PL370247A1 - Zintegrowany układ separacji składników powietrzai wytwarzania energii przez spalanie tlenu - Google Patents

Zintegrowany układ separacji składników powietrzai wytwarzania energii przez spalanie tlenu

Info

Publication number
PL370247A1
PL370247A1 PL03370247A PL37024703A PL370247A1 PL 370247 A1 PL370247 A1 PL 370247A1 PL 03370247 A PL03370247 A PL 03370247A PL 37024703 A PL37024703 A PL 37024703A PL 370247 A1 PL370247 A1 PL 370247A1
Authority
PL
Poland
Prior art keywords
power generation
generation system
air separation
fired power
integrated air
Prior art date
Application number
PL03370247A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Zanno Pietro Di
Frederic Fillet
Scott Macadam
Ovidiu Marin
Original Assignee
L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme A Directoire Et Conseil De Surveillance Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme A Directoire Et Conseil De Surveillance Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude filed Critical L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme A Directoire Et Conseil De Surveillance Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude
Publication of PL370247A1 publication Critical patent/PL370247A1/pl

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C6/00—Plural gas-turbine plants; Combinations of gas-turbine plants with other apparatus; Adaptations of gas-turbine plants for special use
    • F02C6/18—Plural gas-turbine plants; Combinations of gas-turbine plants with other apparatus; Adaptations of gas-turbine plants for special use using the waste heat of gas-turbine plants outside the plants themselves, e.g. gas-turbine power heat plants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
    • F25J3/04006—Providing pressurised feed air or process streams within or from the air fractionation unit
    • F25J3/04109—Arrangements of compressors and /or their drivers
    • F25J3/04115—Arrangements of compressors and /or their drivers characterised by the type of prime driver, e.g. hot gas expander
    • F25J3/04121—Steam turbine as the prime mechanical driver
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K21/00—Steam engine plants not otherwise provided for
    • F01K21/04—Steam engine plants not otherwise provided for using mixtures of steam and gas; Plants generating or heating steam by bringing water or steam into direct contact with hot gas
    • F01K21/042—Steam engine plants not otherwise provided for using mixtures of steam and gas; Plants generating or heating steam by bringing water or steam into direct contact with hot gas pure steam being expanded in a motor somewhere in the plant
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K21/00—Steam engine plants not otherwise provided for
    • F01K21/04—Steam engine plants not otherwise provided for using mixtures of steam and gas; Plants generating or heating steam by bringing water or steam into direct contact with hot gas
    • F01K21/047—Steam engine plants not otherwise provided for using mixtures of steam and gas; Plants generating or heating steam by bringing water or steam into direct contact with hot gas having at least one combustion gas turbine
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K23/00—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids
    • F01K23/02—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled
    • F01K23/06—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
    • F01K23/064—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle in combination with an industrial process, e.g. chemical, metallurgical
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
    • F25J3/04006—Providing pressurised feed air or process streams within or from the air fractionation unit
    • F25J3/04012—Providing pressurised feed air or process streams within or from the air fractionation unit by compression of warm gaseous streams; details of intake or interstage cooling
    • F25J3/04018—Providing pressurised feed air or process streams within or from the air fractionation unit by compression of warm gaseous streams; details of intake or interstage cooling of main feed air
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
    • F25J3/04006—Providing pressurised feed air or process streams within or from the air fractionation unit
    • F25J3/04109—Arrangements of compressors and /or their drivers
    • F25J3/04115—Arrangements of compressors and /or their drivers characterised by the type of prime driver, e.g. hot gas expander
    • F25J3/04127—Gas turbine as the prime mechanical driver
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
    • F25J3/04521—Coupling of the air fractionation unit to an air gas-consuming unit, so-called integrated processes
    • F25J3/04527—Integration with an oxygen consuming unit, e.g. glass facility, waste incineration or oxygen based processes in general
    • F25J3/04533—Integration with an oxygen consuming unit, e.g. glass facility, waste incineration or oxygen based processes in general for the direct combustion of fuels in a power plant, so-called "oxyfuel combustion"
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
    • F25J3/04521—Coupling of the air fractionation unit to an air gas-consuming unit, so-called integrated processes
    • F25J3/04563—Integration with a nitrogen consuming unit, e.g. for purging, inerting, cooling or heating
    • F25J3/04575—Integration with a nitrogen consuming unit, e.g. for purging, inerting, cooling or heating for a gas expansion plant, e.g. dilution of the combustion gas in a gas turbine
    • F25J3/04581—Hot gas expansion of indirect heated nitrogen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
    • F25J3/04521—Coupling of the air fractionation unit to an air gas-consuming unit, so-called integrated processes
    • F25J3/04612—Heat exchange integration with process streams, e.g. from the air gas consuming unit
    • F25J3/04618—Heat exchange integration with process streams, e.g. from the air gas consuming unit for cooling an air stream fed to the air fractionation unit
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2230/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure of gaseous process streams
    • F25J2230/06—Adiabatic compressor, i.e. without interstage cooling
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2230/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure of gaseous process streams
    • F25J2230/20—Integrated compressor and process expander; Gear box arrangement; Multiple compressors on a common shaft
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2240/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for expanding of process streams
    • F25J2240/70—Steam turbine, e.g. used in a Rankine cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2260/00—Coupling of processes or apparatus to other units; Integrated schemes
    • F25J2260/80—Integration in an installation using carbon dioxide, e.g. for EOR, sequestration, refrigeration etc.
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/14—Combined heat and power generation [CHP]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/16—Combined cycle power plant [CCPP], or combined cycle gas turbine [CCGT]
    • Y02E20/18—Integrated gasification combined cycle [IGCC], e.g. combined with carbon capture and storage [CCS]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/34—Indirect CO2mitigation, i.e. by acting on non CO2directly related matters of the process, e.g. pre-heating or heat recovery

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
  • Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)
PL03370247A 2002-02-11 2003-02-10 Zintegrowany układ separacji składników powietrzai wytwarzania energii przez spalanie tlenu PL370247A1 (pl)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US35610502P 2002-02-11 2002-02-11

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
PL370247A1 true PL370247A1 (pl) 2005-05-16

Family

ID=27734607

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PL03370247A PL370247A1 (pl) 2002-02-11 2003-02-10 Zintegrowany układ separacji składników powietrzai wytwarzania energii przez spalanie tlenu

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (2) US7284362B2 (pl)
EP (1) EP1476641A1 (pl)
CN (1) CN100348839C (pl)
AU (1) AU2003245059B2 (pl)
PL (1) PL370247A1 (pl)
WO (1) WO2003069132A1 (pl)
ZA (1) ZA200405609B (pl)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8752391B2 (en) 2010-11-08 2014-06-17 General Electric Company Integrated turbomachine oxygen plant
PL450571A1 (pl) * 2024-12-14 2025-06-09 Politechnika Warszawska Instalacja do magazynowania energii w skroplonym powietrzu i odzysku energii z modułem oksy-spalania
PL450572A1 (pl) * 2024-12-14 2025-06-09 Politechnika Warszawska Instalacja do magazynowania energii w skroplonym powietrzu i odzysku energii z modułem oksy-spalania

Families Citing this family (138)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2858398B1 (fr) * 2003-07-30 2005-12-02 Air Liquide Procede et installation d'alimentation d'une unite de separation d'air au moyen d'une turbine a gaz
DE20313279U1 (de) * 2003-08-27 2003-10-16 Siemens AG, 80333 München Dampfkraftwerk
CA2540583A1 (en) * 2003-09-30 2005-04-07 Bhp Billiton Innovation Pty Ltd Power generation
US7637109B2 (en) * 2004-08-02 2009-12-29 American Air Liquide, Inc. Power generation system including a gas generator combined with a liquified natural gas supply
US20060225432A1 (en) * 2005-03-29 2006-10-12 Awdalla Essam T Supercharged open cycle gas turbine engine
EP1717420B1 (de) * 2005-04-29 2014-10-22 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Kraftwerksanlage mit Luftzerlegungsanlage
DE102005026534B4 (de) * 2005-06-08 2012-04-19 Man Diesel & Turbo Se Dampferzeugungsanlage
US20070006566A1 (en) * 2005-07-05 2007-01-11 General Electric Company Syngas turbine
EP1913238A2 (de) * 2005-08-05 2008-04-23 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zur steigerung des wirkungsgrads eines kombinierten gas- und dampfkraftwerks mit integrierter brennstoffvergasung
US20110126549A1 (en) * 2006-01-13 2011-06-02 Pronske Keith L Ultra low emissions fast starting power plant
US20070199300A1 (en) * 2006-02-21 2007-08-30 Scott Macadam Hybrid oxy-fuel combustion power process
US7739864B2 (en) * 2006-11-07 2010-06-22 General Electric Company Systems and methods for power generation with carbon dioxide isolation
US7827778B2 (en) * 2006-11-07 2010-11-09 General Electric Company Power plants that utilize gas turbines for power generation and processes for lowering CO2 emissions
US7895822B2 (en) * 2006-11-07 2011-03-01 General Electric Company Systems and methods for power generation with carbon dioxide isolation
WO2009004307A1 (en) * 2007-07-04 2009-01-08 Jacobs Engineering U.K. Limited Process for the separation of pressurised carbon dioxide from steam
WO2009031747A1 (en) * 2007-09-06 2009-03-12 Korea Institute Of Machinery And Materials Power plant having pure oxygen combustor
DE102007056841A1 (de) * 2007-11-23 2009-05-28 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Membran-Kraftwerk und Verfahren zum Betreiben eines solchen
WO2009075897A2 (en) * 2007-12-06 2009-06-18 Brigham Young University Methods and systems for generating power from a turbine using pressurized nitrogen
US20090193782A1 (en) * 2008-01-31 2009-08-06 General Electric Company Power generating turbine systems
US20090193785A1 (en) * 2008-01-31 2009-08-06 General Electric Company Power generating turbine systems
US20090193784A1 (en) * 2008-01-31 2009-08-06 General Electric Company Power generating turbine systems
EP2276559A4 (en) 2008-03-28 2017-10-18 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Low emission power generation and hydrocarbon recovery systems and methods
WO2011059567A1 (en) 2009-11-12 2011-05-19 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Low emission power generation and hydrocarbon recovery systems and methods
AU2009228283B2 (en) 2008-03-28 2015-02-05 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Low emission power generation and hydrocarbon recovery systems and methods
AU2009303735B2 (en) 2008-10-14 2014-06-26 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Methods and systems for controlling the products of combustion
US9328631B2 (en) 2009-02-20 2016-05-03 General Electric Company Self-generated power integration for gasification
WO2010099452A2 (en) 2009-02-26 2010-09-02 Palmer Labs, Llc Apparatus and method for combusting a fuel at high pressure and high temperature, and associated system and device
US10018115B2 (en) 2009-02-26 2018-07-10 8 Rivers Capital, Llc System and method for high efficiency power generation using a carbon dioxide circulating working fluid
US8596075B2 (en) 2009-02-26 2013-12-03 Palmer Labs, Llc System and method for high efficiency power generation using a carbon dioxide circulating working fluid
US8418472B2 (en) 2009-05-22 2013-04-16 General Electric Company Method and system for use with an integrated gasification combined cycle plant
CN102459850B (zh) 2009-06-05 2015-05-20 埃克森美孚上游研究公司 燃烧器系统和使用燃烧器系统的方法
EP2473706B1 (en) * 2009-09-01 2019-04-03 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Low emission power generation and hydrocarbon recovery systems and methods
FR2949845B1 (fr) * 2009-09-09 2011-12-02 Air Liquide Procede d'operation d'au moins un appareil de separation d'air et d'une unite de combustion de combustibles carbones
FR2957408B1 (fr) 2010-03-09 2015-07-17 Air Liquide Procede et appareil de chauffage d'un gaz de l'air provenant d'un appareil de separation d'air
MY156099A (en) 2010-07-02 2016-01-15 Exxonmobil Upstream Res Co Systems and methods for controlling combustion of a fuel
TWI564475B (zh) 2010-07-02 2017-01-01 艾克頌美孚上游研究公司 低排放之三循環動力產生系統和方法
BR112012031505A2 (pt) 2010-07-02 2016-11-01 Exxonmobil Upstream Res Co combustão estequiométrica de ar enriquecido com recirculação de gás de exaustão
EP2588727B1 (en) 2010-07-02 2018-12-12 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Stoichiometric combustion with exhaust gas recirculation and direct contact cooler
CN105863844B (zh) 2010-07-02 2017-11-14 埃克森美孚上游研究公司 低排放动力产生系统和方法
US8539776B2 (en) 2010-07-14 2013-09-24 Gtlpetrol Llc Generating power using an ion transport membrane
WO2012018458A1 (en) 2010-08-06 2012-02-09 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company System and method for exhaust gas extraction
WO2012018457A1 (en) 2010-08-06 2012-02-09 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Systems and methods for optimizing stoichiometric combustion
US20120067054A1 (en) 2010-09-21 2012-03-22 Palmer Labs, Llc High efficiency power production methods, assemblies, and systems
US8869889B2 (en) 2010-09-21 2014-10-28 Palmer Labs, Llc Method of using carbon dioxide in recovery of formation deposits
US9410481B2 (en) * 2010-09-21 2016-08-09 8 Rivers Capital, Llc System and method for high efficiency power generation using a nitrogen gas working fluid
CA2813957C (en) * 2010-10-12 2021-01-19 Gtlpetrol Llc Generating power using an ion transport membrane
US9546814B2 (en) 2011-03-16 2017-01-17 8 Rivers Capital, Llc Cryogenic air separation method and system
TWI563165B (en) 2011-03-22 2016-12-21 Exxonmobil Upstream Res Co Power generation system and method for generating power
TWI564474B (zh) 2011-03-22 2017-01-01 艾克頌美孚上游研究公司 於渦輪系統中控制化學計量燃燒的整合系統和使用彼之產生動力的方法
TWI593872B (zh) 2011-03-22 2017-08-01 艾克頌美孚上游研究公司 整合系統及產生動力之方法
TWI563166B (en) 2011-03-22 2016-12-21 Exxonmobil Upstream Res Co Integrated generation systems and methods for generating power
US8671659B2 (en) * 2011-04-29 2014-03-18 General Electric Company Systems and methods for power generation using oxy-fuel combustion
WO2012162417A2 (en) * 2011-05-26 2012-11-29 Praxair Technology, Inc. Air separation power generation integration
CN102320237B (zh) * 2011-06-28 2013-08-07 陈明军 一种新型电动车
US8205455B2 (en) * 2011-08-25 2012-06-26 General Electric Company Power plant and method of operation
JP6104926B2 (ja) 2011-11-02 2017-03-29 ８ リバーズ キャピタル，エルエルシー 発電システムおよび対応する方法
US9810050B2 (en) 2011-12-20 2017-11-07 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Enhanced coal-bed methane production
MX358190B (es) 2012-02-11 2018-08-08 Palmer Labs Llc Reaccion de oxidacion parcial con enfriamiento de ciclo cerrado.
US9353682B2 (en) 2012-04-12 2016-05-31 General Electric Company Methods, systems and apparatus relating to combustion turbine power plants with exhaust gas recirculation
US9784185B2 (en) 2012-04-26 2017-10-10 General Electric Company System and method for cooling a gas turbine with an exhaust gas provided by the gas turbine
US10273880B2 (en) 2012-04-26 2019-04-30 General Electric Company System and method of recirculating exhaust gas for use in a plurality of flow paths in a gas turbine engine
US9803865B2 (en) 2012-12-28 2017-10-31 General Electric Company System and method for a turbine combustor
US10100741B2 (en) 2012-11-02 2018-10-16 General Electric Company System and method for diffusion combustion with oxidant-diluent mixing in a stoichiometric exhaust gas recirculation gas turbine system
US9599070B2 (en) 2012-11-02 2017-03-21 General Electric Company System and method for oxidant compression in a stoichiometric exhaust gas recirculation gas turbine system
US9611756B2 (en) 2012-11-02 2017-04-04 General Electric Company System and method for protecting components in a gas turbine engine with exhaust gas recirculation
US9631815B2 (en) 2012-12-28 2017-04-25 General Electric Company System and method for a turbine combustor
US9574496B2 (en) 2012-12-28 2017-02-21 General Electric Company System and method for a turbine combustor
US9869279B2 (en) 2012-11-02 2018-01-16 General Electric Company System and method for a multi-wall turbine combustor
US9708977B2 (en) 2012-12-28 2017-07-18 General Electric Company System and method for reheat in gas turbine with exhaust gas recirculation
US10215412B2 (en) 2012-11-02 2019-02-26 General Electric Company System and method for load control with diffusion combustion in a stoichiometric exhaust gas recirculation gas turbine system
US10107495B2 (en) 2012-11-02 2018-10-23 General Electric Company Gas turbine combustor control system for stoichiometric combustion in the presence of a diluent
US10208677B2 (en) 2012-12-31 2019-02-19 General Electric Company Gas turbine load control system
US9581081B2 (en) 2013-01-13 2017-02-28 General Electric Company System and method for protecting components in a gas turbine engine with exhaust gas recirculation
US9512759B2 (en) 2013-02-06 2016-12-06 General Electric Company System and method for catalyst heat utilization for gas turbine with exhaust gas recirculation
US9938861B2 (en) 2013-02-21 2018-04-10 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Fuel combusting method
TW201502356A (zh) 2013-02-21 2015-01-16 Exxonmobil Upstream Res Co 氣渦輪機排氣中氧之減少
US10221762B2 (en) 2013-02-28 2019-03-05 General Electric Company System and method for a turbine combustor
US9618261B2 (en) 2013-03-08 2017-04-11 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Power generation and LNG production
EP2964735A1 (en) 2013-03-08 2016-01-13 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Power generation and methane recovery from methane hydrates
TW201500635A (zh) 2013-03-08 2015-01-01 Exxonmobil Upstream Res Co 處理廢氣以供用於提高油回收
US20140250945A1 (en) 2013-03-08 2014-09-11 Richard A. Huntington Carbon Dioxide Recovery
CN105209732B (zh) * 2013-03-15 2017-05-10 帕尔默实验室有限责任公司 使用二氧化碳循环工作流体高效发电的系统和方法
TWI654368B (zh) 2013-06-28 2019-03-21 美商艾克頌美孚上游研究公司 用於控制在廢氣再循環氣渦輪機系統中的廢氣流之系統、方法與媒體
US9835089B2 (en) 2013-06-28 2017-12-05 General Electric Company System and method for a fuel nozzle
US9617914B2 (en) 2013-06-28 2017-04-11 General Electric Company Systems and methods for monitoring gas turbine systems having exhaust gas recirculation
US9631542B2 (en) 2013-06-28 2017-04-25 General Electric Company System and method for exhausting combustion gases from gas turbine engines
US9587510B2 (en) 2013-07-30 2017-03-07 General Electric Company System and method for a gas turbine engine sensor
US9903588B2 (en) 2013-07-30 2018-02-27 General Electric Company System and method for barrier in passage of combustor of gas turbine engine with exhaust gas recirculation
US9951658B2 (en) 2013-07-31 2018-04-24 General Electric Company System and method for an oxidant heating system
JP6250332B2 (ja) 2013-08-27 2017-12-20 ８ リバーズ キャピタル，エルエルシー ガスタービン設備
US9752458B2 (en) 2013-12-04 2017-09-05 General Electric Company System and method for a gas turbine engine
US10030588B2 (en) 2013-12-04 2018-07-24 General Electric Company Gas turbine combustor diagnostic system and method
US10227920B2 (en) 2014-01-15 2019-03-12 General Electric Company Gas turbine oxidant separation system
US9863267B2 (en) 2014-01-21 2018-01-09 General Electric Company System and method of control for a gas turbine engine
US9915200B2 (en) 2014-01-21 2018-03-13 General Electric Company System and method for controlling the combustion process in a gas turbine operating with exhaust gas recirculation
US10079564B2 (en) 2014-01-27 2018-09-18 General Electric Company System and method for a stoichiometric exhaust gas recirculation gas turbine system
CN103912385B (zh) * 2014-04-03 2016-08-17 华北电力大学 集成氧离子传输膜富氧燃烧法捕集co2的igcc系统
US10047633B2 (en) 2014-05-16 2018-08-14 General Electric Company Bearing housing
US10060359B2 (en) 2014-06-30 2018-08-28 General Electric Company Method and system for combustion control for gas turbine system with exhaust gas recirculation
US9885290B2 (en) 2014-06-30 2018-02-06 General Electric Company Erosion suppression system and method in an exhaust gas recirculation gas turbine system
US10655542B2 (en) 2014-06-30 2020-05-19 General Electric Company Method and system for startup of gas turbine system drive trains with exhaust gas recirculation
TWI691644B (zh) 2014-07-08 2020-04-21 美商八河資本有限公司 具改良效率之功率生產方法及系統
US11231224B2 (en) 2014-09-09 2022-01-25 8 Rivers Capital, Llc Production of low pressure liquid carbon dioxide from a power production system and method
EP3204331B1 (en) 2014-09-09 2018-08-15 8 Rivers Capital, LLC Production of low pressure liquid carbon dioxide from a power production system and method
US11686258B2 (en) 2014-11-12 2023-06-27 8 Rivers Capital, Llc Control systems and methods suitable for use with power production systems and methods
US10961920B2 (en) 2018-10-02 2021-03-30 8 Rivers Capital, Llc Control systems and methods suitable for use with power production systems and methods
MA40950A (fr) 2014-11-12 2017-09-19 8 Rivers Capital Llc Systèmes et procédés de commande appropriés pour une utilisation avec des systèmes et des procédés de production d'énergie
US9869247B2 (en) 2014-12-31 2018-01-16 General Electric Company Systems and methods of estimating a combustion equivalence ratio in a gas turbine with exhaust gas recirculation
US9819292B2 (en) 2014-12-31 2017-11-14 General Electric Company Systems and methods to respond to grid overfrequency events for a stoichiometric exhaust recirculation gas turbine
US10788212B2 (en) 2015-01-12 2020-09-29 General Electric Company System and method for an oxidant passageway in a gas turbine system with exhaust gas recirculation
US10316746B2 (en) 2015-02-04 2019-06-11 General Electric Company Turbine system with exhaust gas recirculation, separation and extraction
US10094566B2 (en) 2015-02-04 2018-10-09 General Electric Company Systems and methods for high volumetric oxidant flow in gas turbine engine with exhaust gas recirculation
US10253690B2 (en) 2015-02-04 2019-04-09 General Electric Company Turbine system with exhaust gas recirculation, separation and extraction
US10267270B2 (en) 2015-02-06 2019-04-23 General Electric Company Systems and methods for carbon black production with a gas turbine engine having exhaust gas recirculation
US10145269B2 (en) 2015-03-04 2018-12-04 General Electric Company System and method for cooling discharge flow
US10480792B2 (en) 2015-03-06 2019-11-19 General Electric Company Fuel staging in a gas turbine engine
CN104827925A (zh) * 2015-04-14 2015-08-12 刘泽法 60v自发电型电动车
CN104875625A (zh) * 2015-04-14 2015-09-02 刘泽法 72v自发电型电动车
CN104859477A (zh) * 2015-04-14 2015-08-26 刘泽法 84v自发电型电动车
CN104859476A (zh) * 2015-04-14 2015-08-26 刘泽法 24v自发电型电动车
CN104827924A (zh) * 2015-04-14 2015-08-12 刘泽法 48v自发电型电动车
AU2016277834B2 (en) 2015-06-15 2020-04-09 8 Rivers Capital, Llc System and method for startup of a power production plant
CN105936220A (zh) * 2015-10-07 2016-09-14 刘泽法 168v自发电型电动车
CN105351020A (zh) * 2015-11-16 2016-02-24 南京师范大学 一种基于氮气资源化利用降低富氧燃烧电站能耗的系统及方法
US9970354B2 (en) * 2015-12-15 2018-05-15 General Electric Company Power plant including an ejector and steam generating system via turbine extraction and compressor extraction
CN109072104B (zh) 2016-02-18 2021-02-26 八河流资产有限责任公司 用于包括甲烷化处理的发电系统和方法
JP7001608B2 (ja) 2016-02-26 2022-01-19 ８ リバーズ キャピタル，エルエルシー 電力プラントを制御するためのシステムおよび方法
JP6750120B2 (ja) 2016-08-30 2020-09-02 ８ リバーズ キャピタル，エルエルシー 高圧酸素を生成するための深冷空気分離方法
CN110168058B (zh) 2016-09-13 2022-01-25 八河流资产有限责任公司 利用部分氧化的动力生产系统和方法
JP6783160B2 (ja) * 2017-02-03 2020-11-11 川崎重工業株式会社 水素酸素当量燃焼タービンシステム
US10712088B1 (en) * 2017-05-05 2020-07-14 L'Air Liquide, Société Anonyme pour l'Etude et l'Exploitation des Procédés Georges Claude Temperature balancing for thermal integration of an air separation unit (ASU) with a power generation system
EP3714146B1 (en) 2017-08-28 2023-08-23 8 Rivers Capital, LLC Low-grade heat optimization of recuperative supercritical co2 power cycles
JP7291157B2 (ja) 2018-03-02 2023-06-14 ８ リバーズ キャピタル，エルエルシー 二酸化炭素作動流体を用いた電力生成のためのシステムおよび方法
CN111206969B (zh) * 2018-11-21 2024-05-10 赫普科技发展（北京）有限公司 一种火电厂热压机与空分系统结合的系统及控制方法
FR3090812B1 (fr) * 2018-12-21 2022-01-07 Grtgaz Poste de détente d’un gaz
KR20260019641A (ko) 2019-10-22 2026-02-10 8 리버스 캐피탈, 엘엘씨 동력 생산 시스템들 및 방법들의 열 관리를 위한 제어 계획들
US11906163B2 (en) * 2020-05-01 2024-02-20 General Electric Company Fuel oxygen conversion unit with integrated water removal
US12546250B2 (en) * 2023-02-10 2026-02-10 Rtx Corporation Steam turbine bypass for increased water heat absorption capacity steam injected turbine engine

Family Cites Families (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3276203A (en) * 1966-10-04 Top heat power cycle
US3868817A (en) * 1973-12-27 1975-03-04 Texaco Inc Gas turbine process utilizing purified fuel gas
US4148602A (en) * 1975-12-22 1979-04-10 Leblanc Research Corporation Phosphoramide-hydroxymethyl phosphine condensation products for textile fire retardation
US4434613A (en) * 1981-09-02 1984-03-06 General Electric Company Closed cycle gas turbine for gaseous production
US4785622A (en) * 1984-12-03 1988-11-22 General Electric Company Integrated coal gasification plant and combined cycle system with air bleed and steam injection
US4785621A (en) * 1987-05-28 1988-11-22 General Electric Company Air bottoming cycle for coal gasification plant
US5231837A (en) * 1991-10-15 1993-08-03 Liquid Air Engineering Corporation Cryogenic distillation process for the production of oxygen and nitrogen
US5388395A (en) * 1993-04-27 1995-02-14 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Use of nitrogen from an air separation unit as gas turbine air compressor feed refrigerant to improve power output
FR2704632B1 (fr) * 1993-04-29 1995-06-23 Air Liquide Procede et installation pour la separation de l'air.
US5555723A (en) * 1994-04-28 1996-09-17 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Ducting for an external gas turbine topping combustor
GB9425484D0 (en) * 1994-12-16 1995-02-15 Boc Group Plc Air separation
US5724805A (en) * 1995-08-21 1998-03-10 University Of Massachusetts-Lowell Power plant with carbon dioxide capture and zero pollutant emissions
US5666823A (en) * 1996-01-31 1997-09-16 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. High pressure combustion turbine and air separation system integration
US5901547A (en) * 1996-06-03 1999-05-11 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Operation method for integrated gasification combined cycle power generation system
US6148602A (en) * 1998-08-12 2000-11-21 Norther Research & Engineering Corporation Solid-fueled power generation system with carbon dioxide sequestration and method therefor
US6276171B1 (en) * 1999-04-05 2001-08-21 L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude Integrated apparatus for generating power and/or oxygen enriched fluid, process for the operation thereof
US6202442B1 (en) * 1999-04-05 2001-03-20 L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'expoitation Des Procedes Georges Claude Integrated apparatus for generating power and/or oxygen enriched fluid and process for the operation thereof
FR2806755B1 (fr) * 2000-03-21 2002-09-27 Air Liquide Procede et installation de generation d'energie utilisant un appareil de separation d'air
SE518487C2 (sv) * 2000-05-31 2002-10-15 Norsk Hydro As Metod att driva en förbränningsanläggning samt en förbränningsanläggning
US6282901B1 (en) * 2000-07-19 2001-09-04 L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude Integrated air separation process
FR2819584B1 (fr) * 2001-01-12 2003-03-07 Air Liquide Procede integre de separation d'air et de generation d'energie et installation pour la mise en oeuvre d'un tel procede
FR2819583B1 (fr) * 2001-01-12 2003-03-07 Air Liquide Procede integre de separation d'air et de generation d'energie et installation pour la mise en oeuvre d'un tel procede
AU2002360505A1 (en) * 2001-12-03 2003-06-17 Clean Energy Systems, Inc. Coal and syngas fueled power generation systems featuring zero atmospheric emissions

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8752391B2 (en) 2010-11-08 2014-06-17 General Electric Company Integrated turbomachine oxygen plant
PL450571A1 (pl) * 2024-12-14 2025-06-09 Politechnika Warszawska Instalacja do magazynowania energii w skroplonym powietrzu i odzysku energii z modułem oksy-spalania
PL450572A1 (pl) * 2024-12-14 2025-06-09 Politechnika Warszawska Instalacja do magazynowania energii w skroplonym powietrzu i odzysku energii z modułem oksy-spalania
PL248516B1 (pl) * 2024-12-14 2025-12-22 Politechnika Warszawska Instalacja do magazynowania energii w skroplonym powietrzu i odzysku energii z modułem oksy-spalania
PL248517B1 (pl) * 2024-12-14 2025-12-22 Politechnika Warszawska Instalacja do magazynowania energii w skroplonym powietrzu i odzysku energii z modułem oksy-spalania

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN1630769A (zh) 2005-06-22
AU2003245059B2 (en) 2008-11-20
EP1476641A1 (en) 2004-11-17
ZA200405609B (en) 2005-06-23
US7284362B2 (en) 2007-10-23
US20040016237A1 (en) 2004-01-29
US20080034758A1 (en) 2008-02-14
WO2003069132A1 (en) 2003-08-21
CN100348839C (zh) 2007-11-14
AU2003245059A1 (en) 2003-09-04

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
PL370247A1 (pl) Zintegrowany układ separacji składników powietrzai wytwarzania energii przez spalanie tlenu
PL370441A1 (pl) Zoptymalizowany system generowania mocy zawierający zespół komory spalania tlenowego zintegrowany zzespołem rozdziału powietrza
AU2003259043A8 (en) Nonthermal plasma air treatment system
AU2003232890A8 (en) Metal air cell system
AU2003282925A8 (en) Fluorine separation and generation device
GB2396262B (en) Manually rechargeable power system
AU2003278810A8 (en) Self-controlling fuel cell power system
GB2392774B (en) Air electrode batteries
TWI347203B (en) Humidifying apparatus and oxygen concentrating system
GB0301320D0 (en) A solar powered generation and illumination system
GB0220800D0 (en) Power amplifier system
EP1547624A4 (en) AIR CLEANER
ZA200304969B (en) Air diffuser
PL357289A1 (pl) Separator tlenu z powietrza atmosferycznego
GB0215216D0 (en) Improved propulsion unit and turbine
PL357288A1 (pl) Separator tlenu z powietrza atmosferycznego
GB0200418D0 (en) Power air ramp
GB0215232D0 (en) Air generator
AU2002339990A1 (en) Combined oxygen separation and power generation method
GB0200806D0 (en) Air energy extractor
GB0203876D0 (en) Magic air
AU2002349555A1 (en) Newfashioned and high efficiency generator
GB0122984D0 (en) Personal air system
TW528149U (en) Air conditioner with oxygen generating apparatus
GB2414350B (en) Manually rechargeable power system

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
REFS Decisions on refusal to grant patents (taken after the publication of the particulars of the applications)