200944464 六、發明說明： 【發明所屬之技術領域】 本發明係一種具有專利申請範圍獨立項之前言部分的 測量裝置，此種測量裝置係用於具有至少一個升降廂的升 降機。此外，本發明還包括具有此種裝置之升降機。 【先前技術】 升降機的升降廂通常都有配置專用的驅動裝置及刹車 系統。整個升降機的電子控制主要是防止個別升降廂與被 φ 設置在運行路徑的固定位置（例如運行路徑終端）上的障礙 物發生碰撞，或是與相鄰的升降廂發生碰撞。所謂運行路 徑通常是由豎井所定義，運行路徑終端則是由豎井終端所 - 定義。除此之外，運行路徑也可以是由框架結構、箱型結 構、或是其他的結構所定義。此處所謂的運行路徑包括升 降廂直接使用的空間及與其毗鄰的空間，例如被豎井圍住 的空間。當升降廂緊急停住或是因抵達樓層而正常停住 時，並無法確保於同一個運行路徑上，在這個升降廂上方 © 或下方的另外一個升降機在任何情況下都可以及時停住， 以免發生碰撞。一種可以避免升降廂碰撞的方法是控制成 使升降機彼此相距足夠的距離，以及使升降機必須以規定 的垂直速度移動。但是這樣的規定會導致升降機無法充分 發揮其輸送能力，因而對升降機的成本與效益關係造成不 利的影響》 歐洲專利EP 769 469 B1揭示一種具有切斷升降廂之安 全電路的器具的升降機，當一個升降廂與另外一個升降廂 靠的太近時，這個器具就會將升降廂的安全電路切斷。根 200944464 據這個專利，每一個升降廂都具有安全模組，其作用是計 算升降廂的位置及速度，以便在必要時也可以啓動其他升 降廂的刹車程序。每一個安全模組都必須持續測量同一個 運行路徑中的其他升降廂的位置及速度，以便在緊急狀況 時作出正確的反應。爲此需要在緊急情況時能夠發出停機 指令的決定模組。 國際專利WO 2004/04 3841 A1也提出一種類似的解決 方案。這個專利提出的方法是在每一個升降廂上裝設紅外 〇 線、雷射、或超音波傳感器，其作用是測量其所屬之升降 廂與在上方及下方之相鄰升降廂之間的距離。此外還建議 設置運行路徑資訊系統或豎井資訊系統，以便使被設置在 運行路徑範圍內的升降廂傳感器的測量導線板能夠以光柵 形式被掃描到。這種光電組件可以控制升降廂與其他升降 廂及運行路徑終端（例如豎井頂端及豎井底端）的距離，以 及在必要時採取必要的控制手段，以防止發生碰撞。 國際專利WO 2004/04384 1 A1的方法是一種很複雜的 ❹ 解決方案，因爲不同升降廂的光電組件之間必須一直保持 _ 溝通，才能確定升降廂在任何一刻的位置及速度。 此外，由於以上提及的解決方案的所有系統都必須彼 此配合，因此運轉方式都很複雜。而且由於系統很複雜， 因此也容易發生故障。 【發明内容】 本發明的目的是提出一種運轉方式比現有之技術更爲 簡單的升降機》 採用具有本發明之申請專利範圍獨立項之特徵的測量 200944464 裝置即可達到上述目的。申請專利範圍附屬項之內容爲本 發明之各種有利的實施方式。 本發明是同樣適合用於防止兩個彼此相當靠近的升降 廂發生碰撞，以及防止升降廂與運行路徑終端發生碰撞。 以下將說明本發明之升降機測量裝置的各種實施方式。 根據第一種實施方式，升降機（具有至少一個可以沿著 升降機的運行路徑移動的升降廂）的測量裝置具有至少一 個發送器及至少一個接收器。其中接收器係被設置在該升 © 降廂上，而發送器則是被設置在運行路徑上，及/或發送器 係被設置在升降廂上，而接收器則是被設置在運行路徑 上。發送器會發出一道與運行方向夾第一角度的射線。第 一角度係預定成當升降廂接近相對於運行路徑而言位置固 定的障礙物時，依給定的第一角度將射線射入接收器。 第一種實施方式的測量裝置也可以有其餘配置。例如 可以將發送器設置在運行路徑上，以及將接收器設置在第 一升降廂上。第二對發送器及接收器則是以相反的方式設 Ο 置，也就是將發送器設置在升降廂上，以及將接收器設置 在運行路徑上。測量裝置的另外一種配置是將兩個發送器 設置在運行路徑上，以及將兩個接收器設置在升降廂上。 根據第二種實施方式，升降機（具有至少一個可以沿著 升降機的運行路徑移動的升降廂）的測量裝置具有至少一 個發送器及至少一個接收器。其中接收器及發送器係被設 置在升降廂上，及/或接收器及發送器係被設置在運行路徑 上。發送器會發出一道與運行方向夾第一角度的射線。第 200944464 一角度係預定成當升降廂接近相鄰的升降廂或相對於運行 路徑而言位置固定的障礙物時，射線射入接收器。 第二種實施方式的測量裝置最好是具有至少一個反射 器’其作用是將發送器發出的射線反射到接收器。如果發 送器及接收器都是被設置在運行路徑上，則應將反射器設 置在升降廂上。反之，如果發送器及接收器都是被設置在 升降廂運行路徑上，則應將反射器設置在運行路徑上。第 二種實施方式的測量裝置也可以有其餘配置。例如可以在 0 升降廂上及運行路徑上各設置一對發送器及接收器。測量 裝置的另外一種配置是將兩個發送器及兩個接收器設置在 升降廂或運行路徑上。 根據第三種實施方式，升降機（具有至少一個可以沿著 升降機的運行路徑移動的升降廂）的測量裝置具有至少一 個發送器及至少一個接收器。其中接收器係被設置在第一 升降廂上，而發送器則是被設置在第二升降廂上。發送器 會發出一道與運行方向夾第一角度的射線。第一角度係預 〇 定成當升降廂接近相對於運行路徑而言位置固定的障礙物 時，射線射入接收器。 第三種實施方式的測量裝置也可以有其餘配置。例如 可配置額外的發送器及接收器，因而使第一升降廂上有兩 個發送器，以及第二升降廂上有兩個接收器，或是使第一 升降廂及第二升降廂上各有一個發送器及一個接收器》 在知道上述各種實施方式後，熟習該項技術者即可在 一個升降機上實現所有的實施方式。在這種情況下，這三 種實施方式的測量裝置均具有一個或多個反射器，這一個 200944464 或多個反射器係被設置在一個升降廂及/或運行路徑上，其 作用是將來自發送器的入射射線反射到接收器。 在以上三種實施方式中，發送器都會發射一道可以被 相應之接收器偵測到的射線。在操作一個或多個升降廂 時，這一對發送器及接收器（有時還加上一個或多個反射 器）在運行路徑及升降廂範圍的設置方式會使發送器發出 的射線在接收器及/或一個反射器上產生移動的測量點。這 個接收器及/或反射器定義關於隨時間或位置變化的反應 Φ 區，在這個反應區內可以引發適當的反應。例如可以利用 這個反應區補償系統反應時間或豎井設備的容許誤差。 爲了偵測射線，接收器具有傳感器區，該傳感器區具 有一個或多個敏感的傳感器區。如果傳感器區分p多個子 區，這些子區最好是可以分開個別計値。因此接收器最好 是具有計値系統，以便能夠依據射線照射到的子區引發適 當的反應。 這個傳感器區最好是被垂直設置在升降廂上或運行路 φ 徑上，這樣做的好處可以減少沉積在傳感器區上的灰塵。 爲了進一步減少沉積在傳感器區的灰塵，可以使傳感器區 與垂直方向夾一個角度，也就是說可以使敏感的傳感器面 向下傾斜0度至90度。這種實施方式特別適於測量裝置具 有反射器的情況。 可以利用不同的物理原理使發送器產生射線。所產生 的射線可以是電磁波、電波、磁波、聲波、或光波。接收 器的傳感器區接收的射線是依所選擇的實施方式決定。最 好是選擇發送及接收紅外線、雷射、或超音波的發送器及 200944464 接收器。 可以透過一個或多個參數隨時間可變地設定射線及蓮 行方向之間的角度。可以選擇升降廂的位置、速度或加速 度作爲參數、或是選擇升降廂與基準點的距離、相對速度 及/或相對加速度作爲參數、及/或選擇升降機的工作狀態作 爲參數。 根據本發明之測量裝置的另外一種實施方式’接收器 具有分成多個子區的傳感器區。由於每一個子區都可以分 Ο 開個別計値，因此只要傳感器位於移動的測量點的範圍 內，傳感器就可以計算出升降廂的位置。在相應的傳感器 區長度及/或傳感器的定位、接收器的定位及/或反射器的定 位、及/或角度調整的定位的情況下，測量裝置也可以作爲 絕對位置測量裝置。 本發明的一個優點是只需使用市面上常見的元件就可 以製造出能夠控制距離或控制距離及速度的測量裝置，及/ 或製造出可以測定升降廂與運行路徑之相對位置的測量裝 置。另外一個優點是可以經由接收器自動測定距離，以及 在升降廂太過靠近運行路徑終端或相鄰的升降廂時引發自 主反應。此外，接收器與區域性計算單元可以根據接收到 的速度資料合作阻止發生碰撞的反應。此外，測量裝置的 其餘配置可以提供額外的安全性，以及使升降廂能夠做出 自主及快速的反應，以防止發生碰撞。 以下配合圖式及實施例對本發明的內容作進一步的說 明。 200944464 【實施方式】 升降機通常具有至少一個由牽引手段懸吊住的升降 廂。爲了平衡升降廂的重量，升降機最好是具有一個也是 以牽引手段吊住的平衡配重。升降機具有驅動升降廂用的 驅動裝置，該驅動裝置具有驅動皮帶輪及馬達以及止動刹 車器（選擇性配備）。其中驅動皮帶輪及牽引手段處於有效 接觸狀態。驅動皮帶輪及馬達通常是經由軸及/或傳動機構 彼此連接，因此馬達可以經由驅動皮帶輪及牽引手段操作 0 升降廂。 升降廂能夠通過的空間是由運行路徑所預定。運行路 徑的範圍包括升降廂直接需要的空間及其相鄰空間。在大 多數的情況下，運行路徑定義的空間是指被一個升降機豎 井圍住的空間。因此在本發明中，可以將運行路徑及升降 機豎井視爲同義詞。升降機豎井是由四個豎井壁、一個豎 井蓋、以及一個豎井底所定義。所謂豎井終端是指一個包 含豎井蓋或豎井及其相鄰之上方或下方部分的區域。 〇 測量裝置具有至少一個發送器及相應的接收器。發送 器會發出能夠由接收器接收的射線。接收器可以依據接收 到的射線直接引發反應，或是與連接的控制單元共同引發 反應。測量裝置也可以具有反射器（選擇性配備）。反射器 的作用是將發送器發出的射線直接反射到接收器，或是經 由一個或多個反射器反射到接收器。在以上的實施例中， 發送器最好是能夠發出具可見光或不可見光之波長範圍的 光束的光源。與此相應的，接收器具有能夠接收光束的光 敏傳感器區。 200944464 第1A圖及第1B圖分別顯示本發明的第一種實施方式 之在兩個不同的時間點的瞬時攝影。根據這第一種實施方 式，升降機（10)具有上方升降廂（A1)及下方升降廂（A2)， 這兩個升降廂可以在升降機（10)的共同的運行路徑（11)上 沿著運行方向（z )獨立地移動，例如運行路徑（1 1 )可以是升 降機豎井（11)。爲了使升降廂（Al，A2)可以沿著運行路徑 (11)獨立地移動，可以爲升降廂（Al，A2)分別配備驅動裝 置及止動剎車器，或是升降廂（Al，A2)可以與中央驅動系 Φ 統耦合。除此之外也有其他的方法能夠讓升降機的升降廂 可以各自沿著運行路徑（11)移動。升降廂也可以是在水平 方向運行路徑或其他方向的運行路徑上移動。 例如可以用第一光電測量裝置（20 )作爲測量裝置。該 光電測量裝置（20)具有第一發送器，例如以被設置在上方 升降廂（A1)底部的光源（21)作爲發送器，如第1A圖及第 1B圖所示。例如可以用能夠發出光束的發光二極體作爲光 源。更好的方式是以雷射二極體或固體雷射作爲光源。 ® 此外，測量裝置（20)還具有第一接收器（22)。第一接 收器（22)在下方升降廂（A2)的底部有光敏的第一傳感器區 (22)。光電二極體、光電電晶體、或是其他的光敏元件均 可作爲傳感器區（22)。 第一光源（21)會發出一道與運行方向（z)夾第—角度（wi) 的光束（L1)。在此種實施方式中，光束（L1)的方向是向下。 第1A圖顯不瞬時攝影（此時升降厢之間的距離爲 S1)，此時上方升降廂（A1)以速度（vl)向下移動，下方升降 廂（A2)則靜止不動（v2 = 0)。此時光束（L1)會照射在升降機 -10- 200944464 豎井（11)內下方升降廂（A2)上方的內壁的某一個位置。 如第1B圖所示，當兩個升降廂（A1，A2)之間的相對距 離縮短到最短距離（S2)，光束（L1 )就會首度照射到接收器 的傳感器區（22)。 根據本發明，第一角度（W1)應設定或調整到當上方及 下方升降廂（Al，A2)之間的距離縮短到最短距離（S2)時， 第一光束（L1)會照射到第一傳感器區（22)。在光束（L1)會 照射到傳感器區（22)的瞬間，第一接收器（22，24)會偵測 φ 到光束（L1)，並引發反應（R1)，然後經由管線或線路（23) 將這個反應傳送到控制單元。 本發明允許測量裝置可以有不同的實施方式或構造。 最簡單的實施方式是在光束（L1)首度照射到傳感器區 (22)時，立刻直接引發反應。在這種情況下，傳感器區（22) 的面積只到大到即使升降廂在升降機（10)內略有晃動，接 收器（22，24)仍然能夠確實偵測到光束（L1)的程度即可。 第2圖顯示本發明的另外一種實施方式。第2圖顯示 Ο 的是光束（L1)首度被傳感器區（22)的光敏的子區（22.1)偵 測到之後一小段時間的瞬時攝影。 每個子區最好都可以分開個別計値，也就是說每一個 子區都有電連接部。本發明的不同的實施方式最好是都有 適當的計値系統24，（第3圖的實施方式是24及28)，以 便能夠依據第一光束（L1)到達的子區（22·1-22·η)引發適 當的反應（Rl，R2，R3，R4)。 如果以第1A圖及第1B圖的距離爲準，則在第2圖中 顯示之瞬間的距離已經小於S2。 -11 - .200944464 由於上方升降廂（A1)繼續以速度（vl)向下方升降廂 (A2)移動，因此光束（L1)產生的「光點」會向左移動。在 這種實施方式中可以將測量裝置設計、程式化、或是調整 成當傳感器區（22)的子區（22.1)首度被光束照射到時會做 出預警反應，或是將升降機〇〇)(更確切的說是升降廂U1) 及/或升降廂（A2))轉換成預警模式。當光點越過事先給定 的傳感器區（22)的子區（22.4)，將會引發最終反應（例如經 由啓動刹車裝置或上方升降廂（A1)及/或下方升降廂（A2) P 的制動剎車，使升降廂緊急停住）。這種兩段式反應可以提 供進一步的安全性，以及協助避免錯誤的反應引發。 接著根據第2圖說明本發明的另外一種實施方式。如 傳感器區（22)下方的箭頭所示，當升降廂（Al，A2)之間的 距離以速度（v 1 )縮小時，光點會以速度（v 1 * )向左移動。利 用簡單的三角函數即可由速度（vl*)計算出速度（vl)。例 如，如果角度（W1)爲45度，由於tan45 = l，因此vl=vl*。 如果角度（W1)大於45度，則vl*大於vl。如果角度（W1) © 小於45度，則v 1 *小於v 1，也就是說可以達到減速或變慢 的效果。經由這樣的減速可以縮小傳感器區（22)的面積， 由於傳感器的價格相當昂貴，因此這是一個優點。 第3圖顯示另外一種實施方式。由於這種施方式能夠 提供最大的安全性，因此就目前而言這種實施方式是最好 的。如第3圖所示，這種實施方式使用兩個光電測量裝置。 其中第一個測量裝置的配置方式和前面所述的測量裝置相 同，第二個測量裝置的構造可以是與第一個測量裝置相 同，但是其位置則是在下方升降廂（A2)的頂部，也就是幾 -12- 200944464 乎與第一個測量裝置的位置剛好是鏡反像的關係。第二個 傳感器區（26)則位於升降廂（A1)的底部。 在第3圖的實施方式中，兩個角度是一樣大的，也就 是說W1=W2。但是這兩個角度也可以設定或調整成不一樣 大。如果使用的是兩個相同的光電測量，且W1=W2，則兩 個光電測量裝置會在相同的時間發出信號，或是在相同的 時間引發反應（R3，R4)。 在以上的圖式中都有顯示接收器引發反應的情況。反 0 應的種類會隨著測量裝置的實施方式、程式設定、或是調 整方式而有所不同。以上的圖式均顯示接收器能夠經由管 線或其他的線路（23，27)發出信號或資訊。這些信號或資 訊會在引發反應之前被處理，或是直接引發反應，例如切 斷安全電路的開關。 有許多不同的方法可以用來引發反應。至於建議採用 何種方法則應視升降機（1 0 )的不同細節而定。例如，如果 升降機（10)的每一個升降廂（Al，A2)都具有各自的安全電 ® 路，則可以經由上方及/或下方升降廂（Al，A2)之安全電路 的接收器將升降廂停住。 升降機（10)的每一個升降廂（Al，A2)最好都具有各自 的安全電路，在這個安全電路中有多個安全元件（例如安全 接點及安全開關）串聯在一起。只有當安全電路及其所有安 全接點都接通時，相應的升降廂（A1)或升降廂（A2)才可以 移動。安全電路與升降機（10)的驅動裝置或剎車單元連 接，以便在必要時將相應的升降廂（A1)或升降廂（A2)停住。 本發明的測量裝置亦可應用於以安全總線系統取代上 -13- 200944464 述之安全電路的升降機。 除了切斷安全電路外，也可以啓動升降廂（A1，A2)的 刹車。 另外一種可能性是啓動升降廂（Al，A2)安全剎車。 因此可以視實施方式而定，由接收器（22, 24; 26, 28) 引發下列反應中的一個或多個反應： --切斷至少一個升降廂（A1，A2)的安全電路； --發送信號到升降機控制單元； 0 --啓動至少一個升降廂（A1，A2)的刹車裝置； --啓動至少一個升降廂（A1，A2)的安全刹車； --將至少一個升降廂（A1，A2)轉換爲預警狀態； --調整至少一個升降廂（A1，A2)的垂直速度（vl，v2)。 因此本發明可以實現距離控制，或是實現距離及速度 控制。 以垂直方向（z)爲準的角度（W1，W2)可以在0度至90 度之間調整。角度（Wl，W2)以介於0度至60度之間’或最 © 好是介於10度至50度之間爲較佳。 最好是以下列參數中的一個或多個參數隨時間調整角 度（Wl，W2):升降廂（Al，A2)的位置、速度或加速度、升 降廂（Al，A2)與基準點的距離、相對速度及/或相對加速 度、升降機（10)的工作狀態。 例如，當升降廂（Al，A2)的速度較大時’可以將角度 (W 1，W 2 )調小一些，以便光束（L 1，L 2 )可以比較早照射到 接收器（22，24)，這樣接收器（22，24)就可以比較早引發 反應（Rl，R2，R3，R4)。如果升降廂（Al，A2)的速度比較 -14- 200944464 小，則需要早一點引發反應（R1 ’ R2 ’ R3 ’ R4)的必要性就 會相應的降低’因此可以將角度（wl，W2)調大一些。加速 度與角度之間的關係也是如此。 升降機（1 0 )的某些工作狀態（例如檢查或保養的狀態） 經常會規定升降廂的最大速度必須調低。因此在啓動升降 廂（Al，A2)以進行檢查時，由於此時升降廂（Al ’ A2)只能 以較低的速度運行’所以光束（LI ’ L2)的角度（Wl ’ W2)在 升降廂（Al，A2)被轉換成檢査狀態後即被調大。 升降廂（A1，A2)的位置可以用來決定調整角度（W1’W2) 的時間點。也就是說需要定義升降廂（Al，A2)之間或升降 廂（Al，A2)與豎井終端的臨界距離。當實際距離小於臨界 距離，就會開始調整角度（Wl，W2)。 如果有多個升降廂在同一個豎井（11)內移動，則也可 以在這些升降廂之間設置測量裝置。 根據本發明的第二種實施方式，升降機具有可以沿著 升降機的運行路徑或升降機豎井移動的升降廂。爲達到這 如電送。運道束 是 例光發器在一光 就 ，一一送器出， 也 1)第第發收發中 ’ (A用有爲接會式 換 廂以具作一源方 互 降可置源第光施 置 升如裝光。一實 位 的例量的器第種 的 式。測部收。此 器 方廂«底接區在 收 施降Tfe廂 一器。 接 實升 t 降第感束 及 種的 _ 升有傳光 源 一 車 — 方具一的 光 第剎g 上還第度 將 同動裝在置的角 是 如制JM置裝敏一 式 用及測設量光第。方 使置爲被測有夾下化 應裝作以，端向向變 ，動置如外底方是種 的驅裝例此徑行向 一 目備量， 路運方 個配測器 行與的 -15- 200944464 說接收器位於升降廂底部，光源位於豎井底端。此外，也 可以將傳感器區設置在豎井頂端，以防止升降廂過於接近 豎井頂端而造成危險。 根據本發明的第三種實施方式，升降機具有可以沿著 升降機的運行路徑或升降機豎井移動的升降廂。爲達到這 個目的，應使用如同第一種實施方式的升降廂，例如配備 驅動裝置及制動剎車的升降廂。例如可以用第一光電測量 裝置作爲測量裝置，該光電測量裝置具有第一發送器，例 〇 如以被設置在豎井頂端的光源作爲發送器。 此外，測量裝置還具有第一接收器。第一接收器在豎 井頂端有與光源相距一段距離的光敏的第一傳感器區。第 _光源會發出一道與運行方向夾第一角度的光束。 此外，測量裝置還具有反射器，該反射器係被設置在 升降廂的頂部。反射器所選擇的位置要使升降廂接近豎井 頂端時，光束會照射在反射器上，並從反射器被反射到接 收器。反射器的面積及接收器之光敏的傳感器區的面積最 © 好是彼此配合，這樣在升降廂接近豎井頂端的過程中，光 束會通過整個傳感器區。在此種實施方式中，光束在光源 及反射器之間的方向是向下，而在被反射後的方向則是向 上（朝接收器的方向）。 一種變化方式是將光源及接收器設置在升降廂的頂 部，以及將反射器設置在豎井頂端。此外，也可以將測量 裝置設置在豎井底端，以防止升降廂過於接近豎井底端而 造成危險。 測量裝置的第二種及第三種實施方式的作用原理和其 -16- 200944464 他的實施方式是一樣的。因此幾乎可以不受限制的將以上 描述的各種變化方式組合在一起。 【圖式簡單說明】 第1A圖：本發明之第一種升降機在第一時間點的側視 圖。 第1B圖：如第1A圖之升降機在經過一段時間後的側 視圖。 第2圖：本發明之第二種升降機的部分側視圖。 © 第3圖：本發明之第三種升降機的部分側視圖。 【主要元件符號說明】 10 升降機 11 運行路徑/升降機豎井 20 測量裝置 21 發送器/光源 22 > 26 ， 28 接收器/傳感器區 22.1-22.η 子區 23，27 線路 24 接收器/計値系統 Al, Α2 升降廂 LI > L2 射線/光束 S2 最短距離 ν 1 > ν 2，ν 1 * 速度 Wl，W2 角度 Ζ 運行方向/垂直方向 -17-200944464 VI. Description of the Invention: [Technical Field] The present invention is a measuring device having a preamble of an independent patent application scope, and the measuring device is used for a lifting machine having at least one elevator car. Furthermore, the invention also includes an elevator having such a device. [Prior Art] The elevator car of the elevator usually has a dedicated drive unit and a brake system. The electronic control of the entire elevator is mainly to prevent individual elevator cars from colliding with obstacles placed at fixed positions of the running path (such as the end of the running path) or with adjacent elevator cars. The so-called operating path is usually defined by the shaft, and the terminal of the running path is defined by the shaft terminal. In addition to this, the running path can also be defined by a frame structure, a box structure, or other structure. The so-called operating path here includes the space directly used by the ascending compartment and the space adjacent thereto, such as the space enclosed by the shaft. When the lift car is stopped urgently or stops normally due to the arrival of the floor, it cannot be ensured on the same running path. The other lift above or below the lift box can be stopped in any case in time to avoid Collision. One way to avoid collisions with the elevator car is to control the elevators at a sufficient distance from one another and to move the elevator at a specified vertical velocity. However, such a regulation may result in the elevator not being able to fully utilize its conveying capacity, thus adversely affecting the cost and benefit relationship of the elevator. European Patent No. 769 469 B1 discloses an elevator having an appliance for cutting off the safety circuit of the elevator car, when When the elevator car is too close to the other elevator car, the appliance cuts off the safety circuit of the elevator car. Root 200944464 According to this patent, each lift car has a safety module that functions to calculate the position and speed of the lift car so that the brakes of other lift cars can be activated if necessary. Each safety module must continuously measure the position and speed of other elevators in the same operating path to respond properly in an emergency. For this purpose, a decision module for the shutdown command can be issued in an emergency. A similar solution is also proposed in the international patent WO 2004/04 3841 A1. The method proposed in this patent is to mount an infrared ray, laser, or ultrasonic sensor on each of the lift boxes, the function of which is to measure the distance between the elevator car to which it belongs and the adjacent lift cars above and below. It is also recommended to set up a running path information system or a silo information system so that the measuring leads of the elevator car sensors that are placed within the operating path range can be scanned in raster form. This optoelectronic component controls the distance between the elevator car and other elevators and the end of the run path (such as the top of the shaft and the bottom of the shaft) and, if necessary, the necessary controls to prevent collisions. The method of the international patent WO 2004/04384 1 A1 is a very complicated ❹ solution, since the _ communication between the optoelectronic components of different elevator cars must be maintained to determine the position and speed of the elevator car at any moment. In addition, since all of the systems of the above mentioned solutions must work together, the operation is complicated. And because the system is very complicated, it is also prone to failure. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide an elevator that operates in a manner that is simpler than the prior art. This can be achieved by using a measurement 200944464 device having the features of the independent scope of the patent application of the present invention. The subject matter of the patent application is an advantageous embodiment of the invention. The present invention is equally suitable for preventing collisions between two elevator cars that are relatively close to each other and for preventing collision of the elevator car with the end of the running path. Various embodiments of the elevator measuring device of the present invention will be described below. According to a first embodiment, the measuring device of the elevator (having at least one elevator car movable along the operating path of the elevator) has at least one transmitter and at least one receiver. Wherein the receiver is placed on the riser, the transmitter is placed on the run path, and/or the transmitter is placed on the lift, and the receiver is placed on the run path. . The transmitter emits a beam of light at a first angle to the direction of travel. The first angle is predetermined to direct radiation into the receiver at a given first angle when the elevator car approaches an obstacle fixed in position relative to the path of travel. The measuring device of the first embodiment may also have the remaining configuration. For example, the transmitter can be placed on the run path and the receiver can be placed on the first lift car. The second pair of transmitters and receivers are arranged in the opposite manner, i.e., the transmitter is placed on the elevator car and the receiver is placed in the travel path. Another configuration of the measuring device is to place two transmitters on the travel path and two receivers on the lift car. According to a second embodiment, the measuring device of the elevator (having at least one elevator car movable along the operating path of the elevator) has at least one transmitter and at least one receiver. The receiver and transmitter are disposed on the elevator car, and/or the receiver and transmitter are disposed on the operation path. The transmitter emits a beam of light at a first angle to the direction of travel. No. 200944464 An angle is predetermined such that when the elevator car approaches an adjacent elevator car or an obstacle fixed in position relative to the running path, the radiation is incident on the receiver. The measuring device of the second embodiment preferably has at least one reflector' which acts to reflect radiation from the transmitter to the receiver. If the transmitter and receiver are both placed in the travel path, the reflector should be placed on the lift box. Conversely, if both the transmitter and receiver are placed in the elevator path, the reflector should be placed on the path. The measuring device of the second embodiment may also have the remaining configuration. For example, a pair of transmitters and receivers can be provided on the 0 lift box and on the running path. Another configuration of the measuring device is to place two transmitters and two receivers in the elevator car or in the running path. According to a third embodiment, the measuring device of the elevator (having at least one elevator car movable along the operating path of the elevator) has at least one transmitter and at least one receiver. The receiver is disposed on the first elevator car and the transmitter is disposed on the second elevator car. The transmitter emits a ray that is at a first angle to the direction of travel. The first angle is pre-determined to enter the receiver when the elevator car approaches an obstacle fixed in position relative to the path of travel. The measuring device of the third embodiment may have other configurations as well. For example, an additional transmitter and receiver can be configured so that there are two transmitters on the first lift box and two receivers on the second lift box, or each of the first lift compartment and the second lift compartment There is a transmitter and a receiver. After knowing the various embodiments described above, those skilled in the art can implement all embodiments on one elevator. In this case, the measuring devices of the three embodiments each have one or more reflectors, and this one 200944464 or multiple reflectors are disposed on a lifting car and/or a running path, and the function is to send from the transmitting The incident ray of the device is reflected to the receiver. In all three of the above embodiments, the transmitter transmits a ray that can be detected by the corresponding receiver. When operating one or more elevators, the pair of transmitters and receivers (and sometimes one or more reflectors) are placed in the path of the travel path and the range of the lifts to cause the transmitter to emit radiation A moving measuring point is generated on the device and/or on a reflector. This receiver and/or reflector defines a region of reaction Φ that varies with time or position within which an appropriate reaction can be initiated. For example, this reaction zone can be utilized to compensate for system reaction time or tolerances of the shaft equipment. In order to detect radiation, the receiver has a sensor zone with one or more sensitive sensor zones. If the sensor distinguishes between p sub-areas, these sub-areas are preferably individually separable. Therefore, the receiver preferably has a metering system so as to be able to initiate an appropriate reaction depending on the sub-area to which the radiation is directed. This sensor zone is preferably placed vertically on the lift car or on the run path φ path, which has the benefit of reducing dust deposits on the sensor area. In order to further reduce the dust deposited in the sensor area, the sensor area can be angled with the vertical direction, that is, the sensitive sensor surface can be tilted downward by 0 to 90 degrees. This embodiment is particularly suitable for the case where the measuring device has a reflector. The transmitter can be used to generate radiation using different physical principles. The generated rays may be electromagnetic waves, electric waves, magnetic waves, sound waves, or light waves. The radiation received by the sensor area of the receiver is determined by the chosen implementation. It is best to choose a transmitter that sends and receives infrared, laser, or ultrasonic waves and a 200944464 receiver. The angle between the ray and the direction of the lotus can be variably set over time by one or more parameters. The position, speed or acceleration of the elevator car can be selected as a parameter, or the distance between the elevator car and the reference point, the relative speed and/or the relative acceleration can be selected as parameters, and/or the operating state of the elevator can be selected as a parameter. A further embodiment of the measuring device according to the invention' receiver has a sensor zone divided into a plurality of sub-zones. Since each sub-zone can be divided into individual counts, the sensor can calculate the position of the lift as long as the sensor is within the range of the moving measurement point. The measuring device can also be used as an absolute position measuring device in the case of a corresponding sensor zone length and/or positioning of the sensor, positioning of the receiver and/or positioning of the reflector, and/or angular adjustment. An advantage of the present invention is that a measuring device capable of controlling the distance or controlling the distance and speed can be manufactured using only components that are common on the market, and/or a measuring device that can measure the relative position of the elevator car to the running path. Another advantage is that the distance can be automatically determined via the receiver and an autonomous reaction can be initiated when the elevator car is too close to the end of the run path or the adjacent lift car. In addition, the receiver and the regional computing unit can cooperate to prevent the collision from reacting based on the received velocity data. In addition, the rest of the configuration of the measuring device provides additional safety and enables the elevator to react autonomously and quickly to prevent collisions. The contents of the present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the drawings and the embodiments. 200944464 [Embodiment] The elevator usually has at least one elevator car suspended by the traction means. In order to balance the weight of the elevator car, the elevator preferably has a balance weight that is also suspended by traction. The elevator has a drive for driving the lift car, which has a drive pulley and motor and a stop brake (optional). The drive pulley and the traction means are in an effective contact state. The drive pulleys and motors are typically connected to one another via shafts and/or transmissions so that the motor can operate the 0 lift compartment via the drive pulley and traction means. The space through which the lift car can pass is predetermined by the running path. The range of operating paths includes the space directly required by the elevator car and its adjacent space. In most cases, the space defined by the run path refers to the space enclosed by an elevator shaft. Therefore, in the present invention, the running path and the elevator shaft can be regarded as synonyms. The elevator shaft is defined by four shaft walls, a vertical shaft cover, and a shaft bottom. By silo terminal is meant an area containing a manhole cover or shaft and its adjacent upper or lower portion. 〇 The measuring device has at least one transmitter and a corresponding receiver. The transmitter emits rays that can be received by the receiver. The receiver can directly initiate a reaction based on the received radiation or initiate a reaction with the connected control unit. The measuring device can also have a reflector (optional). The function of the reflector is to reflect the radiation from the transmitter directly to the receiver or to the receiver via one or more reflectors. In the above embodiments, the transmitter is preferably a light source capable of emitting a light beam having a wavelength range of visible light or invisible light. Correspondingly, the receiver has a photosensor region capable of receiving a light beam. 200944464 Figures 1A and 1B show instantaneous photography at two different points in time, respectively, of a first embodiment of the present invention. According to this first embodiment, the elevator (10) has an upper elevator car (A1) and a lower elevator car (A2), which can be operated along a common running path (11) of the elevator (10) The direction (z) moves independently, for example the operating path (1 1 ) may be an elevator shaft (11). In order to enable the elevator car (Al, A2) to move independently along the running path (11), the driving device (Al, A2) can be equipped with a driving device and a stop brake, respectively, or the elevator car (Al, A2) can be Coupling with the central drive system Φ. In addition to this, there are other ways in which the elevator car can be moved along the running path (11). The elevator car can also be moved in a horizontal running path or in a running path in other directions. For example, the first photo-electric measuring device (20) can be used as the measuring device. The photo-electric measuring device (20) has a first transmitter, for example, a light source (21) disposed at the bottom of the upper elevator car (A1) as a transmitter, as shown in Figs. 1A and 1B. For example, a light-emitting diode capable of emitting a light beam can be used as the light source. A better way is to use a laser diode or a solid laser as the light source. In addition, the measuring device (20) also has a first receiver (22). The first receiver (22) has a photosensitive first sensor zone (22) at the bottom of the lower elevator car (A2). Photodiodes, optoelectronic transistors, or other photosensitive elements can be used as the sensor area (22). The first light source (21) emits a beam (L1) of the first angle (wi) with the running direction (z). In such an embodiment, the direction of the beam (L1) is downward. Figure 1A shows no instantaneous photography (the distance between the elevators is S1). At this time, the upper elevator car (A1) moves downwards at speed (vl), and the lower elevator car (A2) moves still (v2 = 0). ). At this time, the light beam (L1) is irradiated to a certain position on the inner wall above the lower lift box (A2) in the elevator -10-200944464 shaft (11). As shown in Fig. 1B, when the relative distance between the two elevator cars (A1, A2) is shortened to the shortest distance (S2), the light beam (L1) is first irradiated to the sensor area (22) of the receiver. According to the invention, the first angle (W1) should be set or adjusted such that when the distance between the upper and lower lift boxes (Al, A2) is shortened to the shortest distance (S2), the first light beam (L1) is illuminated to the first Sensor area (22). At the instant when the beam (L1) will illuminate the sensor area (22), the first receiver (22, 24) will detect φ to the beam (L1) and initiate the reaction (R1), then via the pipeline or line (23). This reaction is transmitted to the control unit. The invention allows the measuring device to have different embodiments or configurations. The simplest embodiment is to directly initiate the reaction as soon as the beam (L1) is first illuminated into the sensor zone (22). In this case, the area of the sensor zone (22) is only so large that even if the elevator car is slightly shaken in the elevator (10), the receiver (22, 24) can still detect the extent of the beam (L1). can. Figure 2 shows another embodiment of the invention. Figure 2 shows that Ο is the first time that the beam (L1) is detected by the photosensitive sub-area (22.1) of the sensor area (22) for a short period of time. Preferably, each sub-zone can be individually counted, that is, each sub-zone has an electrical connection. Preferably, different embodiments of the invention have a suitable metering system 24 (embodiments 24 and 28 in Fig. 3) to enable sub-regions that can be reached in accordance with the first beam (L1) (22·1- 22·η) initiates an appropriate reaction (Rl, R2, R3, R4). If the distance between Fig. 1A and Fig. 1B is taken as the standard, the distance at the instant shown in Fig. 2 is already smaller than S2. -11 - .200944464 Since the upper lift box (A1) continues to move toward the lower lift box (A2) at the speed (vl), the "light spot" generated by the light beam (L1) moves to the left. In this embodiment, the measuring device can be designed, programmed, or adjusted to provide an early warning response when the sub-zone (22.1) of the sensor zone (22) is first illuminated by the beam, or to lift the elevator ) (more precisely, the lift box U1) and/or the lift box (A2) are converted into an early warning mode. When the spot passes over a sub-zone (22.4) of the sensor zone (22) given in advance, the final reaction will be triggered (eg via the brakes of the starting brake or the upper lift (A1) and/or the lower lift (A2) P). Brake to make the elevator car emergency stop). This two-stage reaction provides further safety and helps to avoid false reactions. Next, another embodiment of the present invention will be described based on Fig. 2 . As indicated by the arrow below the sensor area (22), when the distance between the elevator cars (Al, A2) is reduced by the speed (v 1 ), the spot moves to the left at the speed (v 1 *). The velocity (vl) can be calculated from the velocity (vl*) using a simple trigonometric function. For example, if the angle (W1) is 45 degrees, since tan45 = l, vl = vl*. If the angle (W1) is greater than 45 degrees, then vl* is greater than vl. If the angle (W1) © is less than 45 degrees, then v 1 * is less than v 1, which means that the effect of slowing down or slowing down can be achieved. The area of the sensor area (22) can be reduced by such deceleration, which is an advantage since the price of the sensor is quite expensive. Figure 3 shows another embodiment. Since this type of application provides maximum security, this implementation is currently the best. As shown in Figure 3, this embodiment uses two optoelectronic measuring devices. The first measuring device is configured in the same manner as the measuring device described above, and the second measuring device may be constructed in the same manner as the first measuring device, but the position is at the top of the lower lifting box (A2). That is, the number of -12-200944464 is exactly the same as the position of the first measuring device. The second sensor zone (26) is located at the bottom of the elevator car (A1). In the embodiment of Fig. 3, the two angles are the same, that is, W1 = W2. But these two angles can also be set or adjusted to be different. If two identical optoelectronic measurements are used and W1 = W2, then the two optoelectronic devices will signal at the same time or at the same time (R3, R4). In the above figures, there are cases where the receiver initiates a reaction. The type of inverse 0 will vary depending on the implementation of the measuring device, the programming, or the adjustment method. The above figures show that the receiver can signal or inform via a pipe or other line (23, 27). These signals or signals are processed before the reaction is triggered, or directly trigger a reaction, such as switching off a safety circuit. There are many different ways to trigger a reaction. The recommended method should be based on the different details of the lift (10). For example, if each of the elevators (Al, A2) of the elevator (10) has its own safety circuit, the elevator can be lifted via the receiver of the safety circuit above and/or below the elevator car (Al, A2). Stop. Preferably, each of the elevators (Al, A2) of the elevator (10) has its own safety circuit in which a plurality of safety components (e.g., safety contacts and safety switches) are connected in series. The corresponding lift (A1) or lift (A2) can only be moved when the safety circuit and all its safety contacts are switched on. The safety circuit is connected to the drive or brake unit of the elevator (10) to stop the corresponding lift (A1) or lift (A2) if necessary. The measuring device of the present invention can also be applied to an elevator that replaces the safety circuit described in the above-mentioned -13-200944464 with a safety bus system. In addition to cutting off the safety circuit, the brakes of the elevator car (A1, A2) can also be activated. Another possibility is to activate the elevator (Al, A2) safety brakes. Thus, depending on the embodiment, one or more of the following reactions may be initiated by the receiver (22, 24; 26, 28): - a safety circuit that cuts off at least one of the elevator cars (A1, A2); Send a signal to the elevator control unit; 0 - start the brakes of at least one lift car (A1, A2); - start the safety brake of at least one lift car (A1, A2); - at least one lift car (A1, A2) is converted to an early warning state; - the vertical velocity (vl, v2) of at least one of the elevator cars (A1, A2) is adjusted. Therefore, the present invention can realize distance control or achieve distance and speed control. The angle (W1, W2) in the vertical direction (z) can be adjusted between 0 and 90 degrees. The angle (Wl, W2) is preferably between 0 and 60 degrees or most preferably between 10 and 50 degrees. It is preferable to adjust the angle (Wl, W2) over time with one or more of the following parameters: the position, velocity or acceleration of the elevator car (Al, A2), the distance between the elevator car (Al, A2) and the reference point, Relative speed and / or relative acceleration, working state of the lift (10). For example, when the speed of the elevator car (Al, A2) is large, the angle (W 1, W 2 ) can be adjusted smaller so that the beam (L 1, L 2 ) can be irradiated to the receiver earlier (22, 24). ), such that the receiver (22, 24) can initiate the reaction earlier (Rl, R2, R3, R4). If the speed of the elevator car (Al, A2) is small compared to -14,444,444, then the need to trigger the reaction earlier (R1 'R2 'R3 'R4) will be reduced accordingly. Therefore, the angle (wl, W2) can be adjusted. Tune up a bit. The same is true for the relationship between acceleration and angle. Certain operating conditions of the lift (10), such as the state of inspection or maintenance, often dictate that the maximum speed of the lift must be lowered. Therefore, when the elevator car (Al, A2) is started for inspection, since the elevator car (Al ' A2) can only be operated at a lower speed, the angle of the beam (LI ' L2 ) (Wl ' W2 ) is rising and falling. The car (Al, A2) is turned up after being converted into the check state. The position of the elevator car (A1, A2) can be used to determine the point in time at which the angle (W1'W2) is adjusted. That is to say, it is necessary to define the critical distance between the elevator car (Al, A2) or the elevator car (Al, A2) and the shaft terminal. When the actual distance is less than the critical distance, the angle adjustment (Wl, W2) will begin. If a plurality of elevator cars are moved within the same shaft (11), a measuring device can also be provided between the elevator cars. According to a second embodiment of the invention, the elevator has a lift car that can be moved along the operating path of the elevator or the elevator shaft. In order to achieve this, such as electricity. The road beam is an example of a light-emitting device in one light, one-to-one delivery, and also 1) the first transmission and reception in the 'A use of the connection type to change the box to have a source and a mutual drop can be set. The light is applied as the light is installed. The first type of the sample of the real position is measured by the measuring unit. The bottom box of the unit is in the lower part of the Tfe compartment. And the kind of _ 升 has a light source and a car - the light of the square brakes on the g-g is also the same as the angle of the JM-mounted device and the measurement of the amount of light. In order to be tested, the clamp should be installed, and the end direction should be changed. If the outer bottom is the type of the drive, the route will be ready for one eye. The road transporter will be equipped with a tester. -15- 200944464 Said receiver is located at the bottom of the elevator car, the light source is located at the bottom of the shaft. In addition, the sensor zone can also be placed at the top of the shaft to prevent the elevator car from being too close to the top of the shaft to cause danger. According to a third embodiment of the invention, the elevator has a lift that can be moved along the running path of the lift or the elevator shaft. To achieve this, A lift car like the first embodiment is used, for example a lift car equipped with a drive and a brake. For example, a first photoelectric measuring device can be used as the measuring device, the photoelectric measuring device having a first transmitter, for example to be set The light source at the top of the shaft acts as a transmitter. In addition, the measuring device also has a first receiver. The first receiver has a photosensitive first sensor area at a distance from the light source at the top of the shaft. The first light source emits a direction and a running direction. The beam is clamped at a first angle. In addition, the measuring device further has a reflector disposed at the top of the elevator car. The reflector is selected such that when the elevator car approaches the top of the shaft, the beam is illuminated on the reflector. And reflected from the reflector to the receiver. The area of the reflector and the area of the photosensitive sensor area of the receiver are preferably matched to each other so that the beam passes through the entire sensor area as the lift box approaches the top of the shaft. In such an embodiment, the direction of the beam between the source and the reflector is downward, and after being reflected The direction is upward (towards the direction of the receiver). One variation is to place the light source and receiver on top of the elevator car and to place the reflector on the top of the shaft. Alternatively, the measuring device can be placed at the bottom of the shaft. In order to prevent the elevator car from being too close to the bottom end of the shaft, the principle of operation of the second and third embodiments of the measuring device is the same as that of its implementation of -16-200944464. Therefore, it can be almost unlimited. The various variations described above are combined. [Simplified illustration of the drawings] Fig. 1A is a side view of the first type of elevator of the present invention at a first time point. Fig. 1B: The elevator of Fig. 1A is after a period of time Rear side view. Fig. 2: A partial side view of a second type of elevator of the present invention. © Fig. 3: A partial side view of a third type of elevator of the present invention. [Main component symbol description] 10 Lift 11 Operation path / elevator shaft 20 Measuring device 21 Transmitter / light source 22 > 26 , 28 Receiver / sensor area 22.1-22. η Sub-area 23, 27 Line 24 Receiver / meter System Al, Α2 lift compartment LI > L2 ray / beam S2 shortest distance ν 1 > ν 2, ν 1 * speed Wl, W2 angle Ζ running direction / vertical direction -17-