PL97967B1 - SMOKING MATERIAL - Google Patents

Description

The invention is a smoking material comprising expanded cereal grains in a form simulating cut cigarette or pipe tobacco, and known ingredients such as tobacco or one or more tobacco substitutes or one or more tobacco additives. The rice (Gryza sativa) used to produce the smoking material according to the invention is used in a form that has been subjected to a process of increasing its volume and reducing its bulk density, which form is capable of supporting smoking. To increase the volume of the rice, expansion is used, similar to that also used to produce puffed rice of relatively low density. The bulk density of the special rice used to produce the material of the invention is generally not greater than about 0.40 g/cm3, preferably not greater than about 0.20 g/cm3. The term "expanded rice" as used herein means rice grains expanded to a volume such that the bulk density of particles of about 1.68 mm (12 mesh) is not greater than 0.40 g/cm3. To determine the bulk density, the rice is crushed in a suitable mill and sieved, collecting the fractions of about 1.68 mm (12 mesh), and a known volume of the uniformly filled material is then weighed. The wheat used to produce the smoking material of the invention is used in a form that has been subjected to a process of volume expansion and bulk density reduction, which form is capable of sustaining smoking. Various varieties of wheat are used, such as Triticum C*jm vulgare, Toticum duiruim, Triticum compactuni, Triticum persicum or Tiriticum speita. To increase the volume of wheat, puffing agents such as those used for producing puffed wheat of relatively low density are used. The bulk density of the puffed wheat used in accordance with the invention is generally not more than about 0.40 g/cm3, preferably not more than about 100 g/cm3. The term "puffed wheat", as used in the smaller context, means wheat grains expanded to such a volume that the bulk density of particles of about 1.68 mesh (12 mesh) is not more than 0.40 g/cm3. To determine the bulk density, the wheat is crushed in a suitable mill and sieved, collecting fractions with a particle size of approximately 1.68 mm (12 months), and then a known volume of the uniformly distributed material is weighed. The millet used to produce the smoking material according to the invention is used in a form that has been subjected to a process of increasing its volume and reducing its bulk density, which form is capable of supporting smoking. Various species of millet are used, such as Panticuim miliaeuim (common millet), Setaris italica (foxgrass), Echinochloa fruimentacea, Echinochloa orusgalii (leaf millet), Penndlsetuim americanuni (pearl millet), Eleusdna coracana, Paspalum scrobiculatum, Pennisetum gftawum, Holcus sorghum or Panicum ramoauon. To increase the volume, swelling is used, such as that used to produce puffed millet of relatively low density. The bulk density of the expanded millet used to produce the material according to the invention is generally not more than about 0.40 g/cm3, preferably not more than about 0.20 g/cm3. The term "expanded millet" as used in this specification means millet grains expanded to such a volume that the bulk density of particles of about 1.68 mm (12 mesh) is not greater than 0.40 ©tom3. To determine the bulk density, millet is crushed in a suitable mill and sieved, collecting fractions of particle size of about 1.68 mm (12 mesh), and then a portion of the uniformly filled material of known volume is weighed. Sorghum (Sorgihuni vuilgaire), used to produce the smoking material according to the invention, is used in a form subjected to a process of increasing the volume and reducing the bulk density, which form is capable of supporting To increase the volume, swelling is used, as is used to produce puffed sorghum of relatively low density. The bulk density of the expanded sorghum used to produce the material of the invention is generally not greater than about 0.40 µcm³, preferably not greater than about 0.20 g/cm³. The term "expanded sorghum" as used herein means sorghum grains expanded to such a volume that the bulk density of particles of about 1.68 mm (12 mesh) is not greater than 0.40 g/cm³. To determine the bulk density, the sorghum is ground in a suitable mill and sieved, collecting the fractions with a particle size of about 1.68 mm (12 mesh). mesh), and then weighs a portion of uniformly poured material of known volume. The corn (Zea maya) used to produce the smoking material according to the invention is used in a form subjected to a process of increasing the volume and reducing the bulk density, which form is capable of supporting combustion. The ability to increase the volume varies for different types of corn. Zea mays everta (Stuant), the so-called cracking corn, is the type with the greatest ability to increase the volume. For example, the cracking capacity of horny corn is generally lower than that of cracking corn and even lower than that of horse tooth corn. Even among different varieties of cracking corn there are differences differences in the degree and totality of expansion, which some attribute to differences in hard starch content. Because of its ability to expand, the preferred type of corn for use in producing the material of the invention is popcorn (Zea mays everta/Sturt). However, any type of corn that, when subjected to the expanding process, achieves a relatively low density may be used. Therefore, the invention encompasses the use of any type of corn, including hybrids, if the desired low density is achieved after swelling. The bulk density of the expanded corn used in the invention is generally not greater than about 0.40 g/cm3, preferably not greater than about 0.20 g/cm3. The term "popcorn" refers to the product being expanded or popped. The term "maize" as used herein denotes grains of any type of corn (Zea mayts), expanded to such a volume that the bulk density of particles of about 1.68 mm (12 mesh) is preferably not greater than 0.40 g/cm3. To determine the bulk density, the corn is ground in a suitable mill and sieved, collecting fractions of particle size of about 1.68 mm (12 mesh), and then a portion of the uniformly filled material of known volume is weighed. The volume of rice, wheat, millet, sorghum, barley, rye and oats can be expanded by known expansion methods. As is known, the above materials can be swollen using quantity swelling or kiln swelling, in which a dough-like mass of grains is rapidly exposed to high temperatures. Kiln swelling can be achieved by belt heating, heating in a rotating drum, heating on rotating rollers, or extrusion at elevated pressure and temperature. The swelling of rice, wheat, millet or sorghum for the purposes of the invention may be carried out using methods and devices described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,466,575, 2,710,112,000, 2,231,387, 3,656,965, 3,703,379, 3,566,802, 3,392,669, 3,201,032, 3,660 KIO and 3G82,651. After the swelling process is completed, the remaining unswelled grains are separated using conventional methods such as sieving or air separation. Known methods can be used to expand corn, such as rapidly heating the kernels, which causes them to crack. It is estimated that the moisture content determines the cracking ability of corn. Heating cracked corn with a moisture content of 11-15% to a temperature of about 175-290°C generally produces good volume expansion (density reduction) and a combustible material. It is, of course, economically desirable to use such expansion techniques, which allow for maximum volume expansion. After the expansion process is complete, the remaining unexpanded kernels are separated using known methods, such as sieving or air separation. The size and shape of popcorn kernels used in smoking mixtures depend primarily on the intended use of these mixtures. It is generally advantageous to grind or, more preferably, cut the popcorn into particles of a size and shape similar to the tobacco used. It is also desirable to remove as much of the husk as possible. Therefore, popcorn used in cigarettes in a mixture with tobacco is cut or chopped into particles of a size and shape similar to the tobacco used in that mixture. It is advantageous to proceed in a similar manner when popcorn is used in a mixture with tobacco for making cigars or pipe tobacco. The sizes and shapes of expanded cereal grains used to prepare smoking mixtures depend primarily on the intended use of these mixtures. It is generally advantageous to grind or, more preferably, chop the expanded materials into particles of a size and shape similar to the tobacco used. Thus, expanded grains used to make cigarettes in a mixture with tobacco are cut or chopped into particles of a size and shape similar to the tobacco used in that mixture. It is advantageous to proceed in a similar manner when the expanded grains are used in a mixture with tobacco to make cigars or pipe tobacco. Expanded cereal grains are mixed with tobacco and manufactured into tobacco products using conventional methods. For example, expanded rice is chopped into particles similar in size to the tobacco with which it is blended in appropriate proportions. This mixture is then used to make cigarettes, with or without a filter, using standard cigarette-making machines. The tobacco blend with expanded grains may also contain additives such as tobacco flavorings, humectants, ash improvers, combustion modifiers, fillers, and the like. Pipe tobacco can be made by simply mixing the tobacco with expanded grains and, if desired, flavorings or fragrances. For example, nitrates of alkali metals and alkali metals can be used as additives, as described in the examples later in this description. It should be noted that the use of expanded cereal grains serves to increase the volume of tobacco, thus reducing its content in products and simultaneously reducing the amount of nicotine. This is achieved without impairing the taste and aroma of tobacco products. The amount of expanded grain in the tobacco blend can vary widely and reach up to approximately 50% by volume, or even more, of the tobacco mass. On the other hand, according to the invention, expanded cereal grains are used as tobacco substitutes, alone or with other substances, in the preparation of tobacco products, such as cigarettes, cigars, and pipe tobacco. In such cases, it is advantageous for the expanded materials to imitate tobacco in size and shape. The burning rate, taste, odor, and other properties of the tobacco substitutes can be modified by additives such as fragrances and flavorings, tobacco extracts, nicotine, humectants, ash composition improvers, and the like. In some cases, the burning of tobacco substitutes is faster than that of most natural tobaccos. To reduce the burning rate, suitable fillers or combustion modifiers may be added, such as alkali metal and alkaline earth metal carbonates, e.g., magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, potassium carbonate, or sodium carbonate. Nitrates, such as magnesium nitrate or calcium nitrate, may also be used, as previously mentioned. All additives to expanded cereal grains are used in amounts necessary to achieve the desired effect. The expanded grains, whether used alone or in a mixture with tobacco, are conditioned to achieve a moisture content of between 6 and 5%. This moisture content is advantageous for the manufacture of tobacco products. The following examples illustrate the invention. The bulk density of tobacco fillers was determined by weighing a known volume of the material. In all cases, the bulk density, determined for a sample with particle size of approximately 1.68 mm (µL meah), was less than 0.40 g/dm3. Example 1. 10 g of chopped puffed rice was sprayed with 5 ml of a 20% aqueous solution of calcium nitrate and 2.5 ml of a 20% aqueous solution of potassium carbonate. The sprayed material is air-dried and made into 70 mm long cigarettes using a small Hauni-type cigarette-making machine and Ecustoa 860 paper. The average cigarette weight is 0.34 g, and the average pressure drop in a 70 mm-thick layer q of 4, 5, and 5 mm of water column. The average puff count for each cigarette, as measured by a mass burning rail according to the standards of the United States Federation of Trade Commission (FTC), is 3.5. Example II. Puffed rice grains, conditioned, are used to measure bulk density. previously ionized at 50-60% relative humidity, and during the period of time necessary to obtain a constant moisture content of the material within the range of 1-10%. Then the above rice is ground in a Waring mixer and sieved, collecting fractions with different particle sizes. The bulk density of the individual fractions is determined by weighing 50 cm3 of the material poured in uniformly. During pouring, the bottom of the container is systematically tapped to ensure uniform settling of the material. No external pressure is applied during the above measurements. The density of the material with different degrees of grinding is given in Table 1. Table 2 presents comparative data for selected tobacco blends. Table 1 Standard sieve number according to United States of America standards 8 12 14 16 Bulk density 0.0503 g/cm* 0.0554 g/cm3 0.0534 gsfcm3 0.0536 g/cm3 0.0558 ug/cm3 0.0615 gl/cm3 Table Q Sample Expanded tobacco, air-dried* Emulsified tobacco Commercial cigarette blend, without casing Bulk density 0.07 gjfcim3 1 0.10 g/cm3 0.11 gto3 | Expanded as described in U.S. Patent No. 3,524,451. As can be seen from the above tests, the smoking material made from expanded rice exhibits a high degree of volume expansion and a low bulk density compared with tobacco normally used in cigarette production. Example III. This example illustrates the determination of the fill volume of expanded rice cut into strips approximately 0.08 mm wide, very similar to cut tobacco. To measure the fill volume of cigarette filling material, a measuring device is used, consisting of a graduated cylinder with a capacity of 100 ml and an internal diameter of approximately 25 mm, and a piston with a diameter of approximately 24 mm and a weight of approximately 802.5 g, freely moving within the cylinder. A 3 g sample of the material being tested is placed in the cylinder, and a piston is placed on it, which presses it with a force of gravity equal to a pressure of approximately 0.16 kg/cm². The fill volume is the volume to which the 3 g sample is compressed when the piston is loaded for 3 minutes. This pressure corresponds exactly to the pressure exerted by the paper casing on the tobacco in cigarettes. Using the above procedure, the fill volume of expanded rice with a moisture content of 9.22% was found to be 40.3 ml for a 3 g sample. Example IV. A mixture is prepared containing 20 or 50% by volume of chopped expanded rice and 80 sticks of 50% by volume of commercial paper tobacco. Cigarettes 65 mm long are made from the above mixture using Ecusta Ref. 853 paper. The resulting cigarettes are fitted with a 20 mm long filter made of cellulose acetate type 3.31/3000. Filter cigarettes are burned under standard conditions according to United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) standards, achieving the results given in Table 3. Blend Tobacco % filler by volume 80% tobacco by volume 1 50% filler by volume 50% tobacco by volume Ta Cigarette weight without filter g 0.86 0.78 0.58 b 1 i c a 3 Total residue mg 22.8 .4 17.5 Nicotine mg 1.23 1.03 0.66 Tar * mg 17.3 .8 13.1 * Determined according to Federal Trade Commission (FTC) standards. In addition, cigarettes containing 20% by volume of chopped puffed rice were also smoked by a group of experts, who compared them with cigarettes containing only tobacco. Most experts detected no difference in terms of harshness, palatability, or off-flavors. Pirzyfclad V. 10 g of chopped puffed wheat is sprayed with 3 ml of a 30% aqueous solution of calcium nitrate and 2.5 ml of a 20% aqueous solution of potassium carbonate. The sprayed material is air-dried and made into 70 mm long cigarettes using a small Haunii-type cigarette machine and Ecusta 853 paper. The average cigarette weight is 0.36 g, and the average pressure drop in a 70 mm thick layer is equal to 6.4 mm of water. The average puff count per cigarette, tested using an incinerator machine according to FTC standards, is 4.0. Example VI Bulk density measurements are performed using pre-conditioned wheat at 50-60% relative humidity for a period of time sufficient to achieve a constant material moisture content of 8-10%. The wheat is then ground in a Waring mixer and sieved, collecting fractions of different particle sizes. The bulk density of individual fractions is determined by weighing 50 cm³ of uniformly poured material. During pouring, the bottom of the container is tapped regularly to ensure uniform distribution of the material. No external pressure is applied during these measurements. The density of the material with different degrees of fragmentation is given in Table 4. Table 5 presents comparative data for selected tobacco blends. Table 4 Number of U.S. Standards for Air-Sieved Tobacco S 12 14 16 Bulk Density 0.0487 g/cm3 0.0557 g/cm3 1 0.0603 g/cm3 0.0826 g/cm3 0.0737 g/cm3 Table 5 Sample Jet-Cured and Air-Cured Expanded Tobacco* Commercial Cigarette Blend, Uncapped Bulk Density 0.07 g/cm3 1 0.19 g/cm3 0.1 (1 g/cm3 | *Specimens as described in U.S. Patent No. 3,524,451. As can be seen from the above tests, Smoking material made from special wheat exhibits, compared to tobacco normally used in cigarette production, a high degree of volume expansion and a low bulk density. Example VII. This example illustrates the determination of the fill volume of special wheat cut into strips approximately 0.08 mm wide, very similar to cut tobacco. To measure the fill volume of cigarette filling material, a measuring device is used, consisting of a measuring cylinder with a capacity of 100 ml and an internal diameter of approximately 25 mm, and a piston with a diameter of approximately 24 mm and a weight of approximately 80 µ.5 g, moving freely in the cylinder. A 3 g sample of the material under test "is placed in a cylinder and a piston is placed on it, which presses with a force of gravity equal to a pressure of about 0.16 kg tan2. The fill volume is the volume to which a 3 g sample is compressed when loaded by the piston in 3 minutes. This pressure corresponds exactly to the pressure exerted by the paper casing on the tobacco in cigarettes. Using the above procedures, the fill density of the pre-shrunk wheat with a moisture content of 9.13% was found to be 48.3 mils for a 3 g sample. Example VIII. A mixture is prepared containing 20 or 50% by volume of cut wheat and 80 or 50% by volume of commercial cigarette tobacco. From the above The mixture is made into 65 mm long cigarettes using Ecusta Ref. 853 paper. The resulting cigarettes are fitted with a 20 mm filter made of cellulose acetate type 3.3/30,000. The filtered cigarettes are burned under standard conditions according to FTC standards, achieving the results given in Table 6. Table € Blend Tobacco [ 20% filler by volume 80% tobacco by volume 50% filler < 50% tobacco by volume Cigarette weight without filter mg 0.86 V 0.74 0.56 Total nicotine remaining mg 22.8 - 19.8 18.0 Nicotine mg 1.23 0.07 0.64 Tar* - mg 17y3 j .2 13.2 * Determined according to Federal Trade Commission standards. Furthermore, cigarettes containing 20% by volume of special wheat puff were also smoked by a group of experts, who compared them with cigarettes containing only tobacco. The majority of experts detected no difference in terms of harshness, taste characteristics, or off-flavors. Example IX. Bulk density measurements were made using swollen millet grains, previously conditioned at 50-60% relative humidity for a period of time necessary to achieve a constant moisture content of 8-110%. The above millet was then The material is ground in a Waring mixer and sieved, separating fractions of different particle sizes. The bulk density of the individual fractions is determined by weighing 50 cm3 of the material poured in uniformly. During pouring, the bottom of the container is systematically tapped to ensure uniform settling of the particles. No external pressure is applied during these measurements. The density of the material with different degrees of fineness is given in Table 7. Table 8 presents comparative data for selected titanium mixtures. 40 45 50 55 6097967 11 Table 7 12 Standard sieve number according to United States standards 8 12 14 16 Bulk density 0.040 g/cm3 0.050 g/cm3 | 0.052 g/cm3 10049 g/cm3 0.051 g/cm3 0.055 g/cm3 Table 8 ¦ PtrGbka Expanded Tobacco, Air-Cured* Reinforced Tobacco Commercial Cigarette Blend, Uncapped Bulk Density 0.07 g/cm3 0.19 g/cm3 0.11 g/cm3 * Expanded as described in U.S. Patent No. 3,524,451. As can be seen from the above tests, the expanded millet smoking material exhibits, compared with tobacco normally used in cigarette production, a high degree of volume expansion and a low bulk density. Example X. Example The diagram below illustrates the determination of the filling volume of expanded millet, cut into strips approximately 0.08 mm wide, very similar to cut tobacco. To measure the filling volume of cigarette filling material, a measuring device is used consisting of a measuring cylinder with a capacity of 100 ml and an internal diameter of approximately 25 mm and a piston with a diameter of approximately 24 mm and a weight of approximately 802.5 g, freely moving in the cylinder. A 3 g sample of the test material is placed in the cylinder and the piston is placed on it, which presses it with a force of gravity, equal to a pressure of approximately 0.16 kg/cm². The filling volume is the volume to which 3 g A sample of zositage was compressed under a piston load for 3 minutes. This pressure corresponds exactly to the pressure exerted by the paper casing on the tobacco in cigarettes. Using the above procedure, the filling volume of expanded millet with a moisture content of 9.41% was found to be 39.4 ml for a 3 g sample. Example 11. A mixture was prepared containing 20 or 50 volume percent chopped expanded millet and 80 or 50 volume percent commercial cigarette tobacco. Cigarettes 20 mm long, made of 1/4 of the above mixture, were made from cellulose acetate type cellulose. The resulting cigarettes were fitted with a 20 mm long filter. mm, made of cellulose acetate type 3.3/39,000. Filter cigarettes are dropped under standard conditions according to FTC standards, giving the results given in Table 9. Blend Tobacco % filler by volume 80% tobacco by volume 50% filler by volume 50% tobacco by volume Cigarette weight without filter mg 0.86 0.75 0.58 blca 8 Total residue mg 22.8 21.2 19.7 Nicotine mg 1.23 0 1.02 0.70 Tar * mg 17.3 16.0 14.5 * Determined according to Federal Trade Commission (FTC) standards. Example XIII. For measurements To determine the bulk density, swollen sorghum grains are used, previously conditioned at 50-60% relative humidity for a period of time necessary to obtain a solid material moisture content of 8-10%. The above sorghum is then crushed in a Wairing mixer and sieved, collecting fractions with different particle moisture contents. The bulk density of individual fractions is determined by weighing 50 cm³ of the material uniformly poured in. During pouring, the bottom of the container is systematically tapped to ensure uniform settling of the material. No external pressure is applied during these measurements. The density of the material with different degrees of fineness is given in Table 10. Table 11 presents data Comparative tests for selected tobacco blends. As can be seen from the above tests, the expanded sorghum smoking material exhibits, in comparison with tobacco normally used in cigarette production, a high degree of volume expansion and a low bulk density. Example XIII. The above example illustrates the determination of the filling volume of expanded sorghum. Table 10 Standard sieve number according to United States standards 8 12 14 1 16 Bulk density 0.0417 g/cm3 0.0417 g/cm3 0.0399 g/cm3 0.0408 g/cm3 0.0418 g/cm3 0.0448 g/cm3 0.0519 g/cm3 197967 13 Table 11 14 Table 12 Sample | Expanded tobacco, air-dried * Reinforced tobacco Commercial cigarette blend, uncasing Bulk density 0.07 g/cm3 0.19 g/cm3 0.11 g/cm3 | * Expanded as described in U.S. Patent No. 3,924,451, cut into strips approximately 0.08 mm wide, very similar to cut tobacco. Finer particles are sieved through a standard No. 14 sieve. To measure the fill volume of cigarette filling material, a measuring device is used, consisting of a measuring cylinder with a capacity of 100 ml and an internal diameter of approximately 25 mm and a piston with a diameter of 24 mm and a weight of approximately 802.5 g, freely moving in a cylinder. A 3 g sample of the test material is placed in the cylinder and placed on a piston, which presses with a force of gravity equal to a pressure of approximately 0.16 kg/cm². The filling volume is the volume to which the 3 g sample is compressed when loaded by the piston within 3 minutes. This pressure corresponds exactly to the pressure exerted by the paper casing on the tobacco in cigarettes. Using the above procedure, it was found that the filling volume of a swollen rod with a moisture content of 8.64% is 59 ml for a 3 g sample. Example XIV. A mixture is prepared containing 20 or 50% by volume of chopped puffed sorghum and 80 or 50% by volume of commercial cigarette tobacco. Cigarettes 65 mm long are made from the above mixture using Ecusta Ref. 853 paper. The resulting cigarettes are fitted with a 20 mm filter made of cellulose acetate type 3.3/39,000. The filtered cigarettes are burned under standard conditions according to FTC standards, obtaining the results given in Table 12. In addition, cigarettes containing 20% by volume of chopped puffed sorghum were also smoked by a group of experts, who compared them with cigarettes containing only tobacco. Most experts detected no difference in terms of roughness, taste and off-flavor properties. Example XV. 19 g of chopped, swollen sorghum is sprayed with a solution containing 17.3 g of magnesium nitrate hexahydrate in 5 ml of water, and then with a solution of 0.5 g of potassium carbonate in 4 ml of water. The sprayed material is air-dried and made into 70 mm cigarettes using a small Hauni cigarette machine and Ecusta 853 paper. The average cigarette weight is 0.28 g, and the average pressure drop in a 70 mm layer is 2.39 mm of water column. The average number of puffs from each cigarette, checked with a 80% filler mixture. Tobacco by volume 50% Filler by volume 50% Tobacco by volume Cigarette weight without filter g 0.03 0.71 0.52 Total residue mg 23.1 21.0 19.6 Nicotine mg 1.32 - 1.05 0.76 Tar * mg 17.8 .8 14.1 * Determined according to Federal Trade Commission (FTC) standards. The FTC combustion machine is 2.5 according to FTC standards. The machine performs a 35 mm puff every 60 seconds for 2 seconds; the unburned residue is 23 mm long. Example XVI. Popcorn is ground in a Wiley grinder and sieved through a 0.84 mm mesh sieve. Fraction The amount of popped corn that passes through the above sieve has a bulk density of 0.12 gton3. It is observed that both uncrushed and crushed popcorn, when lit with a match, burns with a flame without producing any smoke. The crushed popcorn is mixed with a commercial tobacco mixture in a 50:50 volume ratio and then cigarettes are made by hand. Combustion tests show that these cigarettes produce less smoke 40 and are less stinging than similar cigarettes containing only tobacco. Example XVII. Tobacco dried in a stream of air is extracted with hexane, then the hexane is evaporated and the residue 45 is dissolved in ethanol. The above extract is sprayed on the chopped popcorn. Corn with a bulk density of 0.05 g/cm3. An extract obtained from 1 g of tobacco is used to spray 1 g of cut corn. After the ethanol has evaporated, the sprayed corn is mixed with fortified tobacco obtained from tobacco dust. The mixture contains 75% cut popcorn and 25% tobacco extracts. Cigarettes are made from the above mixture using a small Hauni-type cigarette machine and Ecusta Ref. 853 paper. Smokers, after testing, found these cigarettes to burn satisfactorily and to be definitely smokable, exhibiting a lower level of irritation than cigarettes made solely from fortified tobacco. Example XVIII. Cut popcorn with a bulk density of 0.05 g/cm3 is mixed with commercial pipe tobacco. A mixture containing 12.5 and 25% by volume of cut corn was prepared. Experts examining the mixtures issued the following conclusion: No difference was found between the commercial pipe tobacco and the mixture containing 12.5% popcorn. The mixture containing 25% popcorn appears slightly weaker, but does not exhibit an unpleasant taste; both mixtures have less bitterness than commercial egg tobacco. Example 19. 171.4 g of tobacco extracted from commercial cigarettes is extracted with ethyl alcohol. The ethanol is evaporated, yielding 46.8 g of extract, which diluted with 530 ml of a new portion of ethanol*. Approximately 55 ml of the above extract is mixed with 265 ml of crushed popcorn. The whole is sieved, collecting the fraction that passes through a 2.0 mm mesh and retains at a 0.84 mm mesh. The bulk density of the above fraction is 0.065 g/cm3. The mixture is left for several days until the alcohol evaporates. A brown coating of tobacco extract forms on the crushed popcorn. The prepared popcorn is mixed with commercial cigarette tobacco in a 50:50 volume ratio, the same as the extract previously prepared. From the above mixture, Cigarettes are made using a hand-held Top device and Top-type paper. The resulting cigarettes are fitted with cellulose acetate filters. Experts have found these cigarettes to be very mild, non-irritating, non-stinging, and highly aromatic. Example XX. To measure bulk density, popcorn is used, previously conditioned at 5-60% relative humidity for a period of time necessary to achieve a constant moisture content of 8-10%. The above material is then crushed in a Wairing blender and sieved, collecting fractions of different particle sizes. The bulk density of individual fractions is determined by weighing 50 µm³ of the bulk material uniformly. During pouring, the bottom of the container is The material is tapped systematically to ensure uniform settling. No external pressure is applied during these measurements. The density of the material with different degrees of fineness is given in Table 13. Table 14 presents comparative data for selected tobacco blends. Table 13 16 Table 14 Standard sieve number according to United States standards 8 12 1 14 16 Bulk density 0.0506 g/cm3 0.0552 g/cm3 | 0.0688 g/cm3 1 0.0707 g/cm3 0.0824 gs/cm3 0.11 g/cm3 40 45 50 55 Sample Popcorn* Expanded tobacco, air-dried ** Tobacco Reinforced Commercial Cigarette Blend, Uncapped Bulk Giezar 0.02 15 g/cm3 0.07 g/cm3 0.19 g/cm3 0.11 g/cm3 | * Determined using a 400 cm3 sample ** Expanded as described in the United States Patent. As can be seen from the above tests, the popcorn smoking material exhibits, in comparison with tobacco normally used in cigarette production, a high degree of volume expansion and a low bulk density. Example XXI. This example illustrates the determination of the fill volume of two samples of popcorn. The first consists of particles about 1.68 mm in diameter, the second of popcorn cut into strips about 0.08 mm wide, very similar to cut tobacco. To measure the fill volume of cigarette filling material, measuring equipment is used, consisting of a graduated cylinder with a capacity of 100 mm and an internal diameter of approximately 25 mm², and a piston with a diameter of approximately 24 mm and a weight of approximately 8.25 g, moving freely in the cylinder. A 3 g sample of the test material is placed in the cylinder and the piston is placed on it, which presses it with a force of gravity equal to a pressure of approximately 0.16 kg/cm². The fill volume is the volume to which the 3 g sample is compressed when loaded by the piston within 3 minutes. This pressure corresponds exactly to the pressure exerted by tobacco paper casing in cigarettes. The moisture content in the tobacco influences the fill volume determined by this method. Hence, similar fill volume values are obtained. Table 15 Conditioning at 65% relative humidity days 0 1 2 3 4 •' 6 ' 7 8 Sample with particle dimensions of about 1.68 mm Moisture content §/o 6.56 8.64 9.75 .05 Fill volume ml/3g 43.3 46.5 45.0 43.3 Cut material Moisture content °/o 9.66 9.85 .76 12.64 Fill volume ml/3g 45.5 44.8 44.3 44.0 197967 17 The increase in fill volume was achieved using a material with a similar moisture content. The results are presented in Table 15. As can be seen from the presented data, although the moisture content increased over 8 days, the fill neutrality of the popcorn remained virtually unchanged. The same determinations were made for air-dried tobacco with a moisture content of 12.6%, expanded, which is combined with an increase in fill volume, in accordance with U.S. Patent No. 3,524,451. The fill volume was approximately 29 ml/3g. Example XXII. Popcorn are cut into strips with the following dimensions: width — 0.076 to 0.2 mm, thickness — 0.07-6 to 0.8 mm, length — 0.20 to 1.8 mm, bulk density 0.05 g/cm3. The cut corn is mixed with commercial cigarette tobacco in various proportions. Cigarettes are made from the above mixtures using a small Haunfe cigarette machine and Ecusta Ref. 856 paper. The cigarettes are fitted with a 20 mm long filter made of cellulose acetate type 3.3/09.000. The finished cigarettes are 85 mm long and 25 mm in circumference. Table 16 gives the composition of the mixtures and the cigarette weight. 18 Samples fka 1 2 3 4 r Corn, % by volume 0 6 12.5 50 r a b 1 i c a 16 Tobacco % by volume 100 94 87.5 75 50 Cigarette weight without filter g 0.8B—0.87 -0.79—0.83 0.74-4.78 0.66—0.70 0.48—0.52 Taste tests were conducted on cigarettes containing only tobacco and cigarettes containing 112.5% corn by volume. Smokers did not notice any difference in taste, but they rated the cigarettes containing corn as slightly milder. Example XXIII. Popcorn The tobacco is then reduced to a moisture content of 8.5% and then cut into strips with dimensions of 0.13 x 144 mm and a bulk density of 0.05 g/cm3, which are mixed in various proportions with commercial cigarette tobacco. Cigarettes 65 mm long are made from the resulting mixtures using a small Hauni cigarette machine and Ecusta Ref. 556 paper. The cigarettes are fitted with a 20 mm long filter made of cellulose acetate type 3.3/130,000. The cigarette weights and the results of the analysis of combustion products are given in Tables 17 and 18. Example XXIV. 19 g of chopped popcorn is sprayed with a solution containing 1.73 g of magnesium nitrate hexahydrate in ml of water, followed by a solution of 0.5 g of carbonate Table 17 Filler | % by volume 0 (tobacco only) 6.0 l 2.5 0 50 0 Cigarette weight without filter g 0.83—0.87 0.70—0.83 0.74^h0.7$ 0.66—0.70 0.4S—0.52 Table 18 Analysis of combustion products Sample Tobacco 6% filler 12.5% filler .0% filler 50% filler Total half residue mg .7 23.0 21.5 .6 18.2 Nicotine* mg 146 1.27 1.08 0.92 0.55 Water mg 4.9 3.4 3.8 3.9 3.7 Tar * mg 19.3 18.3 16.7 .8 13.9 * Determined according to Federal Trade Commission (FTC) standards. The sprayed material is air-dried and made into 70 mm long cigarettes using a small Hauni-type cigarette machine and Ecutsta 853 paper. The average cigarette weight is 0.38 g, and the average pressure drop in a 70 mm thick layer is 8.26 mm of water column. The average number of puffs from each cigarette, checked using a combustion machine according to FTC standards, is 4.2. The machine performs one puff every 60 seconds in 2 seconds, leaving an unburned residue of 23 mm in length. Example XXV. Bulk density measurements are performed using puffed rice, previously conditioned at 60% relative humidity until a constant moisture content of approximately 7%. The above material is then ground in a Waring mixer and sieved, collecting fractions of different particle sizes. The bulk density of individual fractions is determined by weighing 50 µm³ of the bulked material in the same manner. During pouring, the bottom of the container is tapped regularly to ensure even settling of the material. No external pressure is applied during these measurements. The density of the material with different degrees of fineness is given in Table 19. Table 20 presents comparative data for selected tobacco blends.97967 19 Table 19 Table 21 Standard sieve number according to United States standards 8 12 14 16 Bulk density 0*1050 g/cm3 and 0.1108 g/cm3 0.1057 g/cm3 0.1237 g/cm3 0.1322 g/cm3 0.U315 g/cm3 Table 20 Sample Expanded tobacco, dried in an air stream* Reinforced tobacco Commercial cigarette blend, without casing Bulk density 0.07 g/cm3 0.19 g/cm3 0.11 g/cm3 | * Expanded as described in U.S. Patent No. 3,524,451. Example XXVI. This example illustrates the determination of the fill volume of expanded rye cut into strips approximately 0.08 mm wide, very similar to cut tobacco. To measure the fill volume of cigarette filling material, a measuring device is used consisting of a graduated cylinder with a capacity of 100 mm and an inside diameter of approximately 25 mm, and a piston with an inside diameter of approximately 25 mm, and a piston with a diameter of approximately 24 mm and a weight of approximately 802.5 g, freely moving within the cylinder. A 3 g sample of the test material is placed in a cylinder and a piston is placed on it, which presses it with a force of gravity equal to a pressure of approximately 0.1 < 6 kgi/cm2. The fill volume is the volume to which the 3 g sample is compressed when the piston is loaded within 3 minutes. This pressure corresponds exactly to the pressure exerted by the paper casing on the tobacco in cigarettes. Using the above procedure, it was found that the fill volume of swollen rye with a moisture content of 7.5 fl% is 31.5 ml for a 3 g sample. Example XXVII. A mixture is prepared containing 20 or 50% by volume of special cut rye and 80 or 50% commercial cigarette tobacco. Cigarettes 5 mm long are made from this mixture using Ecusta Ref. 853 paper. The resulting cigarettes are fitted with a 20 mm long filter made of 3y3/i39.000 acetate. Filter cigarettes were burned under standard conditions according to FTC standards, achieving the results given in Table 21. Cigarettes containing 206% by volume of expanded cut rye were smoked for 40 45 50 55 minutes. Blend Tobacco % by volume expanded rye 80% by volume tobacco 50% by volume expanded rye 50% by volume Tobacco Cigarette weight without filter g 0.89 0.79 0.63 Total residue .1 23.2 21.8 Nicotine mg ' 1.33 1.11 0.79 Tar * mg 18.9 17y8 16.0 * Measured according to Federal Trade Commission (FTC) standards. Forty percent of the experts preferred cigarettes containing rye, while 35% of them expressed the opinion that cigarettes containing rye were milder and had a better overall flavor. Example XXVIII. Bulk density measurements are performed using swollen oat grains, previously conditioned at 60% relative humidity until a constant moisture content of approximately 6.5%. This material is ground in a Waring mixer and sieved, collecting fractions of different particle sizes. The bulk density of individual fractions is determined by weighing 50 cm³ of the uniformly poured material. During pouring, the bottom of the container is systematically tapped to ensure uniform settling of the material. No external pressure is applied during these measurements. The density of material with different degrees of fineness is given in Table 22. Table 23 presents comparative data for selected tobacco blends. Example XXIX. This example illustrates the determination of the filling volume of swollen oat grains cut into strips 0.08 mm wide, very similar to cut tobacco. as Table 22 Standard sieve number according to United States standards 8 12 14 16 -30 Bulk density 0.110(7 g/om3 0*125(8 gtfcm3 0^129(2 g/om3 0*1286 g/cm3 0.1388 g/fcm3 0.1388 g/cm3 97967 21 22 Cigarettes containing 20% by volume of rolled oats were smoked by a group of experts who compared them with cigarettes containing only tobacco. Most experts rated cigarettes made only of tobacco as having a better taste and aroma, while 40% of the examiners stated that cigarettes containing oats were milder, while 25M detected no difference in this range. Thirty-five percent of the experts preferred cigarettes containing oats or saw no difference between the two types. Example XXXI. For bulk density measurements, swollen barley grains are used, previously conditioned at 60% moisture until a maximum moisture content of approximately 5% is obtained. The above material is ground in a Warkuga mixer and sieved, collecting fractions of various particle sizes. The bulk density of individual fractions is determined by weighing 50 cm³ of the material poured in uniformly. During pouring, the bottom of the container is systematically tapped to ensure uniform settling of the material. External pressure is not applied during the above measurements. The density of the material with various degrees of fineness is given in Table 25. Table 26 presents comparative data for selected tobacco blends. Table 23 Sample Expanded tobacco dried in an air stream* Reinforced tobacco Commercial cigarette blend, without casing Bulk density 0.07 g/cm³ 1 0.19 g/cm³ 0.11 g/cm³* | * Expanded as described in U.S. Patent No. 3,524,451. To measure the fill volume of cigarette filling material, a measuring device is used, consisting of a graduated cylinder with a capacity of 100 ml and an internal diameter of approximately 25 mm, and a piston with a diameter of approximately 24 mm and a weight of approximately 802.5 g, moving freely within the cylinder. A 3 g sample of the test material is placed in the cylinder, and the piston is placed on it, which presses with a force of gravity equal to a pressure of approximately 0.46 kg/cm². The fill volume is the volume to which a 3 g sample was compressed under a piston load in 3 minutes. This pressure corresponds exactly to the pressure exerted by the paper casing on the tobacco in cigarettes. Using the above procedure, the fill volume of swollen oats with a moisture content of 7.5 1/2 ppm was found to be 26.5 ml for a 3 g sample. Example XXX. A mixture is prepared containing 20 or 50 volume percent swollen cut oats and 80 or 50 volume percent commercial cigarette tobacco. Cigarettes 65 mm long are made from the above mixture using Ecusta Ref. 853 paper. The resulting cigarettes are fitted with a 20 mm long filter made of cellulose acetate type 3y3/30,000. Filter cigarettes are burned under standard conditions according to FTC standards, obtaining the results given in Table 24. Table 2(4) Blend Tobacco % vol expanded oats 80% vol tobacco 50% vol expanded oats 50% vol tobacco Cigarette weight without filter g 0.89 0.80 P.65 Total half residue mg .1 23.9 24.8 Nicotine mg 1.33 1.17 0.98 - Tar * mg 18.9 v 18.5 19.0 * Determined according to Federal Trade Commission (FTC) standards. Table 25 Standard sieve number according to United States standards 8 12 14 . 16 Weight Bulk 0.13160 g/cm3 0.1357 grtcm3 0.1366 g/om3 0^1479 g/cm3 0.1723 ©tom3 0k17B3 gtfom3 Table 1^6 Sample Expanded tobacco, air-dried * Reinforced tobacco Commercial cigarette blend, uncapped Bulk 0.07 g/cm3 and 0.19 g/cm* 0.11 g/cm* * Expanded as described in U.S. Patent No. 3,524,451. Example XXXII. This example illustrates the determination of the filling volume of expanded barley grains cut into strips about 0.08 mm wide, very similar to cut tobacco. In order to make the measurement, Filling volume 40 45 50 55 602* of material for cigarette filling. A measuring device is used, consisting of a measuring cylinder with a capacity of 100 ml and an internal diameter of about 2.5 mm and a piston with a diameter of about 24 mm and a weight of about 802.5 g, moving freely in the cylinder. A sample of 2 g of the test material is placed in the cylinder and the piston is placed on it, which presses with a force of gravity equal to a pressure of about 0.16 kg/cm2. The filling volume is the volume to which 3 g of the sample is compressed when loaded by the piston within 3 minutes. This pressure corresponds to The pressure exerted by the paper casing on the tobacco in the cigarettes was determined using the above procedure to be 22.8 ml for a 3 g sample. Example XXXIII: A mixture containing 20 or 50% of expanded cut barley and 80 or 50% of commercial cigarette tobacco was prepared. Cigarettes 65 mm long were made from the above mixture using Ecusta Rei 853 paper. The resulting cigarettes were fitted with a 20 mm filter made of cellulose acetate type 3.3/30,000. The cigarettes with the filter were burned under standard conditions according to FTC standards, obtaining the results given in Table 27. In the bulk mixture, expanded triticale grains are used, previously conditioned at 60% relative humidity until a constant moisture content of approximately 8% is achieved. The above material is ground in a Wairing mixer and sieved, collecting fractions with different particle sizes. The bulk density of individual fractions is determined by weighing 50 cm³ of the material poured in uniformly. During pouring, the bottom of the container is systematically tapped to ensure uniform settling of the material. External pressure is not applied during the above measurements. The density of the material with different degrees of fineness is given in Table 28. Table 29 presents comparative data for selected tobacco blends. Blend Tobacco % vol. of expanded Barley 80% vol tobacco 50% vol expanded barley 50% vol tobacco Ta Cigarette weight without filter g 0.88 0.80 0.68 blica 27 Total half residue mg 23.5 22.9 23.5 Nicotine mg 1.29 1.10 0.86 Tar * mg 18.2 18.1 18.0 * Measured according to Federal Trade Commission (FTC) standards. Cigarettes containing 20% by volume expanded cut barley were smoked by a panel of experts who compared them with cigarettes containing only tobacco. Forty percent of the experts rated the cigarettes containing barley as better, half stated that they were weaker, while 5% of the experts found no difference in this respect between the two species. Triticale is a known hybrid of wheat (genus Triticum) and rye (genus Secale). Example XXXIV. For measuring the weight of the 40 Table 28 Standard sieve number according to United States (United States) standards 8 12 14 16 Bulk density 0.0673 g/cm3 0.0579 g/cm3 | 0.0769 g/cm3 0.0791 g/cm3 0.0842 g/cm3 0.0871 g/cm3 Table 29 Sample | Expanded tobacco, dried in an air stream * Reinforced tobacco Commercial cigarette blend, without casing Weight Bulk 0.07 g/cm3 0.19 g/cm3 0.11 g/cm3 * Expanded as described in U.S. Patent No. 3,524,451. As can be seen from the above tests, the expanded triticale smoking material has, in comparison with tobacco normally used in cigarette production, a high degree of expansion and a low bulk density. Example XXXV. This example illustrates the determination of the fill volume of expanded triticale grains cut into strips of about 0.08 mm width, very similar to cut tobacco. To determine the fill volume of the cigarette filling material, a measuring device is used, consisting of a graduated cylinder with a capacity of 100 ml and a 25 mm internal diameter and a piston with a diameter of about 24 mm and a weight of about 802.5 g, moving freely in the cylinder. A 3 g sample of the tested material is placed in the cylinder and the piston is placed on it, which presses with a force of gravity equal to a pressure of about 0.16 kg/cm2. The filling volume is the volume to which the 3 g sample is compressed when loaded by the piston within 3 minutes. This pressure corresponds exactly to the pressure exerted by the paper casing on the tobacco in cigarettes. Using the above procedure, it was found that the filling volume of swollen triticale with moisture content of 8.30%, is 42.4 ml for 3 g of sample. Example XXXVI. A mixture is prepared containing 20 or 50% by volume of expanded cut triticale and 80 or 50% by volume of commercial cigarette tobacco. Cigarettes 65 mm long are made from the above mixture, using Ecusta Ref. 853 paper. The resulting cigarettes are supplied with a 20 mm long fMir made of cellulose acetate type 3.3/39,000. The filtered cigarettes are burned under standard conditions according to the FTG standard, obtaining the results given in Table 30. 97967 26 Mixture of tobacco % by volume of expanded [triticale 80% by volume tobacco 50% by volume expanded-cut triticale 50% by volume tobacco Ta Cigarette weight without filter g 0.89 0.77 0.59 blica 30 Total residue mg 23.4 21.7 .2 Nicotine mg 1.29 1.09 0.76 Tar * mg 17.7 16.8 .2 1 * Determined according to Federal Trade Commission standards Cigarettes containing 20% by volume expanded-cut triticale were smoked by a group of expert smokers who compared them with cigarettes consuming only tobacco. Forty-five percent of the experts stated that Cigarettes containing triticale are better or saw no difference. Thirty-five percent of the experts rated the cigarettes containing triticale as weaker, while 25% found no difference in this respect between the two types. Thirty percent of the experts considered the tested cigarettes to have better overall taste and aroma properties. The use of expanded materials according to the invention, in a mixture with tobacco, to prepare tobacco products brings many benefits. It leads to a significant reduction in tobacco consumption, which is obviously beneficial not only from an economic point of view, but also due to the reduction in the amount of nicotine in the products, which is highly desirable. Application Expanded granular material also allows for a reduction in the content of so-called tar in tobacco products, as the total residue after combustion is lower than in the case of tobacco. Expanded, nicotine-free materials mixed with tobacco do not reduce the quality of tobacco products. Expanded grains are readily available, easy to process, and relatively cheap, and do not impair the taste and smell of tobacco products. Furthermore, they are not brittle, do not fall out during smoking, and do not hinder the combustion of cigarettes. Patent applications 1. Smoking material characterized in that it contains crushed expanded grains of cereal plants in a form imitating cut cigarette tobacco or pipe tobacco in combination with known ingredients, such as tobacco and/or at least one tobacco substitute and/or at least one tobacco additive. 2. Material according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains expanded cereal grains in shredded form. 3. Material according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains at least 10% by volume of expanded cereal grains. 4. Material according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains at least 20% by volume of expanded cereal grains. 5. Material according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains no more than 50% by volume of expanded cereal grains. 6. Material according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains expanded cereal grains with a moisture content of 6-15%. 7. Material according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains expanded cereal grains, the bulk density of which is not greater than 0.40 g/cm3, preferably not greater than 0.20 g/cm2. 8. Material according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains expanded cereal grains coated with tobacco extract. 9. Material according to claim 1, characterized in that the expanded cereal grains contain expanded corn grains. Material according to claim 9, characterized in that it contains expanded corn grains Zea mays everts (Sturt). 11. Material according to claim 1, characterized in that the expanded cereal grains 12. Material according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains expanded rice as the expanded cereal grain. 13. Material according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains expanded wheat as the expanded cereal grain. 14. Material according to claim 13, characterized in that it contains expanded wheat grain of the species Triticum vailigaxe, Triticum durum, Triticum cinquepta, Triticum pensicuim or Triticum spelta. Material according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains expanded millet as the expanded cereal grain. 16. Material according to claim 15, characterized in that it contains specially formulated millet grain of the species Penicium rnoiWiaiceurn, Sezaria italica, Echinochloa frumentacea, Echincchdoa cnisgalli, Eleusine coracana, Paspalum scobiculituim, Pannisetuni aniericanuni, Pennisefam iglaucum, Koleus sorguim or Panicum ra_ mosum. 17. Material according to claims. 1, characterized in that 97967 28 contains puffed oats as expanded cereal grain. 18. Material according to claim 1, characterized in that the expanded cereal grain contains special sorghum. Id. Material according to claim 1, characterized in that it is an expanded grain of cereal plants contains expanded barley. Material according to claim 1, characterized in that the expanded cereal grain contains expanded triticale. 21. Material according to claim 1, characterized in that it is in the form of cigarettes, cigars and similar smoking articles. ERRATA lam 11, line 62 Is: 20 mm thick, made of cellulose stock of the type should be: 65 mm thick, using Ecusta Ref. 853 paper. - National Printing House, Plant No. 6, order no. 343/78 Price PLN 45 PL PL PL PL PL PL PL PL PL PL PL PL PL PL PL