TW480246B - Cationically charged coating on glass fibers and method for making the same - Google Patents
Cationically charged coating on glass fibers and method for making the same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- TW480246B TW480246B TW088121775A TW88121775A TW480246B TW 480246 B TW480246 B TW 480246B TW 088121775 A TW088121775 A TW 088121775A TW 88121775 A TW88121775 A TW 88121775A TW 480246 B TW480246 B TW 480246B
- Authority
- TW
- Taiwan
- Prior art keywords
- functional
- cationic polymer
- fibers
- patent application
- coating
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 229920006317 cationic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- BRLQWZUYTZBJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Epichlorohydrin Chemical compound ClCC1CO1 BRLQWZUYTZBJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
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- 235000003140 Panax quinquefolius Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 235000008434 ginseng Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 28
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 20
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 12
- -1 amino, hydroxyl Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920001002 functional polymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 5
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- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 4
- 235000012766 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 4
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- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 4
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- 235000005607 chanvre indien Nutrition 0.000 description 4
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- 238000005381 potential energy Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920001410 Microfiber Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920002274 Nalgene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 3
- ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutanol Chemical compound CC(C)CO ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003658 microfiber Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 2
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBBJYMSMWIIQGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propionic aldehyde Chemical compound CCC=O NBBJYMSMWIIQGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tert-Butanol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 2
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- NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N o-biphenylenemethane Natural products C1=CC=C2CC3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002098 polyfluorene Polymers 0.000 description 2
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- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011856 silicon-based particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- BEFWKRMPVGUNOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloro-3-methyloxirene Chemical compound CC1=C(Cl)O1 BEFWKRMPVGUNOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000283070 Abies balsamea Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007173 Abies balsamea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000208140 Acer Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000198134 Agave sisalana Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000017166 Bambusa arundinacea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- 240000008564 Boehmeria nivea Species 0.000 description 1
- 101100008046 Caenorhabditis elegans cut-2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001273783 Carex scoparia Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000283074 Equus asinus Species 0.000 description 1
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- 235000010099 Fagus sylvatica Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 102100026535 Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 244000043261 Hevea brasiliensis Species 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 101800001026 Irisin Proteins 0.000 description 1
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- 235000014556 Juniperus scopulorum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000014560 Juniperus virginiana var silicicola Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl propionate Chemical compound CCC(=O)OC RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000000907 Musa textilis Species 0.000 description 1
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- 229920002845 Poly(methacrylic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229930182556 Polyacetal Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 241000219000 Populus Species 0.000 description 1
- GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene oxide Chemical compound CC1CO1 GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000219492 Quercus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000016976 Quercus macrolepis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000008691 Sabina virginiana Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000209140 Triticum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000021307 Triticum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000000359 Triticum dicoccon Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000011425 bamboo Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZTQSAGDEMFDKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyric aldehyde Natural products CCCC=O ZTQSAGDEMFDKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 125000003700 epoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- NJNQDCIAOXIFTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 6-aminohexanoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CCCCCN NJNQDCIAOXIFTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000840 ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RMBPEFMHABBEKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=C[CH]C=CC3=CC2=C1 RMBPEFMHABBEKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004459 forage Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004356 hydroxy functional group Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 229920000831 ionic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- LNQCUTNLHUQZLR-OZJWLQQPSA-N iridin Chemical compound OC1=C(OC)C(OC)=CC(C=2C(C3=C(O)C(OC)=C(O[C@H]4[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O4)O)C=C3OC=2)=O)=C1 LNQCUTNLHUQZLR-OZJWLQQPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011859 microparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000864 peroxy group Chemical group O(O*)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000000843 phenylene group Chemical group C1(=C(C=CC=C1)*)* 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003495 polar organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000933 poly (ε-caprolactam) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002493 poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000120 polyethyl acrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001955 polyphenylene ether Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002620 polyvinyl fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004537 pulping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000001520 savin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005061 slumber Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011122 softwood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010025 steaming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940124530 sulfonamide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003456 sulfonamides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012085 test solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004577 thatch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003553 thiiranes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 description 1
- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 1
- YNJBWRMUSHSURL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichloroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl YNJBWRMUSHSURL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QFKMMXYLAPZKIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N undecan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCN QFKMMXYLAPZKIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
- B01D39/14—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material
- B01D39/20—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of inorganic material, e.g. asbestos paper, metallic filtering material of non-woven wires
- B01D39/2003—Glass or glassy material
- B01D39/2017—Glass or glassy material the material being filamentary or fibrous
- B01D39/2024—Glass or glassy material the material being filamentary or fibrous otherwise bonded, e.g. by resins
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C25/00—Surface treatment of fibres or filaments made from glass, minerals or slags
- C03C25/10—Coating
- C03C25/24—Coatings containing organic materials
- C03C25/26—Macromolecular compounds or prepolymers
- C03C25/32—Macromolecular compounds or prepolymers obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C25/00—Surface treatment of fibres or filaments made from glass, minerals or slags
- C03C25/10—Coating
- C03C25/24—Coatings containing organic materials
- C03C25/26—Macromolecular compounds or prepolymers
- C03C25/32—Macromolecular compounds or prepolymers obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C03C25/328—Polyamides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C25/00—Surface treatment of fibres or filaments made from glass, minerals or slags
- C03C25/10—Coating
- C03C25/24—Coatings containing organic materials
- C03C25/26—Macromolecular compounds or prepolymers
- C03C25/32—Macromolecular compounds or prepolymers obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C03C25/34—Condensation polymers of aldehydes, e.g. with phenols, ureas, melamines, amides or amines
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Filtering Materials (AREA)
- Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
Description
480246 Α7 Β7 五、發明說明(1) IL明背- 本發明是關於過濾物質。更具體地説,本發明是關於改 變電%的過遽物。 改變電荷的過濾物在此項技術中是已知的。其通常是以 微孔性薄膜所組成或使用玻璃纖維,玻璃纖維和纖維素纖維 的混合物,或纖維素纖維和矽粒子的混合物。改變電荷通常 是藉由以電荷改變作用劑及分離交鏈作用劑包覆薄膜或至少 一邵分的纖維來完成,以確保包覆的持久性。 雖然微孔性薄膜通常能夠有效地過濾,通過薄膜的的流 動速率通常比纖維過濾物低。再者,在過濾程序期間,微孔 性薄膜的背壓通常比纖維過濾物高。所以,需要一種能有效 過濾具電荷粒子的纖維過濾物。亦需要一種以玻璃纖維所組 成的纖維過濾物,其不需沉澱步驟,交鏈作用劑,或纖維素 纖維或矽粒子的存在。 本發明藉由提供一種具有電荷包覆的玻璃纖維來解學 上述的困難和問題。此包覆包含一種官能陽離子聚合物,其 已藉由加熱而形成交鏈。亦即,官能陽離 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印制衣 破璃纖維上之後再以加熱而形成交鍵。舉例言== 離子聚合物可爲α-環氧氯丙烷官能基多胺或環氧氣丙烷 含能基多氨胺。 十#本發明進一步提供一種纖維過濾物,其包含具有陽離子 吃何包覆的玻璃纖維。此包覆包含官能陽離子聚合物,其已 猎由加熱而形成交鏈;換言之,官能陽離子聚合物在至 五、發明說明(2 ) 破場纖維上之後再以加熱而形成交鏈。此外,官能陽離子聚 合物可爲α-環氧氯丙烷官能基多胺或α_環氧氯丙烷官能基 多氨胺。 本發明亦提供一種製備纖維過濾物的方法。此方法包括 提供一種具有玻璃埽爲的纖維過濾物,將已加熱產生交鏈的 Τ能陽離子聚合物在足以使官能陽離子聚合物完全包覆纖維 的情況下通過纖維過濾物,且在一溫度下加熱所產生之已包 覆的纖維㈣物-段充足的時間使玻璃纖維上的官能陽離子 =合物產生交鏈。此官能陽離子聚合物可爲α_環氧氣丙燒官 能基多胺或α -環氧氣丙烷官能基多氦胺。 本發明提供許多勝過先前已知之物質的優點。第一,本 發明的方法不需使用分離或第二次沉澱或交鏈作用劑。第 二,本發明的方法可在滾輪物品的連續程序中使用。第三, 不需要纖維素成分。當然,普通熟於此項技術者可更加了解 到其他優點。 施例詳舳描沭 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 ^於此使用之“陽離子電荷”(cati〇nically charged) 一詞 是指一種在玻璃纖維上的包覆,而官能聚合物的“陽離子 的”是指分别在包覆和許多正電荷團之聚合物中存在的離 子。因此,“陽離子電荷,,和“正電荷”是同義的。此類正 笔荷團通常包含(但不限制於此)許多四鍵基圏。 “ T能化”(funCti〇nalized)一詞是指許多官能基團之陽 離子聚合物中的存在情形,而非加熱時,能夠形成交鏈的陽 離子基團。因此,官能基團爲熱可交鏈基團。此類官能基的 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 480246
五、發明說明(3 乾例包括每氧基,乙婦亞氨基,及環硫化物。這些官能基可 :易地與其匕陽離子聚合物反應。這些其他的基團通常至少 二2—反應氫原子,例如氨基,氫氧基,及硫醇類基團。需 /王思到έ旎基與其他基團的反應常會產生能與其他官能基反 應的基團。例如環氧基與氨基的反應會形成>8-羥氨基團。 因此,刼離子官能基聚合物”是指任何含有許多正電 何基團及其他能夠藉由加熱而形成交鏈的官能基的聚合物。 此類聚合物中特别有用的例子爲α _環氧氣丙烷_官能多胺, 其聚合物包含α-環氧氯丙烷-官能多氨胺。兩種類的聚合物 可得自 Wilmington,Delaware 之 Hercules Inc·的 Kymene® 樹 脂。其他合適的樹脂包括陽離子改變漿料,如Nati〇nal Stareh 的 Redibond 〇 於此使用之“熱交鏈”(thermally crosslinked)—詞是指 陽離子官能基聚合物的包覆已在一溫度下加熱一段時間而與 上述的官能基團形成交鏈。加熱溫度通常可在5〇。〇至15〇〇c 之間變化。加熱時間通常爲溫度的函數及視陽離子聚合物中 的官能基種類而定。例如,加熱時間可少於一分鐘至6 〇分鐘 或更久。 於此使用之“ ζ位能”(zeta potential,亦即“電位能”) 是指附著於固態表面之靜止液體層和液體中可移動之擴散層 之間的電位差。ζ未能可以此項技術中已知的方法來計算。 舉例而言,如Robert J· Hunter之“膠體科學之?:仿Λ匕,, Academic Press,New York,1981 ;第三章,“ g 位能的計 算 ”(The Calculation of Zeta Potential),以及第四章,“雷 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 χ 297公釐) 6 ----------丨«.-裝 (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) ----- ^---------AW1 一 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 ΥΗ]/ν'ΡΚ-001-0592 五、發明說明(4 ) 動爹數的測量,,(Measurement 〇f Ε1〇价 Parameters)。在高濃度電解質中,正電荷表面通常會產生正 €位能而覆電荷表面通常產生負g位能。 卜如丽所述,本發明提供一種具有陽離子電荷包覆的玻璃 、義、、隹。此包覆包含藉由加熱而形成交鏈的官能陽離子,其中 耳能陽離子聚合物纟包覆於玻璃纖維上後藉由加_而形成交 鏈。 ^此類聚合物中特别有用的例子爲α_環氧氯丙燒.官能多 胺,其聚合物包含α-環氧氯丙燒_官能多氨胺 合物可得自 Wilmingt〇n,Delaware 之 Hercuies 心的 Kymene®樹脂。其他合適的樹脂包括陽離子改變聚料,如
Natl〇nal Starch的Redib〇nd。理想上,陽離子官能基聚合物 爲環氧氯丙燒官能基的多胺或U氧氯丙燒-官 胺。 本發明進-步提供—種包含具有陽離子電荷包覆之玻 瑀纖維的玻璃過濾物。此包覆爲上 的官能陽離子聚合物。 由加熱而形成交鏈 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 上,纖維過滤物包含至少5〇%重量的玻璃纖維,並 料過遽物中所有纖維的重量而定。在某些實施 〇〇 ※的玻璃纖維。然而’若具有其它纖維時纖 输It 製備的纖維,或由此之混合物。 I隹素纖維的來源包括(僅作爲例證)樹木,如軟 木,稻麥和牧草,如稻,針茅草,小麥,s 狀纖維和茅草’如藏渣;竹;木質莖,如黄、麻?亞及二麻莖 本紙張尺度適财關家_ (CNS)A4規格(21G X 297公羞) 7 A7 A7 B7 五、發明說明( 和大麻;韌皮纖維,如亞廒 麻類和宁麻·,葉子,如蕉麻及瓊麻; 以及種子,如棉和棉毛。 ^ . 奴木和硬木被廣泛地當作纖維素纖 、、隹的未源,此纖維可葬由 准了軋由任何常用的製漿程序來製造,如機 械’化學機械,半化學, 蹲 ^ 3化予私序。軟木的例子包括(僅作 爲例證)大王松,小王紅,估、去上 煎 … 杜仏、達松,黑雲杉,白雲杉,傑克松, " 私鐵杉,紅&,和紅柏。硬木的例子包括(僅作爲 例證)白楊,樺樹,山毛櫸,橡木,槭樹和橡膠樹。 訂 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 熱塑性聚合物的例子包括(僅作爲例證)包頭聚乙縮醛, 如聚(氧化次甲基)或聚甲酸,聚(三氯乙酸),聚(正戊酸),以 及聚(丙醛);丙烯聚合物,如聚丙醯胺,聚丙烯酸,聚(甲基 丙烯酸),聚(乙基丙烯酸鹽),〃及聚(甲^丙歸酸鹽);氣碳 聚合物,如聚(四氟乙烯),過氟乙基_丙烯共聚物,乙烯_四氟 乙烯共聚物,聚(氯化三氟乙烯),乙烯_氯化三氟乙婦共聚 物,聚(乙烯叉氟化物),及聚(乙烯基氟化物);聚醯胺,如聚 (6-氨基己酸乙酯)或聚(ε-己内醯胺),聚(環己烷己二醯二 胺),聚(環己烷癸二醯二胺),以及聚(11_氨基十一烷二酸); t芳香族驢胺,如聚(亞胺-1,3 -次苯基-異酉太酸基)或聚(w _ 次苯基-異酉太醯胺);二甲苯塑膠,如聚?-二甲苯婦和聚(氯 -Z7—二曱苯)·,聚芳香羥酯,如聚(氧-2,6-二甲基-1,4-次苯基) 或聚(P-氧化次苯基);聚芳香族磺胺,如聚(氧-1,4·次苯基續 跣-1,4-氧化次苯基-1,4-次苯基-異丙又-1,4-次苯基)和聚(續 跣-1,4-氧化次苯基-1,4-氧化次苯基磺玦-4,4’-二次苯基);聚 碳酸鹽,如聚(雙酚Α)或聚(羰基雙氧-Μ-次苯基異丙又],4_ 次苯基);聚g旨,如聚(乙埽-對苯二甲基),和聚(四次甲基對 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) YHw-PK~nm.am 480246 A7
請 再, 填 寫 本 頁 裝 閱 讀 背 之 注 意 事 項«· 訂 # 480246 7 五、發明說明( 大致上’官能陽離子聚合物的溶液爲含量介於〇丄心 重量的水溶液,其根據官能陽離子聚合物溶液的重量而定。。 例如,此溶液可含0.W重量的官能陽離子聚合⑯。另—例 子’此溶液可含〇.1_1%重量的官能陽離子聚合物。 «些f施例中’官能陽離子聚合物的水溶液可包含能 夠與水溶解或混合的少量極性有機溶劑。若需要的話,此2 溶,的體積通常佔異相體積的5()%以下。例如,此類溶射 佔:相積的20 %以下。此類溶劑的例子包括(僅作爲例 低醇類:如甲醇,乙醇’卜丙醇,異丙醇,i丁醇,異丁醇' 和t-丁醇;酉同類,如丙酮,丁_,二乙綱;二。惡燒;及⑽-一甲基甲驢胺。 根據官能陽離子聚合物,可調整含聚合物之水溶液的pH 値。例如,α-環氧氯丙燒官能基多胺或心環氧氯丙燒官能 基多氨胺可具有驗性或略酸性的ρΗ値。例如,此類溶液的 pH値可介於6_10之間。ρΗ値可藉由此項技術中所熟知的方 法來調整。例如’藉由添加無機酸(如鹽酸或硫酸,或驗性溶 液,如氫氧化鈉,氫氧化鉀,或氫氧化胺溶液)的稀釋溶液至 聚合物中來調整pH値。 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 可利用任何此項技術中已知的方法來將陽離子官能基 聚合物的溶液通過纖維過遽物。例如,溶液可藉由在過遽物 已施力壓力之側的反側減少壓力而使溶液被“吸引,,而通過 過濾物。或者,可利用壓力而強迫溶液通過過濾物。 一旦纖維過濾物被陽離子官能基聚合物包覆,則聚合物 藉由在一溫度下充分地加熱一段時間而與聚合物中的官能基 ‘紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) YHW-PK-nnun^oo 10 A7 B7 、發明說明(8 團產生父鏈。此溫度通常可在5〇β〇_ΐ5〇β。之間變化。加熱時 間通系爲溫度以及陽離子聚合物中之官能基團種類的函數。 例如,加熱時皆可在1 -6〇分鐘内變化或更久。
請 先 閱 讀 背 之 注 意 項I 填 寫裝 奮 頁I 本發明將藉由以下的範例而做進一步的説明。然而,這 些範例並不限制本發明的範圍和精神。 範例1 訂 以100 ml的去離子水稀釋2 mi儲存的Kymene® 450溶 液(含20%重量的固體)來製造含有〇 4%重量之^-環氧氯丙 貌έ月匕基夕氣胺的水溶液(Kymene⑧,Hercules Inc., Wilmington Delaware)。因 Kymene⑧ 45〇 的有效 pH 値範圍介 於5-9,而此溶液的pH値爲6,故不再進一步地調整ρΗ[値。 將Kymene⑧稀釋溶液25 ml倒在已先放置粗糙溶塊玻璃漏斗 之直徑90 mm的微纖維玻璃纖維上(Whatman Type GF/D,其 孔徑爲 2.7 微米,Whatman International Ltd.,Maidstone, 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製
England)。漏斗放在一過滤燒瓶中,玻璃燒瓶被供以眞空以 吸引溶液通過玻璃纖維超過20秒,藉以使聚合物包覆纖維。 將過濾物從漏斗取下且在85 °C的爐子中加熱一小時使玻璃 過濾物纖維上的聚合物形成交鏈。從爐子取出後,根據包覆 纖維的程序以500 ml蒸餾,去離子水來清洗過濾物。然後將 此清洗,包覆之過濾物空氣乾燥。 以直徑0.5微米聚苯乙烯乳膠微粒子懸浮液1〇〇 ml(其具 有表面滴定値7_0 ueg/g的羧酸官能基)來測試過濾物的獲 取效率,懸浮液不具表面活化劑(Bangs Laboratory,Inc., Fishers,Indian a)且濃度爲每毫升108粒子。從90 mm圓盤狀 t紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 29^公釐) YHW-PK-001-0592 480246 A7 五、發明說明(9 切下2英吋(5.丨^叫直徑的過濾圓盤,將兩層過濾圓盤放在2 英吋(5.1 cin)直徑的Nalgene再使用過濾容器(得自NaperviUe,
Illinois〈 Nalge Nunc International,稱號 Nalgene # 300-4000 ’ 250 ml)中。利用重力使粒子懸浮液通過過濾物。 9 9 · 9 %以上的粒子藉由使溶液通過結合基重爲每平方碼6盘 司或6 osy(每平方公尺2〇3克或2〇3 gsm)的包覆而除去。
Whatman玻璃過濾物在包覆之前的$位能爲46毫伏 特,而包覆之後的ξ位能爲16_36毫伏特。藉由測量將氯化 鉀溶液(蒸餾水中濃度爲10 mM,pH 4.7且溫度22°C)通過已 固足在 Electro Kinetic Analyzer (EKA? Brookhaven
Instruments Corporation,Hotlsville,New York)上之薄膜支 持物中的數層薄膜時所產生的蒸氣位能來決定固體薄膜的ζ 位能。測试私序和計算方法發表於D. Fairhurst和V. Ribitsch 之“粒子尺寸分佈I,核定和定義” (Particle Size Distribution II, Assessment and Characterization),第 22 章, ACS 論文序 5虎 472 ’ Theodore Provder 編輯。 範例2 重複範例1的程序,但將爲使過濾物之纖維上的聚合物 形成交鏈而加熱所需的時間從一小時減爲1 〇分鐘。過濾獲取 效率依範例1所述來完成。 範例3 重複範例2的程序,但將爲使過濾物之纖維上的聚合物 形成交鏈而加熱所需的溫度增爲1 〇〇 t。過濾獲取效率依範 例1所述來完成。 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公复) 12
請 先 閱 讀 背 面 之 注 意 I·! 再零ί 填二 ί裝 頁 I 訂 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 YHW-PK-001-0S9? 480246 A7 - _____ _____ B7 五、發明說明( 範例4 以範例1所述之方法來製備含有〇·4%重量之α_環氧氯 丙fe官能基多氨胺的水溶液(Kymene®,Hercules Inc., Wilmington Delaware)。將 Kymene®稀釋溶液 25 ml 倒在已先 放置粗糙熔塊玻璃漏斗之直徑90 mm的微纖維玻璃纖維上 (LB-5211-A-0,得自 Hollingsworth & Vose Company,East
Walpole,Massachusetts,其含有3-7%丙埽樹脂結合物以及 0.5 osy或17 gsm Reemay支撐麻布)。漏斗放在一過濾燒瓶 中’玻璃燒瓶被供以眞空以吸引溶液通過玻璃纖維超過2 〇 秒,藉以使聚合物包覆纖維。將過濾物從漏斗取下且在85 的爐子中加熱一小時使玻璃過濾物纖維上的聚合物形成交 鏈。從爐子取出後,根據包覆纖維的程序以1 〇〇〇 ml蒸館, 去離子水來清洗過濾物。然後將此清洗,包覆之過遽物空氣 乾燥。 從90 mm圓盤狀男裁下2英叶(5.1 cm)直徑的過濾圓 盤’將單一層過濾圓盤放在2英叶(5· 1 cm)直徑的Nalgene再 使用過濾容器中,如範例1所示。使1 〇〇毫升〇丨%重量的 氣化鈉溶液以重力通過過滤物。食鹽水溶液清洗後,使用2 〇 〇 mi ’ 0 · 5微米直徑,不具表面活化劑的聚苯乙烯乳膠微粒子 如範例1所述來測試過濾獲取效率。將〇·2%重量的氯化納 溶液100 ml與2 X 108粒子/ml的粒子溶液1〇〇 mi混合來製備 此200 ml(每毫升含108粒子)的粒子溶液。然後將產生的溶 液藉由重力通過過濾物。99.9 %以上的粒子藉由使溶液通過 基重爲2.2 osy(75gsm)的包覆玻璃過濾物而除去。 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 13 請 先 閱 讀 背 之 注
意[ % 再零I· 重έ 本. 頁 I 訂 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 YHW-PK-001-0S92 480246 A7 B7 五 、發明說明(11) 範例 重複範例4的程序,但所利用的微纖維玻璃過濾物改爲 LA-8141-0-A’ 其亦得自 Hollingsworth & Vose Company,East Walpole,Massachusetts,亦含有3-7¾丙烯樹脂結合物以及 〇·5 〇sy或17 gsm Reemay支撐麻布。如範例4,99.9 %以上 的粒子藉由使溶液通過包覆玻璃過濾物來過濾而除去,其基 重爲 2·5 osy(85gsm)。 雖然本説明書已詳細地説明了相關的具體實施例,其將 被精於此項技術者所重視而一旦瞭解了前述内容後,可輕易 地思索出這些實施例的替換物,改變及同等物。所以,本發 明的範圍應視附加的申請專利範圍和任何由此之同等物而 定。
請 先 閱 讀 背 之 注 意 再, 填 1 I裝 頁 I 叮 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 14 YHW-PK-001-059?
Claims (1)
- A8 C8 ^^^~___ A、申請專利範圍 j :r.赚丨 含:-種破璃其上具有陽離子電荷包覆,此包覆包 2盲能陽離參合物,其已藉由加熱而形成交鏈。 子如申請專利範航、第1項所述的玻璃纖維,其中官能陽離 爲《 -環氧氯丙烷官能基多胺。 •、如申請專利範圍第2項所述的玻璃纖維,其中官能陽離 子爲α-環氧氯丙燒官能基多氨胺。 4· 一種纖維過濾物,其包含具有陽離子電荷包覆的玻璃纖 維’此包覆包含: 盲能陽離子聚合物,其已藉由加熱而形成交鏈。 5·如申請專利範圍第4項所述的纖維過濾物,其中官能陽 離子爲α -環氧氯丙烷官能基多胺。 6·如申請專利範園第5項所述的纖維過濾物,其中官能陽 離子爲α -環氧氣丙烷官能基多氨胺。 種製備誠維過滤物的方法’此方法包含: 提供一纖維過濾物,其含有玻璃纖維; 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 將已藉由加熱而產生交鏈的官能陽離子聚合物在足以 使官能陽離子聚合物完全包覆纖維的情況下通過纖維;以及 在一溫度下加熱所產生之已包覆的纖維過濾物一段充 足的時間使玻璃纖維上的官能陽離子聚合物產生交鏈。 8 ·如申請專利範園第7項所述的方法,其中官能陽離子爲 α -環氧氣丙烷官能基多胺。 9 ·如申請專利範圍第8項所述的方法,其中官能陽離子爲 α環氧氯丙燒官能基多氨胺。 本紙張尺度適用中-國國家標準(CNS)A4—規格(210 X 297公«) " -- 15 VHW-P/C-〇〇/_〇592
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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| US21605998A | 1998-12-18 | 1998-12-18 |
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| TW088121775A TW480246B (en) | 1998-12-18 | 1999-12-13 | Cationically charged coating on glass fibers and method for making the same |
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| EP (1) | EP1140724A1 (zh) |
| CN (1) | CN1398241A (zh) |
| AR (1) | AR021733A1 (zh) |
| AU (1) | AU2588900A (zh) |
| BR (1) | BR9915855A (zh) |
| PE (1) | PE20001471A1 (zh) |
| TW (1) | TW480246B (zh) |
| WO (1) | WO2000037385A1 (zh) |
Families Citing this family (20)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA2379565A1 (en) | 1999-07-21 | 2001-02-01 | Kenneth C. Hou | Microorganism filter and method for removing microorganism from water |
| WO2001016029A1 (en) * | 1999-08-31 | 2001-03-08 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Portable purification system |
| RU2190454C2 (ru) * | 2000-11-13 | 2002-10-10 | Волгоградский государственный технический университет | Ионообменный фильтровальный материал |
| US7614508B2 (en) | 2001-08-23 | 2009-11-10 | Pur Water Purification Products Inc. | Water filter materials, water filters and kits containing silver coated particles and processes for using the same |
| US20050279696A1 (en) | 2001-08-23 | 2005-12-22 | Bahm Jeannine R | Water filter materials and water filters containing a mixture of microporous and mesoporous carbon particles |
| US7615152B2 (en) | 2001-08-23 | 2009-11-10 | Pur Water Purification Products, Inc. | Water filter device |
| US7614507B2 (en) | 2001-08-23 | 2009-11-10 | Pur Water Purification Products Inc. | Water filter materials, water filters and kits containing particles coated with cationic polymer and processes for using the same |
| KR100777951B1 (ko) | 2001-08-23 | 2007-11-28 | 더 프록터 앤드 갬블 캄파니 | 정수 필터 재료, 대응하는 정수 필터 및 그의 사용 방법 |
| US8480227B2 (en) | 2010-07-30 | 2013-07-09 | Novartis Ag | Silicone hydrogel lenses with water-rich surfaces |
| EP2661317B1 (en) | 2011-01-04 | 2021-11-17 | The Research Foundation for The State University of New York | Functionalization of nanofibrous microfiltration membranes for water purification |
| HUE029018T2 (en) | 2011-10-12 | 2017-02-28 | Novartis Ag | A method for producing UV absorbing contact lenses by coating |
| WO2013074535A1 (en) | 2011-11-15 | 2013-05-23 | Novartis Ag | A silicone hydrogel lens with a crosslinked hydrophilic coating |
| HUE031702T2 (en) | 2012-12-17 | 2017-07-28 | Novartis Ag | A method for producing improved UV absorbing ophthalmic lenses |
| EP2959509B1 (en) | 2013-02-14 | 2018-05-23 | Nanopareil, Llc | Electrospun hybrid nanofibre felt, method for making the same, and method for purifying biomolecules |
| HUE038809T2 (hu) | 2013-12-17 | 2018-11-28 | Novartis Ag | Térhálósított hidrofíl bevonattal ellátott szilikon hidrogél lencse |
| MY183678A (en) | 2014-08-26 | 2021-03-08 | Alcon Inc | Method for applying stable coating on silicone hydrogel contact lenses |
| PL3218317T3 (pl) | 2014-11-13 | 2019-03-29 | Gerresheimer Glas Gmbh | Filtr cząstek urządzenia do wytwarzania szkła, jednostka tłoka, głowica dmuchu, wspornik głowicy dmuchu i urządzenie do wytwarzania szkła, przystosowane lub zawierające filtr |
| KR102604468B1 (ko) | 2015-12-15 | 2023-11-22 | 알콘 인코포레이티드 | 실리콘 하이드로겔 콘택트 렌즈 상에 안정한 코팅을 적용하기 위한 방법 |
| DE102017113206A1 (de) * | 2017-06-15 | 2018-12-20 | Leibniz-Institut Für Polymerforschung Dresden E.V. | Schlichtefrei und silanfrei modifizierte Glasfaseroberflächen, daraus hergestellte Verbundmaterialien und Verfahren zur Herstellung der modifizierten Glasfaseroberflächen |
| CN117492228A (zh) | 2017-12-13 | 2024-02-02 | 爱尔康公司 | 周抛和月抛水梯度接触镜片 |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2043734B (en) * | 1979-03-01 | 1983-08-17 | Amf Inc | Filter and method of making same |
| US4230573A (en) * | 1979-06-08 | 1980-10-28 | Amf Incorporated | Cartridge filter and method of making same |
| CA1162438A (en) * | 1979-08-09 | 1984-02-21 | James T. Greene | Beverage filtration process |
| US4523995A (en) * | 1981-10-19 | 1985-06-18 | Pall Corporation | Charge-modified microfiber filter sheets |
| JPS6058221A (ja) * | 1983-09-09 | 1985-04-04 | Toyo Roshi Kk | 空気濾過用濾材 |
| US4915839A (en) * | 1984-03-15 | 1990-04-10 | Cuno, Incorporated | Process for surface modifying a microporous membrane |
| US5151189A (en) * | 1990-09-17 | 1992-09-29 | Gelman Sciences, Inc. | Cationic charge modified microporous membrane |
| EP0673753B1 (en) * | 1993-07-21 | 1999-12-15 | Unitika Limited | Porous tube of fiber-reinforced plastic and methods of manufacturing the same |
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1999
- 1999-12-13 TW TW088121775A patent/TW480246B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-12-15 PE PE1999001258A patent/PE20001471A1/es not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-12-15 BR BR9915855-8A patent/BR9915855A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-12-15 WO PCT/US1999/029702 patent/WO2000037385A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1999-12-15 CN CN99814543A patent/CN1398241A/zh active Pending
- 1999-12-15 AU AU25889/00A patent/AU2588900A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-12-15 EP EP99968480A patent/EP1140724A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-12-18 AR ARP990106480A patent/AR021733A1/es unknown
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| EP1140724A1 (en) | 2001-10-10 |
| AU2588900A (en) | 2000-07-12 |
| WO2000037385A1 (en) | 2000-06-29 |
| CN1398241A (zh) | 2003-02-19 |
| BR9915855A (pt) | 2001-10-23 |
| PE20001471A1 (es) | 2000-12-25 |
| AR021733A1 (es) | 2002-07-31 |
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