of two top covers 6a and bottom cover 6b improves the functioning of the cover 1 as a thermal barrier separating the thermally stratified gas inside the chambers 2 from the space below and above the cover 1. This will prevent the occurrence of thermal convection in the chambers 2 and gas movements forced by the wind field. Both the top cover 6a and the bottom cover 6b should have the optical properties described in the case of implementing the invention in the version with one cover 6.

One of the basic problems related to the effective functioning of the system is the deposition of dust, precipitation and atmospheric deposits on the cover 1, especially on its optical parts. For this reason, the cover 1 must be provided with a dewatering or snow removal system and dust removal, especially from the surface of the covers 6. Between the individual chambers 2 there are vertical channels enabling the discharge of material accumulating on the cover 1 surface. Ducts should be provided with shutters that will let the material through, but not the light, under load.

PL 237 442 B1

The rim of each chamber 2 may, in some embodiments, be provided with a flap system 8 (Fig. 5) enabling it to be closed and cut off the interior of the chamber 2 together with the cover 6 from the atmosphere above the cover 1 in the event of unfavorable weather conditions (dust storms, precipitation, strong winds). ), as well as when the temperature drops at night, which could lead to the surface freezing under the coating and destroying any crops. It is important to be able to centrally control the closing and opening of all chambers 2 or their selected sectors. This can be done by the mechanical coupling of all the flaps 8, causing that the change of the position of one flap 8 forces the identical change of the position of all the flaps 8 or the selected sector of the flaps 8.

For dry climates with a cool season, cover 1 can be used as protection against cooling down of the crops located beneath it. In the cold season, the function of climate control would be reversed if necessary, i.e. cover 1 would function as glasses. This function is best fulfilled by a solution with chambers 2 made as air traps 22, which block the movement of air irrespective of the orientation of the thermal gradient.

As a result of the decrease in air temperature under cover 1, its relative humidity will increase, which will cause water vapor condensation. Moisture condensing from the cooled air in the form of dew drops may be deposited on the surface of the cover 6 (in the case of being made opaque to FIR). In the case where the covers 6 are opaque to the FIR, they will be the coolest element in the whole system, therefore condensation will mainly occur on their surface and the resulting drops will fall in the form of artificial rain. Condensation can also take place in the entire space under cover 1, at the ground or on the ground, or suspended in the form of fog. In order to collect the water created in this way as effectively as possible, the space under the cover 1 should be equipped with appropriate devices. Depending on local conditions, the water can be used directly under cover 1, for example for irrigation of crops, or it can be brought down the slopes and used as drinking water.

There are several ways to recover drinking water from the fog (fog condensation) that will accumulate under the coating. They are based on the hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity of the surfaces that the water molecules in the fog come into contact with. One of them is catching water molecules through special nets with a dense weave, made, for example, of polypropylene. It will be advantageous to arrange a set of these meshes at the inlet of the air duct through which the entire flow of cooled air under cover 1 passes.

Claims (16)

1.A system of devices for obtaining renewable energy and water from atmospheric air in an isolated space designated naturally or artificially in the field, especially in a hollow in the ground or on a plateau, separated from the atmosphere by a blanket having air inlet and outlet, in which space the air masses are moved to as a result of its cooling, and the air outlet is connected with channels leading the cooled air to the mechanical energy conversion unit of air movement, especially to an air turbine connected to an electric energy generator, characterized in that the cover (1) is a flexible, optically selective permeable structure emitted by the ground radiation in the far infrared range towards the atmosphere, while reflecting the visible and ultraviolet solar radiation as well as in the near infrared range, both falling directly on the cover (1) and diffused, the cover (1) is divided by t on the chambers (2), the common walls (5) of which are stretched over the slings (4) of the ropes (3) of the covering skeleton (1), and the walls (5) are made of an elastic polymer covered with an optically selective layer. 2. Arrangement according to claim. The method of claim 1, characterized in that the walls (5) of the chambers (2) are covered with an optically selective mirror reflective layer for far infrared radiation and visible, ultraviolet and near infrared solar radiation. 3. The system according to p. The process of claim 1, characterized in that the walls (5) of the chambers (2) are covered with an optically selective retroreflective layer for direct incident visible, ultraviolet and near infrared solar radiation and at the same time reflective for far infrared radiation. PL 237 442 B1 4. The system according to p. 6. A method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the cover chambers (2) (1) have a hexagonal cross-sectional geometry - a honeycomb disposed parallel to the ground surface, constituting hexagonal bodies. 5. The system according to p. A method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the cover chambers (2) (1) have the form of longitudinal channels situated next to each other and parallel to the ground surface. 6. The system according to p. A method according to claim 2, characterized in that the mirrored walls of the chambers (2) are covered with a metallic coating covered with a transparent protective layer. 7. The system according to p. 3. A method according to claim 3, characterized in that the walls of the chambers (2) in the retroreflective design are covered with a retroreflective foil with a low-emission layer of low absorbance. 8. The system according to p. The chamber (2) is closed at the bottom with covers (6) stretched on the frame, the bottom covers (6b) of the chambers (2) are made of an optically selective material transmitting far infrared radiation and reflecting visible and visible solar radiation. ultraviolet and near-infrared light, both direct and diffuse. The system according to p. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the chambers (2) are covered with horizontally arranged covers (6a) made of optically selective material transmitting far infrared radiation and reflecting solar radiation visible and ultraviolet and near infrared, both direct and diffuse. 10. The system according to p. The process of claim 1, characterized in that the gas column in the open chambers (2) is stabilized by the use of an air trap (22), the bottom inlet (23) of the chambers having a Winston cone geometry with mirror walls also for far infrared radiation. 11. The system according to p. 5. A method according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that the chambers (2) are provided with flaps (8) for regulating the amount of long-wave radiation passing through the cover (1). 12. The system according to p. 5. A method according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that the cover material (6) is optically selective and is a ZnS foil with a thickness of several tens of µm, covered with an antireflective microrelief with a range, modulus and height of about 1 µm, with an amorphous fluoropolymer layer up to 1 µm thick. The system according to p. 5 or 6, characterized in that the cover material (6) is optically selective and is made of a NaCl foil with a thickness of several tens of μm, bonded with an amorphous fluoropolymer, covered with an anti-reflective microrelief with a range, modulus and height of about 1 μm, with a layer of amorphous fluoropolymer with a thickness of up to 1 μm. 14. The system according to p. 5. The method according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that the cover material (6) is optically selective and it is a foil made of foamed perfluoropolymer with a fractal, hierarchical pore structure, with a total material thickness not exceeding 3 μm. 15. The system according to p. 5. A method according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that the cover material (6) is optically selective and is an ultra-pure crystalline silicon foil up to 50 μm thick coated with micro-relief. 16. The system according to p. 5. A method according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that the cover material (6) is optically selective and is a sheet of a material selected from the group consisting of opal silicate glass, foamed glass, foamed photodegradable polymers, non-woven mats or fabrics made of silicate glass, borosilicate glass and lithium boron.