TW201701762A - Increasing harvest (yield) of crop plants utilizing thermodynamic laws on a whole plant basis to detect optimal periods for exothermic energy versus endothermic energy needs - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to the exogenous application of signaling chemicals, such as minerals and/or small signaling molecules, to change the delta T in differing tissues of a plant, such as a crop plant, to increase development and/or productivity of the plant.

Description

Using the laws of thermodynamics to detect the heat-absorbing energy demand for exothermic energy based on whole plants The best time to increase the harvest of crop plants (yield) Cross-references to related applications

This application is based on the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/023,632, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Field of invention

The present invention relates generally to the use of thermodynamic principles in biological organisms to increase plant productivity (such as crop plant yield) based on the maximum temperature difference [ΔT(delta T)] between the source of energy and the site at which energy is required. )Methods. In particular, the method relies on the detection of an optimal period of time when exothermic energy (i.e., high potential energy) is present for the endothermic energy demand to establish a self-germinated seed to a breeding stage of growth and an increased infrastructure after harvest. These optimum periods are identified in order to determine the optimal time when the plants are receiving a higher level of energy than normal (i.e., exothermic energy) for increased productivity. An excessive amount of communication chemistry can be used to increase ΔT in the direction of energy flow to develop subsequent generations of seeds or other economic units. Add plant productivity.

Background of the invention

Commercial implementation of today's crop productivity is primarily driven by fertilizers using minerals (such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) and possibly other quantities of other minerals. These implementations do not necessarily satisfy the diverse crop plant energy requirements or the biological utility of hormones, signaling molecules, specific minerals or other entities. Furthermore, current production implementations may include the use of various pesticides or modifications to meet major bioturbations.

Summary of invention

Exogenous application of signaling chemicals (such as signaling molecules, hormones or even minerals) to plant tissue during a specific period of time requiring exothermic energy substantially increases plant productivity and increases crop production. In order to determine the optimal period for exogenous administration of such signaling molecules, we must understand the temperature difference (ΔT) between different tissues of a plant, whereby energy from tissues containing higher energy can flow and It is directed to plant tissues that have lower energy but require more energy. For example, the ability to increase energy transfer from stored tissue to a "growth" requirement in growing radicle during seed germination will increase plant productivity. In addition, the ability to maximize energy transfer from parent plants to offspring (seeds, fruits, and/or flowers) will increase plant productivity.

Although it is important to increase energy flow from plant tissues containing higher energy to plant tissues with lower energy, prevent energy flow back to the parent plant (a very common problem, many of which can be slain) Losing) is also important. Therefore, as important as ΔT, the method also uses exogenous application of signaling chemicals to prevent or reduce the countercurrent of the self-developing embryos of the energy back to the parent plant. Applicants have identified specific communication chemistries that expand energy transfer during times when the plant is at a higher energy (i.e., exothermic energy) level.

The features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention, together with the accompanying drawings, wherein: FIG. 1 is an illustration illustrating the measurement of the free endosperm (endosperm) Diagram of energy flow of compounds and proteins) and scutellum (storing lipids - a very readily available energy, just next to the embryo) to the temperature difference (ΔT) within the rapidly expanding new root system .

Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating the flow of energy from the temporary storage system of stalks [stems] of corn plants to developing kernels (seeds) on the ear of corn plants. A diagram of the temperature difference (ΔT).

Figure 3 is a graph showing the temperature difference (?T) in which the temperature developed on the ears of a corn plant is higher than that in the corn cob. The net result is a "reverse" flow of energy from the developing seed to the parent plant corn plant.

Figure 4 shows two photographs of the roots of the plants harvested, one on the left without the interference as provided in Table 2, and about 4 weeks before the harvest, the dry weight of the roots harvested is about 14 grams, while being treated The dry weight of the plant root (photo on the right) is approximately 23 grams.

Figure 5 shows a soybean plant in which the left side of the photograph shows a plant treated with only major mineral fertility (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), while the plants on the left are also planted at a time of 1 pint/acre. It is treated to a solution of boron (9wt%) (by its Stoller USA is a produced product NITRATE BALANCER ^TM) at a rate. The plant is treated just before its flowering period (a time when a large number of new cell divisions are expected for the development of flowers and the like, and thus the time when the plant can use a large amount of exothermic energy).

Figure 6 is a graph showing a considerable ΔT of a 9 wt% boron product used in Figure 5 for foliar application just prior to flowering, with energy flow from the temporary energy storage of the stem of the corn plant to the distribution of energy throughout the entire The vascular system of the plant and the developing seed.

Detailed description of the preferred embodiment

Thermodynamically, two types of energy are used for the biological development of a crop plant: exothermic energy and endothermic energy. The exothermic energy reflects a considerable, very precise time in plant development when a relatively high level of energy is accepted by a plant, primarily supporting a high level of new cell formation. These new cells can be synthesized into many special cells at a more leisurely and slower rate than the high-energy "flushes" used by exothermic energy. Very slow rates of plant tissue development are through endothermic energy, when very specialized cells are formed to develop a tissue that is needed for a developing plant.

Has been surprisingly and unexpectedly discovered: when high levels of heat release When energy is accepted by developing plants by cognitive selection of higher energy signaling chemicals, the productivity of the developing plants can be enhanced more than those considered normal.

The present invention is directed to a method for increasing the productivity of a plant by exogenously applying at least one signaling chemical to the plant at a particular time during at least one growth phase of the plant to specifically target one An increase in temperature (ΔT) of a direction of energy flow between a first tissue portion of the plant and a second tissue portion of the plant that requires additional energy to increase the productivity of the plant. This particular target is interpreted to mean that the ΔT has been measured and is known by measuring the ΔT of different tissue parts of a similar plant. This information about the ΔT is then used to exogenously apply at least one signaling chemistry to similar plants in the future. The method for determining the energy requirement of a plant comprises the steps of: a) measuring a time between a first tissue portion and a second tissue portion of the plant over time during at least one growth phase of the plant. Temperature difference (ΔT); b) Identify when the ΔT is reversed or decreased to determine the energy requirement of a plant. This information is then used in the future to exogenously apply at least one messaging chemical to such plants.

Thermodynamics is the transfer of energy from a higher source to a lower source. The present invention is directed to a method for providing a signal to a plant by administering a signaling chemistry as shown in the additional series of figures and tables at a particular time of plant growth. Ideally, exogenous application of a messaging chemistry can result in a substantial increase in productivity. Depending on the receptor molecule, the signaling chemical [eg, minerals, hormones, A messaging molecule (or other entity) can provide a huge increase in energy.

Energy transfer is a particle of matter from a source to another site where the largest multiple particles tend to a high energy level within the range of increased entropy. The source of energy can be photon, soil derived, physically driven, and even from biological systems. There are two main deltas (temperature and pressure) that describe where and how energy is transferred. It is understood in this invention that: Δ pressure is input. However, the present invention focuses on energy transfer using information related to Δ "T" for detection and thus modification for greater production efficiency.

It is understood that at least two types of roots are synthesized by plants: small fine roots adjacent to the soil surface and larger, deeper roots that are apparently used for anchoring plants and for storing photosynthesis products. The tips of the lateral roots are the sites where water and minerals are admitted from the soil. The top is the four major hormones [cytokinins, gibberellin, ABA, and ethylene] as a minimally synthesized site. The synthesis of lateral roots is driven by the downward movement of auxin in the plant. The lateral tip then synthesizes a hormone that drives growth and governs the formation/intensity of thermodynamic changes in energy flow within the plant. The present invention utilizes the general communication mentioned above to determine when exothermic energy can occur in a plant, and how these signals can then be best expanded to increase, optimize, and/or maximize energy from the onset of germination to just Flow before harvest.

At least one messaging chemistry can be applied to a variety of different seeds and/or plants including, but not limited to, the following seeds and/or plants: alfalfa, almonds, apples, asparagus, beans (beans), beets (red) [beets (red)], berry crops, broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower , celery, cherries, citrus, clover, corn, cotton, cucurbits, grapes, kale, lentils ), lettuce, melons, nut crops, onion/garlic pistachios, oranges, peaches, peanuts, pears , pectas, peppers, pistachios, plums/prunes, potatoes, radishes, rape (canola), raspberries (Raspberries) Raspberries), soybeans, spinach, strawberries, sugar beets, sunflowers, tobacco, tomatoes, tree fruits, turnips, vine crops, walnuts, vegetable crops ( Vegetable crops), wheat/barley/oats, and house plants [gardeni As), carnations, African violets].

While routine experimentation can be used following the techniques provided herein, such signaling chemistries can be selected from a variety of different known minerals, hormones, signaling molecules, and others that have been determined to increase in the tissue of a plant. The entity of T. The signaling molecule operates at a time when the plant receives high energy. High energy acceptability reflects high levels of cell division in very specific short time windows. Cell division at high levels is often associated with an outbreak of energy used for plant growth from plants or for progeny of plants or for progeny in seeds (eg, embryos in a state of high cell division). While the number of such signaling molecules can vary, the amount of exogenous application can range from 0.5 pint to 2 gallons per acre (preferably about 0.5-2 pints per acre or preferably 1 pint per acre) s speed. The signaling molecules may include, but are not limited to, BIO-FORGE® [an N, N'-dimethylformyl urea (N, N'-diformyl urea) formulation, see U.S. Patent Nos. 6,040,273 and 6,448,440, hereby the case is incorporated as a reference], NITRATE BALANCER ^TM (one boron-containing formulation, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,614,653, which is incorporated herein by reference case data). In addition, trehalose and gemcitabine are known signaling chemicals that can be administered exogenously in accordance with the present invention. Further, cobalt can be applied exogenously as a messaging chemistry in accordance with the present invention.

In one embodiment, BIO-FORGE® (a N, N'-dimethylhydrazine urea formulation produced by Stoller USA, Houston, TX) is used as a solution in 0.01% to 0.1% (wt/wt) [Substantially a signaling molecule in the range of about 0.03% solution (wt/wt) concentration]. Second, one has a concentration in the range of 0.01 to 1% solution (wt/wt) [preferably in about 4-12% boron product (wt/wt) or 8-10% boron product (wt/wt) Or about 9% boron product (wt/wt) of a concentration of about 0.03% solution (wt/wt) of the boron-containing solution is clearly applied exogenously by generating a favorable ΔT for use from a source The energy transfer or by foliar treatment of the plant assists in lowering the temperature at the end delivery point. Concentrations in plant tissues (as commonly detected by commercial laboratories) are suggested to be >50 ppm, or >55 ppm, or >60 ppm. In another embodiment, a divalent solution comprising iron, nickel, sulfur, manganese, and/or zinc can be applied to a plant during the reproductive growth phase. Divalent ions drive the necessity for the plant to increase ΔP (water evaporation) 俾 to thereby control the temperature gradient ΔT is maintained between plant cells and within plant cells. Therefore, divalent metals play an important role in regulating the distribution of energy in a plant. When both a boron-containing solution and a divalent solution are applied to a plant as provided above, the growth and productivity of the plant are further maximized. Simply speaking, boron cools that plant tissue and the divalent metal increases the temperature of the plant tissue. This causes an increase in ΔP (evaporation) whereby the plant can be maintained cooler than the environment surrounding it. Therefore the plant can absorb more energy. It is also understood that other signaling molecules, such as trehalose, can be applied exogenously to the plant to increase ΔT for increased plant productivity.

The following examples are provided for illustrative purposes, as those skilled in the art will readily appreciate how to modify the embodiments within the scope of the invention. The invention is therefore not limited by these examples.

Example Germination thermodynamics

To determine the energy flowing through a germinating seed, the temperature difference (ΔT) between the new radicle (the first root) and the storage portion of the seed (the cotyledon disk and the endosperm) was measured. Thermocouples (a very thin line down to the thickness of a human hair, meant to be a "Thysitemp" IT-23 implantable thermocouple microprobe from Physitemp Instruments Inc., Clifton, NJ) Used in a very accurate and accurate data logger (trade name DATATAKER has an accuracy of 5 decimal points down to one degree). This temperature data is collected and averaged over time. The thermocouples are inserted into the radicle (R), cotyledon disk (S) and endosperm (E) by first forming a slight insertion and then inserting the thermocouple microprobes into the tiny portions of the seeds. Inside. The radicle temperature is used as the base temperature, while the cotyledon disk and endosperm (E) have a higher temperature as depicted by Figure 1. The data in Figure 1 reflects the energy moving from a higher temperature of the stored seed portion, the cotyledon disk (S) and the endosperm (E) to a lower temperature at the radicle (R). Figure 1 illustrates the flow of energy into a rapidly expanding radicle in a new root system by measuring the temperature difference (ΔT) energy between the seed storage organs (endosperm and cotyledon disk). As long as the temperature is higher in the cotyledon disk and endosperm than in the radicle, energy flows to the new roots of development. however. If the temperature of the stored organ becomes lower than that of the radicle, the reversal of energy flow occurs and the storage organ takes up energy from the newly developed root. This is a problem solved by the present invention to prevent and/or reduce energy loss to the parent plant.

Table 1 illustrates that this high energy acceptance by the developmental roots contributes to the development of a strong and effective root system. It's great: using a messaging molecule (such as BIO-FORGE®), a huge increase in total lifetime crop productivity can be handled at this point by an “In Furrow” with BIO-FORGE® in a self It is obtained at a rate of 0.1 pint per acre to 2 pints per acre (preferably 1 pint per acre). The data in Table 1 confirms that a thermodynamically higher energy period is present during the excessive growth phase of the plant, where a relatively high level of energy can be utilized by the plant, followed by a messaging molecule (such as The organism FORGE®) can signal the plant to use a nearly maximum number of bits for new cell division.

With this understanding, BIO-FORGE® [a submarine molecule composed of dimethylformylurea (provided by Stoller USA, Houston Texas)] happens to have a big difference in seed storage organs and radicles (roots). The temperature between (ΔT) is applied before the start of seed sowing. As seen in Table 1, the result is a continuous signal showing a huge doubling of yield from 155 bushels of corn per acre to 302 bushels of corn per acre during the entire growth period of the corn crop.

Prior to this invention, it was not known that the higher energy (exothermic) that first erupted would be accepted by the developing roots. Surprisingly, this high-energy acceptance occurred before any watering of the radicle (first root) between 0 and 44 hours before any significant observation of any significant appearance. This high energy acceptance is strictly classified to this time. If the window of this time is not utilized, then this very large yield potential by exothermic energy is lost. The plant simply cannot accept a higher energy level during the slower and more complex phase of growth, while the endothermic energy develops a variety of different cell types (cell differentiation). The severe destructive utility that hinders slower endothermic growth can then occur.

Energy flow from parent to seed

Using similar test techniques and equipment as provided above, temperature measurements were taken at the core of a corn cob (baseline) and at Tip Kernels (T) and Base Kernels (B) to determine the temperature difference ( ΔT), and thus the flow of energy in a spike of corn. Figure 2 illustrates the positive flow of a generally acceptable energy (ΔT) from a parent plant to a seed kernel that develops on the ear of corn at a temperature <30C. The energy flows from the interior of the ear (corn cob) directly associated with the temporary energy storage system of the corn plant. It is estimated that if the actual temperature is less than 30 degrees Celsius, then ΔT indicates a fair chance of energy flow from a source of storage of the parent plant and to a seed that develops on the ear of the corn plant.

Figure 3 is a graph showing the temperature difference (?T) in which the temperature developed on the ears of a corn plant is higher than that in the corn cob. The net result is the "reverse" flow of energy from the developing seed to the parent corn plant. This countercurrent seems to occur when the outside temperature is greater than 30 degrees Celsius. This can often be a huge problem in many crops (including soy). In the case of this more extreme change in ΔT, both in the direction of the flow of energy and in the magnitude of the change represent a large loss that is usually not so easy to "see" but true.

Surprisingly and surprisingly, a submonition molecule prevents energy from reaching this countercurrent of the parent plant. Not only is the countercurrent stopped, but new and sufficient energy is synthesized by the parent plant to "care" itself and the seeds that develop on the ear. E.g., it has been found that: this loss can be administered by exogenous molecule Communications "trehalose" [FORCE ^TM (produced by the Stoller USA, Houston, Texas) is combined to reduce the prime GBq. The trehalose is used at 0.1-2 pints per acre (preferably at a rate of 1 pint per acre), and the gemcitabine is used as a pint of 4% gemstone per acre as a comparison Good rate but with a range of 0.1 to 10 pints per acre. In a preferred embodiment, the signaling chemistries are applied by a foliar application whereby a combination of trehalose concentrations of 100 g per acre is used at a concentration of 18 g of gemstone per acre.

Table 2 provides data exemplifying how the signaling molecule trehalose cooperates with the phytohormone gibberellin to mitigate potential losses caused by reverse energy flow as depicted in Figure 3. A larger root system after treatment indicates that sufficient energy has been formed for the parent plant and all seeds. New energy is synthesized for both the parent plant and the growing seed. The result is that this intervention is close to a corn seed that is increased by 40 bushels.

Figure 4 illustrates that the larger root system (right) of the treated plant indicates sufficient energy for the re-development of the root system of the parent plant and the parent plant and The general welfare of the seeds. Figure 4 shows two photographs of the plant roots harvested, one on the left without the intervention of Table 2, about 4 weeks before harvest, where the dry weight of the harvested roots is about 14 grams, while the treated plant roots ( The dry weight of the photo on the right is about 23 grams. Thus not only does the method of the invention stop the reverse energy flow and the root synthesis of the corn plant is approximately 60% of the weight of the former root. All plants are also more energy-rich.

Figure 5 shows a soybean plant treated with a product [NITRATE BALANCER ^(TM) (sold by Stoller USA, Houston, Texas) having a boron content of 9% (wt/wt). The plant is treated just before its flowering period (a time when a large number of new cell divisions are expected for the development of flowers and the like, and thus a time when the plant can use a large amount of exothermic energy). The plant is a shorter, more stalked plant, and thus a more productive plant (with larger roots) can be more branched and thus more pods and soybean seeds.

Figure 6 illustrates the power of mineral boron to reduce the temperature of the "energy-receiving" tissue and thereby direct energy flow to the site where energy is needed. Boron was applied by exogenous foliar application using NITRATE BALANCER ^(TM) (sold by Stoller USA, Houston, TX) containing 9% boron. A pint per acre is a preferred rate and is in the range of 0.1 to 5 pints per acre. Note that a large amount of ΔT is caused by boron. Energy is directed from the stem to the vascular delivery system for the total distribution of energy to whole plants, including developing seeds. This treatment gives a shorter, more stalked plant a better root, more branched and better seed development.

Table 3 illustrates that exogenous application of boron reduces the acceptance of energy The benefit of the temperature of the address, therefore the greater flow of energy is caused by the use of boron as in Figure 5. Table 3 is data indicative of a doubling of yield after administration of a boron product to reduce the temperature of the developing roots that germinate at an early stage and thereby have a ΔT to deliver more energy to the developing new corn roots.

Table 4 shows data on the utility of mineral cobalt applied to the soil by a drip irrigation system for tomato plants. The base fertility results in a significant increase in yield compared to the addition of cobalt, reflecting a higher energy regulated by cobalt. Not only is the yield significantly increased, but the taste of the tomato is greatly improved, and the percentage sugar is also increased.

Although the present invention has been disclosed in terms of a preferred embodiment, it is understood that a number of additional modifications and variations can be made therefrom without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the following claims.

Claims (28)

A method for increasing the productivity of a plant, comprising the steps of: exogenously applying at least one signaling chemical to the plant at a particular time during at least one growth phase of the plant to a particular target An increase in temperature (ΔT) in the direction of energy flow between a first tissue portion of the plant and a second tissue portion of the plant that requires additional energy to increase the productivity of the plant. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one communication chemistry is at least one chemical selected from the group consisting of a carrier molecule, a hormone, a mineral, and the like. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one communication chemistry is selected from the group consisting of N, N'-dimethylhydrazine urea, boron, iron, nickel, sulfur, manganese, zinc, trehalose, gembe, cobalt A group of combinations of them and the like. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one communication chemical is applied exogenously to one species during germination. The method of claim 4, wherein the at least one communication chemical is applied exogenously to the seed in the furrow. The method of claim 5, wherein the at least one communication chemical is applied exogenously to the seed within 44 hours after initiation of germination. The method of claim 6, wherein the seed is a corn seed. The method of claim 1, wherein the plant is selected from the group consisting of corn, soybean, and tomato. The method of claim 1, wherein the communication chemistry is N,N'-dimethylhydrazine urea, which is administered exogenously by application along a furrow. The method of claim 9, wherein the communication chemistry is N,N'-dimethylhydrazine urea, which is a solution having a concentration of 0.01 to 0.1 wt% of N,N'-dimethylhydrazine urea. Apply. The method of claim 10, wherein the solution is applied at a rate of from 0.1 to 2 pints per acre. The method of claim 1, wherein the communication chemistry is boron, which is applied exogenously by application along a furrow. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one signaling chemical is administered exogenously in a foliar application. The method of claim 13, wherein the at least one communication chemistry is a combination of trehalose and gemcitabine. The method of claim 13, wherein the trehalose is exogenously applied at a rate of 0.1-2 pints per acre, and the gemcitrin is exogenous at a rate of 0.1-10 pints per acre. Source application. The method of claim 13, wherein the at least one communication chemistry is applied at the R2 stage of growth of the plant. The method of claim 13, wherein the at least one communication chemistry is boron. The method of claim 17, wherein the boron system is exogenously applied during a period between stages V1 and V2 of the growth phase of growth. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one signaling molecule is cobalt, which is applied to the soil by a drip irrigation system. The method of claim 1, wherein the cobalt is one in a pint/acre The rate was administered exogenously for 5 weeks. A method for determining the energy requirement of a plant comprising the steps of: a) measuring a first tissue portion and a second tissue portion of the plant over time during at least one growth phase of the plant A temperature difference (ΔT); b) identifying when the ΔT is reversed or decreased to determine the energy requirement of a plant. The method of claim 21, wherein the temperature difference is measured using a thermocouple inserted into the first tissue portion and the second tissue portion. The method of claim 22, wherein the thermocouples are capable of measuring 5 decimal points down to one degree Celsius. The method of claim 23, wherein the first tissue portion is a storage portion of a sub-portion and the second tissue portion is a neonatal radicle of the seed. The method of claim 24, wherein the first tissue portion is a cotyledon disk or an endosperm, or both. The method of claim 23, wherein the first tissue portion is the interior of a corn cob of a corn plant and the second tissue portion is a kernel of the corn plant. The method of claim 26, wherein the second tissue portion is a Tip Kernel, a Base Kernel, or both. The method of claim 23, wherein the first tissue portion is a phloem/xylem, and the second tissue portion is a corn stem.