TR201615468A2 - A SEISMIC INSULATION SYSTEM FOR APPLICATION TO SUSPENDED BRIDGE FOOTS - Google Patents
A SEISMIC INSULATION SYSTEM FOR APPLICATION TO SUSPENDED BRIDGE FOOTS Download PDFInfo
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- TR201615468A2 TR201615468A2 TR2016/15468A TR201615468A TR201615468A2 TR 201615468 A2 TR201615468 A2 TR 201615468A2 TR 2016/15468 A TR2016/15468 A TR 2016/15468A TR 201615468 A TR201615468 A TR 201615468A TR 201615468 A2 TR201615468 A2 TR 201615468A2
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- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 title description 4
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 description 14
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012916 structural analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009412 basement excavation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005094 computer simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Buluş, kuleleri kıyı bölgelerde konumlanan asma köprülerde, köprü ayaklarına uygulanmak üzere; derin deniz tabanlarında konumlanan; betonarme keson (5), bahsedilen betonarme kesonun (5) oturduğu ve bir çakıl yatakta konumlanan bir keson alt levha (4), bahsedilen alt levha (4) altında oluşturulmuş temas (sürtünme yüzeyi)(1), bahsedilen sürtünme yüzeyi (1) ile keson alt levhaya (4) sabitlenen; deniz tabanına(6) dikey saplanmış çelik kazıklar (3) içeren bir sismik izolasyon sistemi (A) ile ilgilidir. Şekil-1The invention relates to suspension bridges with towers located in coastal areas. located on deep sea bases; the concrete caisson (5), a caisson bottom plate (4) in which said concrete caisson (5) is seated and located on a gravel bed, contact (friction surface) (1) formed under said bottom plate (4) with said friction surface (1). the caisson is fixed to the lower plate (4); The invention relates to a seismic isolation system (A) comprising steel stakes (3) perpendicular to the seabed (6). Figure 1
Description
Tarifname ASMA KÖPRÜ AYAKLARINA UYGULANMAK ÜZERE BIR SISMIK IZOLASYON Teknik Alan Bulus, sismik izolasyon zemin iyilestirme sistemi ile ilgilidir. specification A SEISIC ISOLATION TO APPLY TO SUSPENDED BRIDGE FEET Technical Area The invention relates to a seismic isolation ground improvement system.
Bulus özelikle, kuleleri derin deniz tabanlarinda konumlanan asma köprülerde sismik izolasyon sistemi ile ilgilidir. The invention is particularly useful in suspension bridges whose towers are located on the deep sea floor. It's about the isolation system.
Teknigin Bilinen Durumu Günümüzde sismik izolasyon; depreme dayanma kapasitesini arttirmak yerine deprem hasar potansiyelini düsürmek, yapiya gelen sismik enerjiyi yapilarin dogal titresim periyodunu uzatarak azaltma esasina dayanir. Bu teknolojinin dogru uygulamalari büyük depremler sirasinda bile yapilarin elastik davranmasini saglar. State of the Art Today, seismic isolation; instead of increasing the earthquake resistance capacity reducing the earthquake damage potential, seismic energy coming to the structure It is based on the principle of reducing the vibration period by prolonging it. This technology is applications allow the structures to behave elastically even during major earthquakes.
Yunanistanidaki Rio-Antirion köprüsünde, kule tabaninda benzer bir izolasyon sistemi kullanilmaktadir. Bulusumuz ile arasindaki ana fark, köprü karakteridir. Rio-Antrion köprüsü egik-askili bir köprüdür. Güçlü yer hareketleri altinda kuleler, zemin üzerinde ankstre mesnetli bir kolon gibi titresirler. Kuleler ve köprü tabliyesi, kulelerde köprü tabliyesinin mesnetlenme durumu geregi aralarinda belirgin bir bagil hareket olmaksizin birlikte titresirler. (Söz konusu tabliye, tabliye ve kule arasindaki sadece küçük bir bagil harekete izin veren mesnetlerle kuleye baglanmistir.) Söz konusu köprü, köprü ayaklarindaki tabliyeyi destekleyen mesnetlerce çok az bir bagil harekete izin verildigi için bir bütün olarak hareket edecektir veya salinacaktir. kulelerinde taban izolasyon sismik tepki kontrol cihazi ile ilgilidir. Bu nihayi olarak orijinal pozisyona göre kalici yer degistirmelere yol açabilecek, zemin üzerinde sismik enerjiyi sönümleyen ve dagitan bir sürtünme yüzeyi içeren yatay hareket sinirlayici ile ilgilidir. A similar isolation system at the base of the tower at the Rio-Antirion bridge in Greece is used. The main difference between it and our invention is the bridge character. Rio-Antrion bridge is a slant-suspended bridge. Towers under strong ground movements, ground They vibrate like a column with an anchored support on it. Towers and bridge deck, in towers There is a significant relative movement between them due to the support condition of the bridge deck. they vibrate together. (The deck in question is only between the deck and the tower.) It is attached to the tower with supports that allow a small relative movement.) the bridge is slightly connected by the supports supporting the deck on the bridge piers. it will move or oscillate as a whole because movement is allowed. The base isolation in the towers is related to the seismic response controller. This is ultimately seismic effects on the ground, which may cause permanent displacements with respect to the original position. horizontal movement restraint, which includes a friction surface that absorbs and dissipates energy It is related to.
Söz konusu kalici yer degistirme degeri, köprünün yapisal bütünlügünü riske etmeyecek sekilde dikkatlice ayarlanir. This permanent displacement value puts the structural integrity of the bridge at risk. carefully adjusted so as not to
Bulusun Amaci Teknigin bilinen durumunda yer alan dezavantajlari ortadan kaldirmak üzere bulusun bir amaci, Sismik izolasyon yönteminde amaç zemin ile yapinin tabani arasina esnek enerji sönümleyici elemanlar yerlestirerek zeminden yapiya aktarilan deprem kuvvetlerinin azaltilmasidir. Özellikle bulus konusu asma köprülerin sismik dizaynini gerektiren sismik kuvvetlerin, zeminden yapiya aktarilan kinetik enerji miktarinin azaltilmasi sayesinde, asagi çekilmesidir. Purpose of the Invention Invention to eliminate the disadvantages in the state of the art One purpose, in the seismic isolation method, the aim is to provide a flexible connection between the ground and the base of the structure. earthquake transferred from the ground to the structure by placing energy absorbing elements reduction of forces. In particular, the seismic design of suspension bridges, which is the subject of the invention, the amount of kinetic energy transferred from the ground to the structure of the seismic forces that require Thanks to the reduction, it is pulling down.
Bulusun bir uygulamasinda; Osman Gazi Köprüsünün tipi, asma köprüdür ve kule üzerinde aski sisteminin ana kablosu tarafindan olusturulan çok sert bir elastoplastik mesnet ve kule ile tabliye arasinda herhangibir düsey hareket sinirlayici bir makanizma olmamasindan dolayi, agir sismik olaylar sirasinda köprü tabliyesi ve kuleleri arasinda büyük ölçekli bagil yer degistirmeler olusur. Söz konusu köprünün davranisi kule temelinin zemin üzerindeki boyuna ve yatay dogrultudaki hareketi ve zemindeki elastoplastik sekil degistirmeler için genel olarak ana kablo ve bu kabloca mesnetlenmis kulenin üstü tarafindan yönetilir. Bu nedenle, kule, zemin ve kablonun etkilesimi, agir sismik olaylar için dikkatlice hesaplanmalidir. Örnegin, kalici yer degistirme (kule ve ankrajin bagil yer degisimi), kulenin kendisinin ve ana kablonun yapisal kapasitesinde önemli bir etkiye neden olabilir. Ana kablonun detayli performans kontrolü sonrasi asma köprünün kulesinde sismik izolasyon sistemi olusturulabilir. Böylece, köprü ana kablo ve kulelerinin boyutlarinda (en kesit) kayda deger bir azalma gerçeklesir. In one embodiment of the invention; The type of Osman Gazi Bridge is suspension bridge and it is the main suspension system on the tower. a very rigid elastoplastic support and tower and deck formed by the cable Since there is no vertical movement limiting mechanism between large-scale relative gaps between the bridge deck and towers during severe seismic events. displacements occur. The behavior of the bridge in question is the ground level of the tower foundation. longitudinal and horizontal movement on the surface and elastoplastic shape on the ground for replacements, the main cable and the top of the tower supported by this cable managed by. Therefore, the interaction of tower, ground and cable can cause severe seismic events must be carefully calculated. For example, permanent displacement (tower and anchor) relative displacement) is important in the structural capacity of the tower itself and the main cable. may cause an effect. Suspension after detailed performance check of main cable seismic isolation system can be created in the tower of the bridge. Thus, the bridge main cable and a significant reduction in the dimensions (cross section) of the towers.
Yukaridaki avantajlari saglamak üzere bulus, kuleleri derin deniz tabanlarinda konumlanan asma köprülerde, köprü ayaklarina uygulanmak üzere; sualtinda konumlanan; betonarme keson, betonarme kesonun oturdugu ve bir çakil yatakta konumlanan bir keson alt levhasi, bahsedilen alt levha altinda olusturulmus temas (sürtünme yüzeyi), sürtünme yüzeyi ile keson alt levhaya sabitlenen; deniz tabanina dikey saplanmis çelik kaziklar içeren bir sismik izolasyon sistemidir. In order to provide the above advantages, the invention provides towers on deep sea floors. to be applied to the bridge piers in the suspension bridges located; under water positioned; reinforced concrete caisson, where the reinforced concrete caisson sits and on a gravel bed a caisson bottom plate positioned, the contact formed under said bottom plate (friction surface), fixed to the caisson bottom plate by the friction surface; to the seabed It is a seismic isolation system with vertically inserted steel piles.
Sekillerin Açiklamasi Sekil 1 izolasyon sistemi ve bilesenlerinin genel görünümüdür, Sekil 2 bir çelik kazik bilesenin temas yüzeyi detayi görünümüdür, Sekil 3 çakil yatak (gerekli kazi alani) görünümüdür, Sekil 4 çelik kaziklarin detay görünümüdür, Sekil 5 keson alt levha ve güçlendirilmis beton kesonun detay görünümleridir, Sekil 6 izolasyon sisteminin genel bir modellemesidir, Sekil 7 çakil yatagini temsil eden yatay yaya ait tipik histerik davranis görünümüdür, Sekil 8 referans bir tüm köprü modeli ve zemindeki tepki (köprü dogrultusu yönünde) görünümüdür, Referans Numaralarinin Açiklamasi Ref. No. Ref. Açiklamasi A Izolasyon sistemi Temas (sürtünme) yüzeyi Çakil katman Çelik (fore) kazik Keson alt levha Güçlendirilmis betonarme keson Deniz tabani Dogrusal yay Dogrusal olmayan yay Çakil yayi -LCOCDNOÖCN-IÄODN 0 Toprak yayi 11 Bosluk toprak sönümleyici çakil sönümleyici Bulusun Detayli Açiklamasi Bulus konusu sismik izolasyon sistemi (A); su altinda konumlanan; betonarme keson (5), bahsedilen betonarme kesonun (5) oturdugu ve bir çakil yatakta konumlanan bir keson alt levha (4), bahsedilen alt levha (4) altinda olusturulmus temas (sürtünme yüzeyi)(1), bahsedilen sürtünme yüzeyi (1) ile keson alt Ievhaya (4) sabitlenen; deniz tabanina (6) dikey saplanmis çelik kaziklar (3) içermektedir. Description of Figures Figure 1 is the general view of the isolation system and its components, Figure 2 is the contact surface detail view of a steel pile component, Figure 3 is the view of gravel bed (required excavation area), Figure 4 is the detail view of the steel piles, Figure 5 is the detail views of the caisson bottom plate and the reinforced concrete caisson, Figure 6 is a general modeling of the isolation system, Figure 7 is the typical hysterical behavior view of the horizontal spring representing the gravel bed, Figure 8 is a reference whole bridge model and ground reaction (in the direction of the bridge) is the view, Description of Reference Numbers Ref. no. Ref. Description A Insulation system contact (friction) surface gravel layer Steel (bored) pile caisson bottom plate Reinforced concrete caisson seafloor linear arc non linear spring pebble spring -LCOCDNOÖCN-IÄODN 0 Earth spring 11 Spaces earth damper gravel damper Detailed Description of the Invention The subject of the invention is the seismic isolation system (A); located underwater; reinforced concrete caisson (5), a concrete caisson (5) seated and positioned in a gravel bed. caisson bottom plate (4), contact (friction) formed under said bottom plate (4) surface) (1), which is fixed to the caisson lower plate (4) by said friction surface (1); sea It contains steel piles (3) which are vertically affixed to its base (6).
Bulus konusu sistem (A), asagidaki bilesenleri içermektedir; Zemin güçlendirme; sivilasmaya karsin güvenlik faktörünü arttirma saglamaktadir. Derin çimento karisimi, tas kolon, boru seklinde çelik kazik veya betonarme fore kazik (3) formunda olabilir. Çakil katman (2); bir keson alt levhasi (4) altinda kaymasi için bir sürtünme saglamaktadir. Taban izolasyon etkisi, keson alt levhasi (4) ve çakil katman (2) arasindaki temas yüzeyinde (1) yer alan temas (sürtünme) yüzeyi (1) sürtünme açi degerine baglidir. Söz konusu materyal, amaçlanan sürtünme açisinin saglanmasi için uygun materyallerden seçilmistir. The system (A) of the invention includes the following components; ground reinforcement; Increasing the factor of safety against liquefaction it provides. Deep cement mix, stone column, tubular steel pile or in the form of reinforced concrete bored piles (3). Gravel layer (2); a friction to slide under a caisson bottom plate (4) it provides. Base insulation effect, caisson bottom plate (4) and gravel layer (2) the contact (friction) surface (1) located on the contact surface (1) between depends on the friction angle. The material in question, the intended friction Appropriate materials were selected to provide the angle of
Söz konusu güçlendirilmis zemin, çakil katman (2) vasitasiyla keson alt kolon vs gibi topraga ait herhangi bir bilesen ile temasi yoktur. Bir deprem (AASHTO tarafindan tanimlanan Çökmeye Izin Verilmeyen Performans Kriteri Depremleri) aninda kuleler, sismik kuvvetlerin izolasyonuna ilave olarak deniz tabaninda (6) serbest kayma hareketi yaparlar. Said reinforced floor is formed by the gravel layer (2) through the bottom of the caisson. It has no contact with any component of the soil such as the column etc. an earthquake (No Crash Allowed Performance Criteria as defined by AASHTO earthquakes) instantaneous towers, in addition to the isolation of seismic forces, on the base (6) they make a free sliding motion.
Betonarme keson (5); betonarme kesonun (5) rijit bir sekilde üzerine oturan alt levhasi (4), sürtünme yüzeyi (1) olarak formlanir. Söz konusu beton levhanin (4) bitis yüzeyi, çakil katman (2) ile amaçlanan sürtünme açisini saglayacak materyalden seçilmistir. Sekil 5'te, betonarme kesonun (5) iç kisimlarinin bosluk (11) içerdigi görülmektedir. Bu sayede, betonarme kesonun (5) daha hafif hale gelmesi saglanarak azalan kütleden dolayi deprem sirasinda olusacak eylemsizlik kuvvetleri küçültülür. Böylece yapiya gelecek sismik zorlama azalmis olur. reinforced concrete caisson (5); the bottom rigidly resting on the reinforced concrete caisson (5) plate (4) is formed as friction surface (1). The concrete slab (4) the end surface will provide the intended friction angle with the gravel layer (2) selected from the material. In Figure 5, the interior of the reinforced concrete caisson (5) It is seen that it contains a space (11). In this way, the reinforced concrete caisson (5) during an earthquake due to the decreasing mass by making it lighter. The resulting inertial forces are reduced. Thus, the future seismic coercion is reduced.
Yukaridaki bilesenler sekil 1'de gösterilmektedir. Söz konusu bilesenlere ait detay ise sekil 2, 3, 4 ve 5'te verilmektedir. The above components are shown in figure 1. Details of the said components are given in figures 2, 3, 4 and 5.
Sayisal hesaplamalar için sistem modelleme; Keson levha (4) üzerindeki gerilme ve hareketler, zemin ve çakil katmanin (2) yayilmis yaylar (9, 10) gibi modellendigi sayisal model seklinde hesaplanir. Zemin ve çakil yatagin (2) dikey hareketi, dogrusal kuvvet-yer degistirme iliskili yaylar (7) vasitasiyla temsil edilir. Diger taraftan yatay hareket; histerik kuvvet-yer degistirme iliskili yaylar (8) vasitasiyla temsil edilir (sekil 6). System modeling for numerical calculations; The stresses and movements on the caisson plate (4), the soil and gravel layer (2) It is calculated as a numerical model in which it is modeled as spread springs (9, 10). Ground and vertical movement of gravel bed (2), linear force-displacement related springs (7) represented through. Horizontal movement from the other side; hysterical force-place represented by the springs (8) associated with the exchange (fig. 6).
Sekil Gida modellemenin sematik gösterimi yer almaktadir. Bu model, taban izolasyon sistemi hesabina dikkate alinarak düsünülebilir bir asma köprünün tüm yapi FEM modelinin bir parçasi gibi kullanilabilir. Sekil Gida bu model tipinde, bir çakil yayinin (9) içerdigi dogrusal yay (7) ve dogrusal olmayan yay (8) ile; zemin yayinin (10) içerdigi dogrusal yay (7) ve dogrusal olmayan yay (8) görülmektedir. The figure is a schematic representation of food modelling. This model is the base all of the suspension bridges that can be considered by taking into account the insulation system The structure can be used as part of the FEM model. In this model type, Sekil Gida has a with the linear spring (7) and the non-linear spring (8) included by the gravel spring (9); ground The linear spring (7) and the non-linear spring (8) included by the spring (10) are seen.
Yay parametreler/nin tayini Dogrusal yay sabitleri ve histerik davranisin parametreleri, çakil yatak (2) ve zeminin sirasiyla kati sonlu elemanlarla modellendigi FEM model kullanilarak elde edilir. Zemini temsil eden kati elemanlarin malzeme özellikleri, geoteknik ve geofiziksel arazi etüt sonuçlari kullanilarak tayin edilir. Diger taraftan çakil yatagi (2) temsil eden elementler sürtünme açisi kabulüne dayali olarak belirlenir. 35-45 derece arasindaki sürtünme açisi (sürtünme katsayisi 0,6-0,7 arasi), kolay ulasilabilir bir üst güvenlik siniri olarak optimum taban izolasyon etkisini verir. Determination of spring parameters Linear spring constants and parameters of hysterical behavior, gravel bed (2) and obtained using the FEM model, in which the ground is modeled with solid finite elements, respectively. is done. Material properties of solid elements representing the soil, geotechnical and It is determined using geophysical land survey results. gravel bed on the other hand (2) the representing elements are determined based on the friction angle assumption. 35-45 friction angle between degrees (friction coefficient between 0.6-0.7), easy As an achievable upper safety limit, it gives the optimum base isolation effect.
Elastoplastik statik itme analizleri, farkli seviyelerdeki kuvvet yer degistirme iliskisini elde etmek üzere ilgili FEM modeller ile yapilir. Elastoplastic static repulsion analysis, force displacement at different levels It is done with the relevant FEM models to obtain the relationship.
Dikey yöndeki statik itme analiz sonuçlari kullanilarak, dikey yer degistirme ve kuvvet arasindaki iliski bu dogrultudaki hareketi ayarlamak üzere yay (7) sabitlerinedönüstürülür. Yatay dogrultu için, bu yöndeki hareketi sinirlayan yay (8) yatay yöndeki statik itme analiz sonuçlari kullanilarak yatay kuvvet talebiyle yer degistirme arasindaki histerik iliski cinsinden tanimlanir. Sekil 7ide, zemindeki seçili bir noktada yayin (8) yatay yöndeki histerik bir referans davranisi gösterilmektedir. Using the static push analysis results in the vertical direction, the vertical displacement and spring (7) to adjust the movement in this direction. are converted to constants. For the horizontal direction, the spring (8) limiting the movement in that direction place with horizontal force demand using the analysis results of static thrust in the horizontal direction. It is defined in terms of the hysterical relationship between change. In Figure 7, on the ground broadcast at a selected point (8) a hysterical reference behavior in the horizontal direction is shown.
Söz konusu histerik davranis sistemi etkili bir sekilde sönümler. Histerik kuvvet yer degistirme iliskisi üzerinde iliskinin plastik bölgeye dönüstügü nokta, elastik sigortanin kopmasi olarak tanimlanir, böylece kalici yer degistirmeye sebebiyet verilmis olur. The hysterical behavior in question effectively dampens the system. hysterical force The point on the displacement relation where the relation turns into the plastic region is the elastic is defined as the break of the fuse, thus causing permanent displacement. it is given.
Tüm Yapi Yapisal Analizi: Tüm yapi yapisal analizi, sismik davranisin elde edilmesi için, söz konusu taban izolasyon modellemesiyle modellenen zemin ve kulenin etkilesim halinde oldugu FEM modelince gerçeklestirilir. Sekil 8'de, bu sekilde teskil edilmis tabliye ve kulenin çubuk sonlu elemanlarca modellendigi referans bir tüm yapi modeli gösterilmektedir. Söz konusu model, yapisal sismik davranisin hesaplanmasi için, çesitli yer hareketlerine ait kayitlar ile harekete geçirilir. Structural Analysis of Whole Building: The entire structural structural analysis is used to obtain the seismic behavior of the base in question. The ground and tower modeled by isolation modeling are in interaction. It is performed by the FEM model. In Figure 8, the deck and floor formed in this way a reference whole structure model in which the tower is modeled by rod finite elements is shown. The model in question is used to calculate the structural seismic behavior. It is activated by recordings of various ground motions.
Sekil 8ide ayni zamanda, kalici yer degistirmelerin demonstre edildigi temel seviyedeki sismik davranis gösterilmektedir. Söz konusu kalici yer degistirme seviyesi, bir asma köprü için zararli olmayacak degerler dahilinde ayarlanir. Figure 8 also shows the baseline where permanent displacements are demonstrated. level seismic behavior is shown. The permanent displacement level is adjusted within the values that would not be harmful for a suspension bridge.
Toplam yer degistirmenin boyuna dogrultuda (köprü dogrultusu) 0,87 m., yatay yönde(köprü dogrultusuna dik) 0,40 m. oldugunda, maksimum kalici yer degistirme için optimum seviye, boyuna yönde maksimum 0.28 m. ve yatay yönde de 0,12 m. olarak ayarlanmistir. The total displacement is 0.87 m in the longitudinal direction (bridge direction), horizontal in the direction (perpendicular to the bridge line) 0,40 m. when the maximum permanent place optimum level for replacement, maximum 0.28 m in the longitudinal direction. and horizontally at 0.12 m. is set as .
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| WO2020072015A1 (en) | 2018-10-04 | 2020-04-09 | Sentez İnşaat Yazilim Sanayi̇ Ve Ti̇caret Li̇mi̇ted Şi̇rketi̇ | Prestressed reinforced concrete pipe pile and a production method thereof |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| WO2020072015A1 (en) | 2018-10-04 | 2020-04-09 | Sentez İnşaat Yazilim Sanayi̇ Ve Ti̇caret Li̇mi̇ted Şi̇rketi̇ | Prestressed reinforced concrete pipe pile and a production method thereof |
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