TWI511887B - Provision of frames or borders around pigment flakes for covert security applications - Google Patents

Description

Provide a border or border around the pigment flakes for concealed security applications

The present invention relates generally to thin pigment flakes and, more particularly, to providing a border or bezel around a marking sheet for use in a coating composition and providing one or more grooves in the bezel region of the sheet. A defined mark; and more particularly, the present invention provides a bezel and a bezel having a bezel, wherein the bezel is less stable and more susceptible to breakage than a grooved indicia.

Specially used pigments have been developed for use in security applications such as anti-counterfeiting patterns printed on banknotes, high value item packaging, container seals, and even directly applied to commercial items. For example, the U.S.Twenty-dollar Federal Reserve Note currently uses optically variable inks. The color of the number "20" printed on the lower right corner of the front of the banknote changes as the viewing angle changes. This is an anti-counterfeiting pattern. This discoloration cannot be overwritten by a conventional color photocopier, and the person receiving the banknote can observe whether it has a color changing security feature to determine the authenticity of the banknote.

Other high-value documents and targets use similar measures. For example, iridescent pigments or diffractive pigments are used in paints and inks that are directly applied to, for example, stocks, passports, original product packaging, or applied to seals that are applied to articles. As the technology of counterfeiters matures, security features that are more difficult to counterfeit are needed.

One method of anti-counterfeiting uses microscopic symbols on multilayer color-changing pigment flakes. The symbols are formed on at least one of the layers of the multi-layered color-changing pigment flakes by local variations such as optical properties of reflectivity. Multilayer color-changing pigment flakes generally comprise a Fabry Perot type structure having an absorber layer separated from the reflective layer by a separator layer. The reflective layer is typically a metallic layer that renders the pigment flakes substantially opaque. If most of these types of pigment flakes are mixed with other pigments, the resulting color can be significantly different from the pigment, and if too few such flakes are mixed with other pigments, they are difficult to find.

Another technique uses polyethylene terephthalate ("PET") sheets that are formed by epoxy resin encapsulation. A reflective layer is deposited on a roll of PET and the PET is then cut into small pieces. The sheets are epoxy coated or encapsulated to improve the durability of the reflective layer. Such flakes can be obtained in a variety of shapes such as square, rectangular, hexagonal, and "apostrophe", and reflective metallic colors such as silver, tin-lead alloy, gold, and copper can be selected. However, the epoxy layer and the relatively thick PET substrate, which typically has a minimum thickness of about 13 microns (0.5 mils) in a vacuum deposition process, produces relatively thick flakes, typically greater than 14 microns. Unfortunately, such thick sheets are not desirable for concealed applications if the thickness is much greater than the matrix pigment. Similarly, the thick sheet does not flow well in the ink and agglomerates in the paint. When the paint comprises a thick sheet that produces a rough surface, a relatively thick transparent outer coating is typically applied over the rough surface.

It is desirable to mark the target with a covert security pattern that overcomes the limitations of the techniques discussed above.

The present invention is directed to providing a sheet having indicia or concealed symbols formed by mechanically embossing or embossing or etching or by laser formation, wherein the concealed symbols are visible under a microscope. In order to preserve the integrity of the symbols, a bezel is provided around all or part of the concealed symbols such that when the individual sheets are removed from the support structure they are deposited, most of the sheets break along the provided border line instead of Unpredictable breaks in the absence of control (where the break line additionally passes through the symbols at a greater frequency and appears around the symbols). To further attempt to ensure breakage along the border lines or grooves, the bezel grooves may have a different profile than the grooves defining the concealed symbols, wherein the bezel grooves are designed to break or break more easily than the concealed symbol grooves. In some examples, parallel border lines may be provided to break the sheets into strips; in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the sheets and more particularly one or more symbols within the sheet are in the one or more symbols There are bordered grooved boundaries on the four or more sides of the circumference so that the sheets are broken in a uniform square or rectangle along the border line. It is of course also possible in this way to provide a triangular or hexagonal sheet by pre-applying a border symbol on three sides before removing the sheets from the substrate. Conventional release layers are provided such that the sheets can be easily removed from their substrate or support layer and such sheets are broken along the border line upon removal. Using lasers, etching or embossing the film on the substrate, the bezel can be made in a similar manner to making the symbols; in a preferred embodiment, the bezels are provided in the same manner along with the formation of the symbols.

The term "embossed sheet" as used hereinafter describes embossing by applying pressure to a sheet by an embossing tool or applying pressure to a sheet in the form of a substrate formed on an embossed substrate by being applied to an embossed substrate. Sheet.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a sheet having a symbol thereon, and wherein the symbols have or have had a bead of embossed, etched or laser-to-sheet or sheet molded from an embossed temporary support or Boundaries for protecting the symbols during the process of separating the sheets from their temporary support substrates, and wherein the border grooves are deeper and/or more susceptible to breakage than grooves defining marks or symbols within the frame.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a bezel groove having a different cross-sectional profile than the indicia groove, and wherein the bezel grooves are designed to be more susceptible to breakage or breakage than the indicia groove.

In another aspect of the invention, the substrate is pre-metallized prior to adding a release layer to the substrate. After the sheets are separated from the release layer, the embossed substrate can be cut into reflective sheets instead of being used to provide another batch of coated sheets. The pre-metallized substrate can be cut into strips to form a novel security device (i.e., a filament) that contains the same matching design as the sheet fabricated from the substrate.

In another aspect of the invention, the "graded" sheet is sealed from the substrate and suitably post-processed to produce a shaped/signed sheet and sealed to improve the durability of the sheet during printing or painting applications. fracture.

According to the present invention, a plurality of pigment marking sheets are provided, each sheet comprising a bezel positioned around a sheet defined by the wall and an area within the bezel, wherein at least one of the bezel walls has a height of at least a height F _h and wherein the region within the frame has one or more depth of less than I _d recesses defined by mark formed therein, wherein F _h> I _d.

According to another aspect of the present invention, a thin marking region is provided for forming a marking sheet, comprising: a plurality of substrates embossed with a frame groove having a depth F _{h for} defining a frame, and a plurality of borders at each of the frames Marking grooves formed therein, wherein the depth of the marking grooves is less than I _d , and wherein F _h &gt _; I _d , such that when the coating on the thin layer or the thin layer is separated into the marking sheet, In comparison, it is more likely to break along the groove of the frame.

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a coating composition comprising: a carrier; and a plurality of single-layer inorganic dielectric concealed marking sheets dispersed in the carrier, wherein the sheets are surrounded by a frame, and wherein A discernible symbol is formed in the area inside the bezel, and wherein the bezel wall is deeper than the groove wall defining the discernible symbol.

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing a sheet having a mark thereon, the method comprising the steps of: providing a release coated substrate; providing one or more layers of optical coating on the release layer; Or in the form of a plurality of symbols, the indicia is recorded in a plurality of regions of the optical coating, wherein the recorded indicia is in the form of one or more grooves formed in the optical coating; a concave is recorded around the indicia in each region a grooved frame, wherein the grooved frame is deeper than one or more grooves forming the mark; removing the optical coating from the release layer causes the coating to break along the grooved frame into a sheet in the form of a bordered logo.

In yet another aspect of the invention, there is provided a sheet having at least one symbol thereon, wherein the sheets are etched, lasered or embossed into the support layer by being removed prior to removal of the self-supporting sheet The grooved border or border is separated from the adjacent sheets, and wherein the borders or borders defining the periphery of the sheet are more susceptible to breakage than at least one of the symbols thereon.

According to another aspect, the present invention provides a plurality of embossed pigment concealed marking sheets that are coated with a light transmissive, non-compatible coating to reduce the depth of the grooves in the sheet.

I. Introduction

Sheets used for concealed safety applications are generally not visible by general observation. Some types of inspection techniques such as examination under the microscope or analytical techniques such as elemental analysis are used. In one embodiment, an opaque sheet containing a logo such as a particular shape substantially matches the visual characteristics of the bulk pigment or other substance with which it is mixed. In a particular embodiment, a single layer of inorganic opaque sheet having a selected shape is mixed with an iridescent mica based sheet or other matrix pigment. For the purposes of this discussion, a "single layer" of inorganic material includes multiple layers of the same inorganic material superposed on each other.

Inorganic concealed flakes are especially desirable in applications where heat, solvents, sunlight or other factors can degrade organic flakes. For example, inorganic concealed sheets used in explosives are detectable and resistant to environmental conditions even after exposure to high temperatures and/or pressure. Sheets in accordance with embodiments of the present invention are also generally thinner than conventionally formed sheets, typically less than about 10 microns, such that they can be used in inks and which are produced in paint without the need to use a clear outer coating. Smooth surface finish. Thin, inorganic flakes in accordance with embodiments of the present invention also have a density that is closer to the density of matrix pigment flakes made using similar techniques. Thick sheets incorporated into an organic substrate typically have a different density than the film matrix pigment flakes and can be split before or during application when the carrier is a fluid. Since the sheet split can result in concealment and the ratio of matrix sheets in the composition is inconsistent, the sheet subsystem is undesirable, and if the split results in an improperly high concentration of concealed sheets, it can degrade the concealing properties of the concealed sheets.

II. Exemplary opaque sheets

1 is a plan view of a portion of a document 10 having a security feature 12 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. At least a portion 14 of the security feature 12 is printed with an ink or paint comprising an opaque sheet having a logo (hereinafter referred to as a "concealed sheet") that is mixed with a bulk pigment such as a bulk pigment sheet. In an embodiment, the concealed sheets have a particular shape, such as square, rectangular, trapezoidal, "diamond" or circular. In another embodiment, the concealed sheets comprise a grid pattern with or without a selected shape. The selected shape is preferably provided by embossing, etching, or using a laser to create a bezel or border that will break along the bezel or boundary as it is removed from its temporary support substrate. In a particular embodiment, the grid pattern has a grid spacing that is non-optically active in the spectral visible range. That is, the grid patterns do not form a visible diffraction grating. Although not all of the marking sheets are necessarily concealed sheets, sometimes the concealed sheets are also referred to as marking sheets.

In general, bulk pigment particles comprising bulk pigment flakes have an irregular shape. In an embodiment, the concealed sheet may be distinguished from the bulk pigment flake by its shape. Alternatively, the bulk pigment sheet has a first selected shape and the concealed sheet has a second selected shape. Fabrication of shaped pigment flakes is accomplished by various techniques, such as using a patterned substrate to deposit a sheet of material onto the substrate, and then separating the flakes from the substrate to obtain a pattern such as a border or border; or using a laser or other means The patterned sheet is cut from a thin layer of sheet material. The selected shape of the concealed sheets can be associated with, for example, a manufacturing facility, a date of manufacture, or other aspects of the document 10 or inks used to make the document.

Roll coaters are a type of device that can be used to make concealed sheets that are selectively shaped or randomly formed in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. A thin layer of a polymer substrate material (also referred to as a "web") is passed through one or more deposition zones and coated through one or more film layers. The roll of polymer substrate can be passed back and forth through the one or more deposition zones multiple times. The (equal) film layer is then separated from the polymer substrate and processed into a sheet. Other devices and techniques can also be used.

The total thickness of the film layer deposited (and thus removed therefrom) from a roll of polymeric film substrate is typically limited to less than about 10 microns. PET is a type of polymeric film substrate for roll coaters, and PET film substrates are typically at least about 13 microns thick. Thinner PET films tend to be thermally deformed during the vacuum deposition process. As the polymer substrate passes through the deposition zone, the heat of the deposition zone and the heat of condensation of the deposited one or more film layers both increase the temperature of the polymer substrate. Therefore, the minimum thickness of the sheet cut from the PET film and incorporated into the PET film is about 13 microns.

In addition, the sheet having the selected shape is preferably realized by embossing the frame into the substrate, the sheets will be separated and broken along the frame, and the concealed sheet is preferably within the frame and includes a border or boundary defined by the frame. Multiple symbols, other forms of signs and/or grid patterns. The grid pattern is embossed onto the substrate for the roll coater prior to depositing or otherwise forming a film layer that is processed into a sheet. In another embodiment, when the film layers are stripped from the deposition substrate and processed into a sheet, a selected amount (percent) of the deposition substrate surface area is embossed in a grid pattern or shape pattern to obtain a selected amount of concealed sheets. This technique provides a concealed sheet having the same optical design (film layer composition and thickness) as the substrate sheet. For example, embossing 10% of the deposited substrate surface area in a grid pattern and/or shape pattern will result in a pigment mixture having about 10% concealed flakes. Figure 10 shows a blend of two different optical designs for shaped/signed wafers and unformed/flat sheets. Two different optical designs can be performed in the same vacuum process, however this is not preferred. Preferably, different roll deposition substrates are produced with different percentages of embossed surface area to obtain a pigment mixture having different amounts of concealed sheets, or embossed in different patterns to obtain different shapes and/or grid patterns.

2A is a simplified diagram of a portion of a deposition substrate 11 having an embossed portion 13 and an unembossed portion 15. The embossed portion has a bezel that is exaggerated for illustrative purposes and additionally or optionally has, for example, a grid or symbol, and the unembossed portion is generally smooth. Alternatively, the embossed portions are embossed with different borders, grids or symbols. The ratio of the surface area of the embossed portion 13 to the unembossed portion 15 produces a selected amount of marking sheet (produced from the embossed portion) having the same film structure as the substrate sheet (produced from the unembossed portion). Although the deposition substrate 11 travels from one roll 17 to another roll 19 via a roll coater deposition zone (not shown), alternative embodiments use different types of substrates and deposition systems. 2B is a simplified diagram of a portion of another deposition substrate 11' having an embossed portion 13' and an unembossed portion 15.

Even if the pigmented sheet with the identifiable mark is easy to observe, it also provides a security feature; however, if the pigmented sheet with the identifiable mark is not easily observed, the counterfeiter does not even notice the presence of the hidden sheet. One embodiment of the invention uses a concealed pigment flake having the same optical characteristics as the matrix pigment. The concealed pigment flakes are not visible from unassisted human vision, but are visible at approximately 50 x to 1000 x. The concealed pigment flakes having substantially the same visual characteristics can be mixed with the matrix pigment in a wide range of proportions without significantly affecting the color of the composition. In some embodiments, the concealed pigment flakes are readily identifiable in a composition having 5-10% by weight of a concealed pigment flake and having 95-90% by weight of a matrix pigment flake having a similar appearance (eg, color and/or color). . Typically, shaped opaque concealed sheets are readily identifiable in the field of view using a hand held microscope (e.g., a "shirt-pocket" microscope) and require less magnification for identifying sheets of similar size with symbols.

Another method is to use an opaque concealed sheet of a selected shape that is different in color from the substrate sheet. In one embodiment, the opaque covert flake is a bright metallic film having aluminum or other reflector layers ( "silver"), such as a sheet between the MgF ₂ layer of dielectric material. Bright flakes are typically highly reflective over a wide range of visible wavelengths and typically do not have a characteristic color. Bright flakes made of gold or copper can exhibit, for example, a yellowish or reddish tint. It has been found that from about 0.25 wt% to about 5% by weight of shaped (e.g., "diamond" shaped) bright flakes can be added to the chromogenic matrix pigment without causing noticeable color changes, but at about 50 x illumination magnification. (meaning 50x magnification) is still easy to identify. The shape and high brightness of the sheet are distinguished from the substrate sheet by illumination amplification. When less than about 0.25% of the formed brilliant flakes are used, the concealed flakes become difficult to detect because the dilution of the matrix flakes results in less bright flakes that are formed in the field of view.

When the amount of bright flakes exceeds about 5% by weight, the color (e.g., hue) of certain types of flakes (especially dark flakes) changes. In these examples, too many bright flakes substantially "dilute" the color of the matrix pigment. However, the use of shaped bright flakes in compositions having color changing pigments is highly desirable because a small number of single shaped shaped bright flakes are added to many different types (color and/or color) pigment flakes, and a relatively small amount is formed. Bright flakes provide a hidden security feature. Similarly, color dilution is not critical in applications where the pigment and bright flake compositions are not used to replace or otherwise distinguish from compositions containing 100% pigment flakes.

Pigments are typically mixed in a carrier to form a paint or ink. Examples of the carrier include polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly(ethoxyethylene), poly(methoxyethylene), poly(acrylic acid), poly(acrylamide), poly (ethylene oxide), poly(maleic anhydride), hydroxyethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, poly(saccharides) such as acacia and pectin, poly(acetal) such as polyvinyl butyral, Poly(ethylene halide) such as polyvinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride, poly(diene) such as polybutadiene, poly(olefin) such as polyethylene, poly(acrylate) such as polymethyl acrylate, Poly(methacrylate) such as polymethyl methacrylate, poly(carbonate) such as poly(oxycarbonyloxy hexane), poly(ester) such as polyethylene terephthalate, poly (urethane), poly(oxane), poly(sulfur), poly(fluorene), poly(vinyl nitrile), poly(acrylonitrile), poly(styrene), such as poly(2,5 -Dihydroxy-1,4-phenylenevinyl) poly(phenylene), poly(decylamine), natural rubber, formaldehyde resin, other polymers and polymers, and mixtures of polymers and solvents.

FIG. 3A is a simplified plan view of a portion 14A of one of the security features 14 shown in FIG. 1. To see the shape of the sheets, the portion 14A of the security feature is viewed at a magnification of typically about 20 x - 300 x, and the span is typically from about 5 to about 100 microns, more typically about 20 to about 40 microns. This security feature is printed using ink comprising matrix pigment particles 16 and a concealed pigment flake 18 having a selected shape (in this case a "diamond" shape). The optical characteristics and concentration of the concealed pigment flakes are selected such that the visual appearance of the composition made with the matrix pigment particles is not disturbed.

The matrix pigment particles 16 are illustrated as irregularly shaped sheets. Alternatively, the matrix pigment flakes have a selected (i.e., regular) shape. Similarly, the concealed pigment flakes 18 can have a grid. Adding a grid further increases the difficulty of forgery. In some embodiments, the concealed pigment flakes 18 generally have the same optical characteristics as the matrix pigment particles. Alternatively, the concealed pigment flakes 18 have different optical characteristics than the matrix pigment particles, but are present in an amount that is sufficiently small to not disturb the visual appearance of the compositions made with the matrix pigment particles.

In a particular embodiment, the "diamond" concealed sheet cross is a bright sheet of about 25 microns by 35 microns. The shaped sheets are embossed into a roll of PET deposited substrate material by a diamond pattern, and then a bright sheet is deposited (eg, between about 100-60 nm Al between each of the approximately 400 nm thick MgF ₂ layers) ) is made by standard film design. The total thickness of this bright sheet is about 900 nm, which is about 1 micron. The embossed pattern is also referred to as a "border" (as opposed to a grid, which is used to create a pattern in or on the sheet), and in some embodiments is positive and negative in other embodiments ( Negative). In addition to the diamond sheet itself providing some measure of concealment characteristics when it is in some predetermined ratio distribution with other irregularly shaped sheets, the diamond sheets may additionally conceal the symbol embossing, thereby providing two levels of available Concealed features to protect the pattern.

The combination of the metal layer and one or more dielectric layers facilitates removal of the wafer from the deposition substrate. Only thin film stacks with dielectric layers are fragile and typically have residual stresses from the deposition process. These film stacks tend to be randomly broken, resulting in fewer formed sheets. An all-metal stack or a single layer is difficult to process into a patterned sheet from the border of the deposited substrate because the metal is relatively ductile. In a particular embodiment, metal-dielectric and dielectric-metal-dielectric sheets having a total thickness between about 0.5 microns and about 3 microns provide a good combination of ductile and fragile features that result in removal from the substrate And the film is well patterned during processing. In a particular embodiment, a formed bright sheet having a ductile metal layer having a total thickness of about one micron between the frangible dielectric layers produces about 90% diamond-shaped flakes from the embossed deposition substrate.

The film layers are peeled from the deposition substrate and processed into a sheet using conventional techniques. The embossed diamond pattern provides a line along which the film layer is broken into sheets having a selected diamond shape. In another embodiment, the diamond sheet is about 12 microns by 16 microns and includes a grid on the major surface of the sheets. The grid is nominally 2000 lines per mm and does not produce significant diffraction in the composition when used as a marker. The shape of the 12 x 16 micron sheet is readily visible at 100 x magnification; however, the grid is not readily visible at this magnification. The grid is easily visible at 400 x magnification. In other embodiments, the grid is relatively rough and is readily visible at the same magnification (e.g., 50 x to 100 x) used to resolve the shape of the indicia sheet. Thus, the grid used to provide security features to the marking sheets need not be optically active in the visible portion of the spectrum.

In a particular embodiment, the matrix pigment particles are mica flakes coated with a layer of TiO ₂ or other dielectric material. The coating material typically has a relatively high refractive index. Mica is relatively inexpensive and easily processed into naturally occurring minerals of sheet substrates. When the mica flake substrate is coated with a layer of a high refractive index material of a selected thickness, a pearlescent pigment flake is obtained. The mica flake substrate can be coated with a variety of processes using a number of alternative materials. These pigments are often referred to as "mica based" pigments. The photocopy of the image printed with the pearlescent pigment appears to be different from the original, so a mica-based pigment flake is required to provide an external security feature. However, it is not practical to shape the mica sheet substrate or provide a symbol on the mica sheet substrate. The concealed sheet in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention is mixed with a mica-based pigment to enable concealed security features to be included in the image printed on the mica-based pigment sheet. A shaped pigment made from a single layer of inorganic dielectric material such as TiO ₂ or ZnS if the thickness of the concealed pigment flake is about five times the optical wavelength of the quarter wavelength ("QWOT") at the visible spectral wavelength. The flakes have an appearance similar to that of a mica based pigment. Typically, the thickness of a single layer of concealed flakes for ZnS that matches the appearance of a mica-based pigment is from about 60 nm to about 600 nm. Processing all dielectric sheets from a deposited substrate having an embossed diamond pattern tends to have a lower yield than corresponding metal-dielectric sheets.

Figure 3B is a simplified cross section of a bright pigment flake 20 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The reflective layer 22 is interposed between the two dielectric film layers 24, 26. The dielectric film layers 24, 26 provide hardness to the bright pigment flakes 20 and promote removal of the pigment flakes from the roll coater substrate. It is desirable to maintain a bright pigment flake thickness of less than 10 microns to provide a composition that dries or cures to a smooth surface. In a particular embodiment, the thickness of the sheet is between about 1 micrometer and about 3 micrometers. Thinner sheets tend to be more difficult to process and handle because their weight is too small, and thicker sheets are stronger and therefore more difficult to break along the bezel pattern.

The reflective layer 22 is typically a highly reflective metal such as aluminum, platinum, gold, silver or copper, or a thin film layer of moderately reflective metal such as iron or chromium. The reflective layer 22 is sufficiently thick to be opaque (reflected) in the visible portion of the spectrum, but not so thick as to interfere with the separation of the film layer from the substrate and subsequent processing into a sheet. In other words, an over-thick metal reflective layer will provide a ductile layer between the relatively fragile dielectric layers 24, 26 and it tends to interfere with the processing of the deposited layers into flakes. Suitable materials for the dielectric layer include, inter alia, ZnS, MgF ₂ , SiO ₂ , Al ₂ O ₃ , TiO ₂ , Nb ₂ O ₅ and Ta ₂ O ₅ . In some embodiments, the dielectric film layers 24, 26 also provide environmental protection for the reflective layer 22.

The bright sheet 20 has a selected shape and optionally has other indicia such as a surface (grid) pattern or an elemental fingerprint. A sufficiently low concentration of bright flakes 20 is added to the color developing pigments and color developing compositions (e.g., inks and paints). The shaped bright flakes can be added as a hidden security feature to the substrate (i.e., randomly formed or otherwise formed).

FIG. 3C is a simplified cross section of a bright sheet 20' having an element indicator layer 28. The bright sheet 20' has reflective layers 22', 22" between the dielectric layers 24', 26', and the layer 28 provides an elemental indicator. The element indicator layer 28 is a layer of material not found in the matrix pigment, The matrix pigments will be used in conjunction with the bright flakes and are easily detected using elemental analysis techniques such as secondary ion mass spectrometry ("SIMS") analysis, energy dispersive X-ray ("EDX") analysis, and Auger analysis. In addition, the elemental indicator is present in the concealed sheet but not in the matrix sheet, and the difference can be easily detected by micro SIMS, micro EDX or micro-Aug analysis. Only the indicator element is added to the pigment mixture (eg a small amount of indication is included) The addition of a compound of the element to the carrier) does not overcome this safety feature.

The element indicator layer 28 is not optically active because it is interposed between the two opaque reflective layers 22', 22". The selective reflective layers 22', 22" are the same material used for the matrix sheets, such as aluminum. Suitable materials for the element indicator include, inter alia, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, vanadium, cobalt and tungsten. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the selected element indicator materials will depend on the host pigment they will be used together. In an alternate embodiment, the reflective layer of bright pigment is an elemental indicator material (see Figure 3B, reference numeral 22). For example, a concealed bright or chromogenic pigment flake using platinum as a reflective layer is mixed with a base flake or chromogenic pigment flake using aluminum as the reflective layer. In another embodiment, the amount of flakes having an elemental indicator incorporated into the pigment mixture or composition is selected to provide a selected elemental ratio (eg, aluminum and platinum) in the pigment mixture. In an alternative or alternative embodiment, the material of the dielectric film layers 24', 26' (Fig. 3B, reference numerals 24, 26) is selected to provide an elemental indicator.

Figure 3D is a simplified cross section of a color changing pigment sheet 30 in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. The color-changing pigment sheet 30 is commonly referred to as a symmetric 5-layer Fabry-Perot interference sheet. The film stack 32 includes a reflective metal layer 34, two separator layers 36A, 36B, and two absorber layers 38A, 38B. The absorbing layer is typically a very thin translucent layer of chrome, carbon or other material. The reflective layer, the spacer layer and the absorbing layer are all optically active, that is, they contribute to the optical performance of the color changing pigment flakes. Each side of the sheet provides a similar Fabry-Perot interference structure to the incident light, and thus the sheet is optically symmetric. Alternatively, the color-changing pigment flakes are full dielectric pigment flakes or 3-layer flakes, such as an absorbent layer/dielectric layer/absorbent layer.

As is well known in the art of optical pigmentation, the color and color course of the color changing pigment flakes are determined by the optical design of the flakes, i.e., the material and thickness of the layers in the film stack 32. The optical design of the color-changing pigment flakes 30 is typically selected to match the optical properties of the matrix pigment flakes that will be mixed. The color changing pigment sheet 30 is shaped (see Figure 3A, reference numeral 18), and optionally includes other indicia such as surface grid patterns and/or elemental indicators.

For example, the reflective layer includes an elemental indicator that is a reflective metal different from the matrix pigment flakes or that includes one or more additional element indicator layers that may or may not be optically active (see Figure 3C, reference numerals) 28). Alternatively or additionally, the separator layers 36A, 36B and/or the absorbent layers 38A, 38B comprise an element indicator. For example, if the matrix pigment flakes use MgF ₂ , SiO ₂ or Al ₂ O ₃ as the separator material, the concealed pigment flakes 30 use different separator materials such as TiO ₂ or ZnS. Separating and/or absorbing indicator materials include elements that are readily detectable using elemental analysis.

In some embodiments, different separation materials and/or reflective materials are used to produce a concealed pigment flake 30 having optical properties different from the matrix flakes. For example, the color paths may be different even though the concealed and substrate sheets have similar colors at normal incidence. In general, low refractive index spacer materials such as MgF ₂ and SiO ₂ provide a higher color path ("fast-changing" pigment) than high refractive index spacer materials such as ZnS and TiO ₂ . However, the concealed flakes can be added to the matrix pigment flakes at relatively high concentrations even if the color process does not exactly match the color course of the matrix flakes, as most of the average observer cannot detect an embodiment in accordance with the present invention. The difference between the mixture and the 100% matrix flakes.

4 is a cross section of a varnish 40 having a concealed sheet 42 dispersed in a carrier 44, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The carrier is clear or toned, and the concealed sheet 42 is at a concentration that is selected to avoid general visual detection. An optional color coating or a bright (eg, "chrome") coating 46 has been applied to the target 48 under the varnish 40. The varnish 40 provides a hidden security feature to the target without disturbing its appearance. In a particular embodiment, the optional color coating 46 is an image printed with pearlescent or color changing pigments to provide an outward security feature to the target. The target is, for example, a document, product, package or seal. The varnish 40 enables the provision of a covert security feature to an object that already has a covert security feature without significantly changing the appearance of the object. For example, if the stock has been printed with an external security feature and then a hidden security feature is to be provided to the stock, then the security feature is a varnish 40 or similar ink composition (ie, a substantially transparent ink combination containing the concealed sheet). ()) printed. In another embodiment, additional concealed security features are provided to objects that already have one or more concealed security features. In a particular embodiment, the concealed sheets constitute no more than 2% of the varnish.

Figure 5 is a cross section of a composition 50 (i.e., ink or paint) comprising a matrix pigment flake 16 dispersed in a binder or carrier 52 and a shaped concealed foil 18, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. The concealed sheet 18 has a selected shape or other indicia such as an element indicator or a surface grid pattern. Composition 50 has been applied to a target 48 such as a label, product package, banknote or consumer item.

Adding a concealed sheet to an existing ink or paint composition provides a hidden security feature to images made from ink or paint. For example, inks with color-changing pigments are used to provide color-changing images on banknotes or other objects as an out-of-the-box security feature. A concealed sheet according to an embodiment of the invention is added to the ink and the resulting mixture is used to print images that appear to be substantially similar to those images printed with the original ink. Therefore, after the concealed security feature is added, the general observer of the banknote does not notice the change in the appearance of the external security feature (ie, the discolored image). The sign of the concealed sheet indicates, for example, the date of manufacture, the place of printing, and/or the source of the ink (manufacturer).

III. Experimental results

The test standard for the use of 100% magenta-green light-recessed ("OVI") pigment flakes was fabricated and measured. Both bright and photo-labeled samples have a grid pattern of 2000 lines per mm which makes the marking sheets more easily distinguishable from matrix pigment flakes (ie, positioned) and more difficult to counterfeit. The grid pattern was clearly visible at about 400 x and did not induce the visible light diffraction properties of the images printed with the test compositions. It is believed that the low portion of the marking sheet is not well oriented to the observer to avoid diffraction. In an alternate embodiment, the finer grid pattern is included on the shaped marking sheet. These shapes are identifiable at the first magnification of the microscope, but the grid pattern is not easily visible at this first magnification. The grid pattern is visible at higher magnifications. It is believed that including a marker sheet having a selected shape or symbol to include the grid pattern further enhances the concealing nature of the marker sheet because the counterfeiter may see the shape or symbol under microscopic examination, but the grid pattern is not visible and thus in the counterfeit article Does not include the grille pattern.

The first test sample ("Sample 1") contains a conventional (matrix) of 90% (by weight) mixed with 10% by weight of a magenta to green OVI pigment flake ("marked flake") with a grid Fuchsia to green pigment flakes. The marked sheets are easily detected by conventional microscopic examination, and the color performance of the mixture is the same as the test standard because the color of the marking sheet matches the color of the substrate sheet. Similar color matching involves careful monitoring of the manufacture of the marking sheets and the novel optical design used to mark each color of the sheet will typically be used to match each color of the substrate sheet.

Another approach is to use a standard marking sheet design that can be used with many different color matrix sheets. A brightly marked sheet using an aluminum reflective layer that imparts a "silver white" appearance to the sheet was also evaluated. The production of bright flakes is relatively simple and is extremely detectable at 5% concentration when mixed with chromogenic matrix pigment flakes. Brightly labeled sheets are used with a plurality of colored matrix pigments to provide concealed security features. The amount of brightly labeled flakes in the composition will depend on the desired result. For example, the color performance of a dent blend containing 5% brightly labeled flakes mixed with a magenta to green OVI matrix is distinguished in a parallel comparison from a composition of 100% magenta to green OVI flakes. Compositions that are generally indistinguishable from 100% magenta to green OVI flakes use less than 5% of bright flakes, such as in bright red to green OVI flakes, where the concentration of brightly labeled flakes is between about 0.25 wt% and 3% wt% combination. It is believed that bright flakes having a concentration greater than 5% can be added to the pigment flakes to provide a lighter or less dark color without significantly altering the appearance of the composition. Brightly labeled flakes are easily detectable at appropriate magnifications even at concentrations below 1% because the combination has a selected shape and a different color (eg, "silver white" instead of magenta).

IV. Exemplary methods

Figure 6 is a flow diagram of a method 600 of making a pigment flake in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. A roll of substrate is provided having an unembossed ("smooth") portion and an embossed portion at a ratio of selected deposition surface areas of the roll substrate (step 602). In an embodiment, the embossed portion is embossed with a frame for producing a sheet having a selected shape. In an alternate embodiment, the embossed portion is embossed in a grid pattern or symbol. In an alternate embodiment, the substrate is patterned using methods other than embossing, such as laser ablation. At least one film layer is deposited on the roll substrate (step 604), and the deposited one or more film layers are processed into sheets (step 606) to produce a sheet mixture having a selected amount of marking sheets. The yield of the marking sheet depends on factors such as the type of film layer being processed, the nature of the border, the pattern of the grid or the symbols and the processing parameters.

For example, referring to Figures 2A and 2B, if 10% of the surface of the roll substrate is embossed by a grid or symbol, a yield of about 10% of the marked sheet having the grid pattern or symbol is expected. If the 10% surface of the roll substrate is embossed with a diamond border, a yield of about 9% is expected for the dielectric-metal-dielectric sheet because there is a 10% yield when processing the patterned portion of the film stack into a formed sheet. loss. Similarly, about 5% yield is expected for a shaped full dielectric sheet because there is a 50% yield loss when processing the patterned portion of the film stack into a formed sheet.

Although the invention has been described above with respect to various specific embodiments, one aspect of the invention that provides a significant advantage will now be described.

By way of example, one embodiment of the present invention that provides significant advantages is the use of a border or border of a framed symbol or a bordered border with such borders on a substrate material that is used to form a coating thereon. .

Turning now to Figure 7, a photograph of a thin layer having a plurality of euro symbols is shown, wherein each of the symbols on the thin layer has an embossed border surrounding it. This is typically accomplished by embossing an organic substrate such as a PET substrate with a bordered € symbol and then coating the substrate with a removable coating. Figure 8 is a photograph of the sheets separated from their substrate or substrate. This photo clearly shows that most of the symbols are complete, and it seems that few cracks enter or pass through the symbols. By using the present invention, very few of the sheets in the figure are broken in such a way that the symbol is blurred. However, it is shown that the border does not exist along all sides of the sheet after the sheet has broken from the substrate on which it is deposited. Some sheets do not have boundaries and other sheets may have one and up to four boundaries. However, this is understandable. Since the border of the border separates the sheet from its nearest sheet, the border typically remains attached to a sheet and its adjacent sheet on the other side of the border of the border when the sheet is separated. However, the presence of this border boundary causes most of the sheets to break at the border line, on one side of the frame or on the other side, providing a relatively uniform sheet with relatively straight edges. Typically, each of the sheets carrying the symbol will have at least one boundary or frame portion joined thereto after being separated from the web or substrate on which it is deposited. Preferably, the frame is easier to cut than other portions of the sheet.

Figure 9 is a photograph of a plurality of Mg-Gn flakes carrying μ symbols in which stress cracks due to lack of a bezel and results in significant random break lines, so that the flakes randomly break some symbols and destroy other symbols. Figure 9 illustrates stress cracking throughout the sheets, which causes sheet separation due to the effects of such cracks. In addition, the crack continues to appear in the sheet thereby blurring the symbol. Providing a bezel in accordance with the present invention does not completely prevent stress cracking, however, a method is provided in which such cracks can be controlled to a greater extent to break along the border line or preferentially along the bezel line. In contrast to Figure 9, an embodiment of the invention, shown in conjunction with Figures 7 and 8, provides a manner in which the sheets can be separated along predetermined boundaries whereby the shape and integrity of the symbols are retained to a greater extent on the sheet and generally Do not obscure the hidden symbols in the sheet.

Cracks that appear in un-framed symbols appear and expand in more fragile, glass-like dielectric materials, but the border lines provided in the thin layer of the bordered symbol shown in Figure 7 stop and change paths to Continue with its expansion. Providing a bezel produces a preferential breakage of the flake along the border line. Most of the cracks observed in the sheet of Figure 8 do not completely pass through the total thickness of the sheet, but stop at the more elastic metal core (Al/Ni/Al) level of the sheet, resulting in the original embossed symbol. The clarity and harmful shielding effect.

The sheets in Figures 8 and 9 are about 1300 nm or 1.3 microns thick and have the following layer structure: 10 nm Cr/480 nm MgF ₂ /80 nm Al/50 nm Ni/80 nm Al 480 nm MgF ₂ /10 nm Cr. Ni is present to provide a magnetic layer that exhibits an outward appearance.

Turning now to Figure 10, a photograph of a plurality of bordered symbols in a plurality of sheets lacking any hidden symbols or borders, wherein the ratio of the bordered symbols to the other sheets is 1:10. There are two interesting aspects of this embodiment. At the first detection level, a 100 x hand-held microscope can detect the presence of a concealed sheet having a Euro symbol, and in addition, it can quickly estimate that the ratio of concealed to non-concealed symbols is about 1:10. In addition, it compares the ratio of square symbols to randomly shaped sheets to provide some measure of the identification. Thus, the shape, distribution, and identification of the symbols within the shape of the border can be used to determine whether the coating is authentic within a certain range of confidence.

Although a sheet having a symbol surrounded by a border or a frame is usually broken into a desired shape along a border line or groove, as indicated by the euro in the framed border of FIG. 10, there is an undesired break along the embossed line forming the symbol. Open situation.

Referring now to Figure 11a, there is shown a cutaway section defining a substrate 110 of only a portion of the array, and more particularly, a substrate having an entire sheet and a portion adjacent thereto in which other sheets are formed. In this exemplary embodiment, the depth of the groove 111 forming the boundary or the frame 111 is formed because the boundary character or the bordered sheet which is required to carry the character "JDSU" and the attached mark is broken along the frame boundary 111 so that the sheet shape is square. Generally, it is deeper than the groove forming the mark 112 or the letter 113. Preferably, the ratio of the depth of the bezel to the depth of the mark or text is at least 10:8 and preferably greater to ensure that the flakes are broken and cut along the border of the bezel, i.e., within the bezel of the bezel. Figure 11b is a cross-sectional analysis indicating the relative depth of embossing on the substrate. The groove defining the frame is U-shaped and wider than the V-shaped and narrower grooves defining the logo and the text. Preferably, the coating material for coating the substrate and forming the sheet fills the groove of the character and the mark more than the groove for filling the frame. This increases the rupture of the bezel and reduces the rupture of the groove along the defined text or logo. Figure 11c corresponds to Figures 11a and 11b and is a normal view of the substrate.

In contrast to Figure 11a, Figure 11d is a substrate with mirrored relief, with the bezel bounded by the walls and with the text and logo protruding from the bottom of the substrate. Figure 11e shows the relative height of the walls and Figure 11f is a normal view of the substrate. When the thin layer of the sheet is removed from the substrate, the logo and the border are still defined by the wall.

Figure 12a is a cross-sectional view of a prior art framed sheet wherein the grooves defining the indicia in the form of letters or logos have the same depth as the grooves defining the frame. Although a full double-walled U-shaped bezel is shown to illustrate the difference between Figures 12a and 12b, after the sheet is separated from its substrate, it will typically not have a double-walled U-shaped bezel, as the sheet should break along the bezel channel. A dashed line is shown to indicate where the sheet is expected to be severed when the sheet is separated from the substrate. However, since the groove depth in Fig. 12a is the same for both the groove and the symbol, it is likely that some of the sheets will be cut along the symbol groove. As can be seen by observing Figure 12b, the height or depth of the groove defining the symbol is approximately half the height or depth of the groove defining the frame. That is, the border is darker than the symbol. This ensures that most of the lamella will be cut along the bezel groove instead of being cut along the symbol groove. In general, the border groove and the symbol groove are preferably at least 3:2 and preferably 4:2 or larger.

The sheets of Figures 12a and 12b are shown to have a uniform coating wherein the thickness of the sheets on the top, bottom and side walls are substantially the same.

Using a coated physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique (ie, evaporating or sputtering a material striking a substrate at a normal or near normal line to a substrate) results in a deposited layer on the top, bottom, and sidewalls The same thickness. However, in practice, PVD deposition produces atoms that are incident on the substrate at an oblique angle, as shown in Figure 13b, and such oblique tracks create anomalies that result in thickness variations. For an extremely inclined trajectory, the opening of the groove in the deeper groove will have a thinner coating than the bottom, which is desirable in the case of rupturing the lamella along the groove.

The higher the aspect ratio, the greater the difference between the features at the bottom, top and side walls. This phenomenon is well known in the fabrication of semiconductor devices having high aspect ratio features.

Sheet fracture can occur via different mechanisms.

Wear is a fracture that occurs by applying a force parallel to the surface of the sheet. Cutting is a fracture caused by applying a shear force to the sheet. Compression or impact is a fracture caused by applying a vertical force to the surface of the sheet. Usually the fracture can be attributed to a combination of these mechanisms. These mechanisms can occur during post-sheet processing and paint application processes. For example, material grinding can occur during liquid phase mixing operations necessary to improve ink and paint uniformity.

Mechanically induced wear and cutting by mechanical shearing typically occurs during certain printing applications where the sheet is forced through the screen. An example of this is the interaction of the flakes in the ink with the blades in the annelox system during the flexo printing or gravure application or during the rotary screen application when the applicator forces the ink flakes through the screen. . This interaction is similar to that used in the grinding process known as the "knife grinding method". In this method, the grinding action is obtained by cutting the rotating assembly of the particles using a doctor blade or a blade.

Impact grinding can occur by high speed mechanical interaction with other sheets or with equipment for post processing and coating.

Nevertheless, surface irregularities will concentrate on the load applied to the sheets, resulting in a non-uniform load distribution.

This non-uniform load distribution is shown in Figure 14a. The applied energy depends on the location of the break point (region) on the sheet and there is a local difference. For example, if it is considered to be broken by wear, the shear stress occurring at the bottom of the deep feature indicated by zone 1 is higher than the shear stress at the bottom of the shaded feature shown in zone 2 of Figure 14b. Furthermore, as explained above, it is expected that the microstructure of the bottom of the deep feature is more fragile than the microstructure of the shadow feature.

While the present invention provides a way to cause the sheet to break along the border line rather than along the marking line or groove, the embodiments described below protect the sheet from undesired further breakage after the sheet is separated from the substrate. Figure 15 shows a sheet that has been encapsulated in a protective coating.

In this embodiment, the sheet may be coated with a high dielectric index material (such as ZnS, TiO ₂ , SiO _x , Al ₂ O _{3 ,} etc.) or the dielectric/metal multilayer sheet may be enhanced by a symbol-observable translucent material ( Such as sol-gel (SiO _x ) coating. If the sheet is made of a low refractive index material of n < 1.65, encapsulating the sheet with a high refractive index material (i.e., n greater than or equal to 1.65) produces a microstructured sheet having dichroism. This embodiment is essentially a stack of alternating high/low/high dielectric layers forming a shaped/signed wafer having a concealing function and a visual optical effect similar to a pearlescent pigment.

Advantageously, the packaging process will not only improve the durability of the sheet, but also provide additional functionality to the microstructured sheet. It is well known to encapsulate non-surface compatible by sol-gel or other wet chemical methods, as opposed to vacuum vapor deposition (PVD or CVD). For example, this is used in ophthalmic optical coatings to mask scratches or other surface defects during the molding of the molded glasses.

Encapsulation by incompatible coatings in wet chemical processes tends to fill voids such as grooves present in the embossed sheet, reducing non-uniform loading that is already on the frangible regions of the sheet, thereby improving fracture properties. In contrast, the compatible coating will have a coating of substantially the same thickness throughout the substrate microstructure deposited from the (etc.) layer. An incompatible coating, such as a wet chemical coating, will have a tendency to fill the gaps in the microstructure and thus "flatten" the sheet. This is extremely advantageous because it provides the benefit of embossing the lamella to make visible visual effects, and wherein the lamella is then planarized in a manner that preserves or enhances the visual effect.

Coating embossed sheets in this manner has particular applicability to "edible flakes" such as those used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Many FDA approved materials for consumption for the "edible sheet" include a dielectric material such as _{SiO x, TiO x, AlO x} , FeO x. However, such materials are more fragile than metal or polymeric materials and have been found to produce "edible charms" or "edible flakes" in accordance with the teachings of the present invention, wherein the border is more than the sheet. The markings are more susceptible to breakage, and coating such more fragile sheets with a sol-gel or other protective coating is highly advantageous in preventing some other breaks that may occur during post processing.

Improvements in fracture properties are also seen in the sheets coated with the translucent ductile material by the encapsulation method. In this case, the sheet is coated by depositing a thin layer of soft translucent polymeric material under vacuum. One suitable deposition method is the so-called plasma polymerization. This method is well known for coating SiO _x H _y , TiO _x H _y or CO _x H _y (which is a variation of plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of SiO ₂ , TiO ₂ and diamond-like carbon). In addition, some polymers may be vaporized by physical vapor deposition or even sputtered to produce a microstructured concealed marking function or to improve its durability.

10. . . file

11. . . Deposition substrate

11'. . . Deposition substrate

12. . . Security feature

13. . . Embossed part

13'. . . Embossed part

14. . . At least a portion of the security feature 12

14A. . . At least a portion of the security feature 14

15. . . Unembossed part

16. . . Matrix pigment particles

17. . . One roll

18. . . Concealed pigment flakes/formed concealed flakes

19. . . Another volume

20. . . Bright pigment flakes

20'. . . Bright flake

twenty two. . . Reflective layer

twenty two'. . . Reflective layer

22"...reflective layer

twenty four. . . Dielectric film layer

twenty four'. . . Dielectric film layer

26. . . Dielectric film layer

26'. . . Dielectric film layer

28. . . Element indicator layer

30. . . Color changing pigment flakes / concealed pigment flakes

32. . . Film stacking

34. . . Reflective metal layer

36A. . . Separation layer

36B. . . Separation layer

38A. . . Absorbing layer

38B. . . Absorbing layer

40. . . Varnish

42. . . Concealed sheet

44. . . Carrier

46. . . Optional color coating / bright paint

48. . . Target

50. . . combination

52. . . Adhesive / carrier

110. . . Substrate

111. . . Border border / border / border / groove

112. . . Identification

113. . . Text

Figure 1 is a plan view of a portion of a document having security features.

2A is a simplified diagram of a portion of a deposition substrate having an embossed portion and an unembossed portion.

2B is a simplified diagram of a portion of another deposition substrate 11' having an embossed portion 13' and an unembossed portion 15.

FIG. 3A is a simplified plan view of a portion 14A of one of the security features 14 shown in FIG. 1.

Figure 3B is a simplified cross section of a bright pigment flake.

Figure 3C is a simplified cross section of a bright sheet 20' providing an elemental fingerprint.

Figure 3D is a simplified cross section of a color changing pigment sheet 30 in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.

4 is a cross section of a varnish having an opaque concealed sheet dispersed in a carrier in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 5 is a cross section of a substrate sheet and an opaque concealing sheet dispersed in a binder according to another embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 6 is a flow diagram of a method of making a pigment flake in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 7 is a photograph of a thin layer of euro symbols carrying a plurality of square borders or borders embossed to the substrate.

Figure 8 is a photograph of a plurality of Mg-Gn color-changing sheets each having a Euro symbol and having a majority or a portion of a border surrounding the symbol.

Figure 9 is a photograph of a plurality of Mg-Gn μ symbols on a sheet, wherein the sheets are randomly broken due to the broken line due to the lack of a frame, retaining some symbols and destroying other symbols.

Figure 10 is a photograph of a plurality of bordered symbols in a larger number of sheets lacking any hidden symbols or borders, wherein the ratio of the bordered symbols to the other sheets is 1:10.

Figure 11a is an isometric view of an embossed substrate illustrating the depth of the bezel recess in the substrate.

Figure 11b is a cross-sectional analysis of the substrate shown in Figure 11a.

Figure 11c is a normal view of the substrate of Figure 11a.

Figure 11d is an isometric view of the cut embossed substrate illustrating the height of the bezel wall and the identification wall protruding from the substrate.

Figure 11e is a cross-sectional analysis of the substrate shown in Figure 11d.

Figure 11f is a normal view of the substrate of Figure 11d.

Figure 12a is an illustration of a cross section of a prior art sheet having a uniform coating.

Figure 12b is an illustration of a section of a sheet according to the present invention wherein the border depth is approximately twice the depth of the symbol.

Figure 13a is an illustration of a section of a sheet according to the invention wherein the coating on the wall is thinner than the coating on the bottom.

Figure 13b is an illustration of a section of a sheet according to the present invention.

Figure 14a is an illustration of a section of a sheet groove in which the coating of the top wall is thicker than the coating of the bottom of the groove, facilitating the fracture of the sheet along the groove.

Figure 14b is an illustration of a groove for defining a uniform coating thickness to define a sheet symbol.

Figure 15 is an illustration of a sheet according to the present invention in which the sheet is encapsulated in a light transmissive protective coating.

(no component symbol description)

Claims (25)

a plurality of pigment marking sheets, each sheet having a first surface; a mark in the form of one or more grooves defined by one or more regions having a second surface relative to the a first surface in the first direction, extends from the first surface to a maximum distance I _d, and a border which is provided by one or more defined in the peripheral wall of the sheet to at least partially surrounds the flag And each wall extends at least a distance F _h from the first surface in the first direction, wherein F _h &gt _; I _d . The plurality of pigment marking sheets of claim 1, wherein each of the sheets has a polygonal shape, wherein the frame has at least two walls, and wherein the one or more grooves are added to the bottom of the one or more grooves. The thickness _{Tf of} the sheet has a depth _Id + _Tf , where _Fh &gt _{; Id} + _Tf , wherein the one or more grooves defining the mark have complementary raised regions on opposite sides of the sheet. A plurality of pigment-labeled sheets of claim 2, wherein the indicia comprises a symbol or logo and each of the walls travels in a straight line. A plurality of pigment-labeled sheets of claim 2, wherein each of the sheets has the same symbol or logo. A plurality of pigment-labeled sheets of claim 2, wherein the F _h /I _d is at least 1.5. A plurality of pigment-labeled sheets of claim 2, wherein each sheet is encapsulated in a coating. A plurality of pigment-labeled sheets according to claim 6, wherein the coating is selected from the group consisting of metals, metal compounds, oxides, nitrates, polymers, and cermets. A plurality of pigment marking sheets as claimed in claim 2, wherein the marking comprises one or more grooves being V-shaped grooves. A plurality of pigment marking sheets of claim 8, wherein the walls have a surface that extends generally perpendicularly relative to the first surface. A plurality of pigment marking sheets as claimed in claim 2, wherein the markings are only visible at magnification. A plurality of pigment-labeled sheets of claim 3, wherein each of the sheets comprises a multi-layer coating to provide a visible optical effect. A plurality of pigment-labeled sheets of claim 2, wherein the sheets are coated with an incompatible coating that reduces the depth of the groove and wherein the marking is not obscured by the coating. A plurality of pigment-labeled sheets of claim 12, wherein the non-compatible coating enhances the contrast between the logo and the background such that the logo becomes more visible. A plurality of pigment-labeled sheets of claim 12, wherein the pigment-labeled sheets are edible sheets. Item plurality of pigment flakes marker request 1, wherein the distance of each person I _d F _h is larger than a thickness of a material of the pigment taggent flakes. A plurality of pigment-labeled sheets of claim 1, wherein a thickness of a material forming each of the pigment-labeled sheets is substantially uniform throughout the sheet. A plurality of pigment marking sheets as claimed in claim 1, wherein the border comprises a A structure that extends generally perpendicularly to the one or more walls and is substantially parallel to the first surface. A plurality of pigment marking sheets, each sheet comprising a first major surface having a bezel disposed around a side of at least two of the sheets defined by the wall, the walls extending upwardly or downwardly from the frame, and one having An area within the bezel of the first sheet surface, wherein at least one of the bezel walls has a height of at least a height F _h , and wherein the region within the bezel of the first major surface has a region formed therein a mark defined by one or more grooves having a depth less than I _d , wherein F _h &gt _; I _d , wherein each of the sheets has a thickness less than F _h in a region lacking the mark and the frame, wherein the frame forms the sheet One of the outer perimeters and at least partially surrounds and is separated from the sign. A plurality of pigment-labeled sheets of claim 18 which are coated with a light transmissive non-compatible coating to reduce the depth of the grooves in the sheet. A plurality of pigment-labeled sheets of claim 19, wherein the incompatible coating is effective to planarize the sheets. A plurality of pigment-labeled sheets according to claim 19, wherein the incompatible coating is a sol-gel coating. A plurality of pigment-labeled sheets of claim 18, wherein the pigment-labeled sheets are edible sheets. A plurality of pigment-labeled sheets of claim 18, wherein the thickness of each of the pigment-labeled sheets is substantially uniform throughout the pigment-labeled sheet. A plurality of marking sheets, wherein each marking sheet has a circumference and wherein each marking sheet comprises: a material layer having a first surface on a first side thereof and a second surface on a second side opposite the first side, wherein the material layer has a uniform thickness throughout the sheet, Wherein each of the marking sheets has one or more grooves formed therein to define a recognizable symbol, the one or more grooves having a maximum depth greater than one of the thicknesses of the marking sheets, and each of the marking sheets having an edge At least a portion of the perimeter is provided with a border having a border depth that is at least greater than 50% of the maximum depth of the one or more recesses. The plurality of marking sheets of claim 24, wherein the plurality of marking sheets comprise a first marking sheet and a second marking sheet, wherein the border is not provided along the entire circumference of the first marking sheet, and wherein the border is Provided along the entire circumference of the second marking sheet.