US1647478A - Means for producing intense periodic x-ray beams of short duration - Google Patents

Means for producing intense periodic x-ray beams of short duration Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US1647478A
US1647478A US693149A US69314924A US1647478A US 1647478 A US1647478 A US 1647478A US 693149 A US693149 A US 693149A US 69314924 A US69314924 A US 69314924A US 1647478 A US1647478 A US 1647478A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
permittor
cathode
circuit
ray
charging
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US693149A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Franklin S Smith
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
PRODUCTS PROT CORP
PRODUCTS PROTECTION Corp
Original Assignee
PRODUCTS PROT CORP
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by PRODUCTS PROT CORP filed Critical PRODUCTS PROT CORP
Priority to US693149A priority Critical patent/US1647478A/en
Priority to FR644808D priority patent/FR644808A/fr
Priority to DES82261D priority patent/DE546224C/de
Priority to GB28660/27A priority patent/GB294409A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US1647478A publication Critical patent/US1647478A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05G—X-RAY TECHNIQUE
    • H05G1/00—X-ray apparatus involving X-ray tubes; Circuits therefor
    • H05G1/08—Electrical details
    • H05G1/10—Power supply arrangements for feeding the X-ray tube
    • H05G1/20—Power supply arrangements for feeding the X-ray tube with high-frequency AC; with pulse trains
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J35/00—X-ray tubes
    • H01J35/02—Details
    • H01J35/04—Electrodes ; Mutual position thereof; Constructional adaptations therefor
    • H01J35/08—Anodes; Anti cathodes
    • H01J35/12—Cooling non-rotary anodes
    • H01J35/13—Active cooling, e.g. fluid flow, heat pipes

Definitions

  • This invention relates to X-ray apparatus and systems.
  • One of the objects of this invention is to provide a thoroughly practical X-ray apparatus and system' capable of periodically producing intense X-ray beams of relatively short duration. Another object is to provide I an apparatus and system of the above-mentioned nature in which great intensity of X-ray beam emanations may be achieved in a thoroughly safe and dependable manner. Another object is to provide an arrangement for dependably' exciting an X-raytube by impulse voltages. ,Another object is"to provide an apparatus of the above-mentioned character capable of continuous operation for periodically exciting one or more X-ray tubes to eflect periodic emanations of X-ray beams of the desired character.
  • Another obj ect' is to provide a thoroughly'eflicient yet simple arrangement for heatin the cathode filament of an X-ra tube or tu es to a temperature suificient or the emission of elec-- trons and moreover to achieve such heating of the cathode filament periodically to effect X-ray emanations of the desired character.
  • Other objects will be in part obvious or in part'pointed out hereinafter.
  • a and B designate t e low alternating voltage supply mains connected with which there are six circuits designated 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.
  • the circuit 1 comprises a step-up transformer 9, one end of the secondary of which is grounded 'at 9 while the other end is connected'to the cathode end of a. kenotron '10 and also to the anode end of a kenotron 11.
  • the first of these kenotrons, 10, is connected to a high resistor 12 which is connected with the junction 13. From. this point connection 1s made to one side of a" high voltage permittor 14. The other side of the latter is grounded at 15.
  • the kenotron 11' is connected through a high resistor 16 tothe junction point 17 From this point connection is made to one side of a high voltage permittor 18 the other side of which also is grounded at 15.
  • connection is made at 19 with the cathode ends of two X-ray tubes 20 and 21 of the hot cathode type. From the junction 17 connection is made at 22 with the anticathode ends of the said tubes.
  • the said anticathodes are of the water-cooled t' pe.
  • the tubes 20 and 21 are arranged in multiple in the discharge circuit of the permlttors 14 and 18.
  • the circuit 2 comprises a step-down transformer 23 the secondary of which is insulated from the primary for half the voltage of the X-ray tube excitation.
  • the said transformer 23 excites the filament or cathode 24 of kenotron 10 through the variable reactance 25.
  • the circuit 3 is similar to circuit 2. It comprises a step-down transformer 26, variable reactance 27 and filament 28 and it operates to excite the latter.
  • the circuit 4 comprises an induction motor 29 which drives through a shaft 30 of insulating material the pump 31.
  • T1115 motor 119 also drives by means of a belt 32 the fan 33.
  • the purpose of the apparatus described in connection with and as operated by this circuit is to effect circulation of water through the inlet pipes 34 and 35 and outlet pipes 36 and 37 and the radiator 38, for cooling the anticathodes' 38" and 38 of the X-ray tubes 20 and 21.
  • the shaft 30 of insulating material insulates the motor 29 from the pump 31 for half the voltage of the X-ray tube excitation.
  • the circuit 5 comprises a synchronous motor 39 which by means of a shaft 41 of insulating material drives a direct current generator 42.
  • the insulating shaft 41 affords insulation for half the voltage of the X-ray tube excitation.
  • the generator 42 is connected through low resistor 43 to one side of a low voltage permittor 44 through the junction 45. From the junction 45 multiple connection is made through variable resistors 46 and 47 with the filaments 48 and 49 of the X-ray tubes 20 and 21.
  • the filaments are connected in multiple with the sphere 50 which with a sphere 51 forms a fixed spark-gap.
  • the spheres 50 and 51 are insulated from each other for the full voltage of the generator 42.
  • the sphere 51 is connected to junction 52 from which connection is made to the other side of the permitter 44 and to a circular ring sector 52 COHStitlltlIlg one side of a switch designated as a whole at 53.
  • the other side consisting of a ring sector 53 of the switch 53 is connected to the generator 42 by means of connection 53
  • the generator 42 drives a cir- Quit controlling contactor 54 through reducing gears 55.
  • the contactor 54 is .carried by an arm 56 of insulating material.
  • the end of the insulating arm 56 is provided with a metallic sph'erc 57 which functions in circuit 6 as will be hereinafter described.
  • the said circuit 6 comprises a step-up transformer 58 of intermediate voltage, one side orone end of the secondary of which connected through kenotron 10 and resistor 12 to junction 13. From junction 13 connection is made to one side of a permittor 59 of intermediate voltage andto the sphere 50 to which reference has been made previously. The other side of the secondary of the transformer 58 is connected to the other side of the permittor 59 and to a metallic sphere 60 which with sphere 61 forms a fixed spark-gap. Sphere 61 is connected to the sphere 51 previously referred to, thus placing the spark-gaps between the spheres 50 and 51 and 60 and 61 in series.
  • a hot cathode X-ray tube depends for its operation is the fact that a highly evacuated space containing two metallic electrodes, one of which is incandescent and the other cold, possesses mas that R shall be a unilateral conductivity. In such a tube current will pass therethrough only when the negative electrode is incandescent.
  • the intensity of the X-radiation is precisely controlled by the temperature of the cathode filament.
  • a sensitive control of the temperature of the cathode filament is important because a small change in the filament heating current causes a great change in the tube excitation current; for example, a ten percent. (10%) change in the heating current causes a three hundred percent. (300%) change in the tube excitation current.
  • the life of atube is somewhat dependent upon the rate of evaporation of the filament and obviously the rate of evaporation is dependent upon temperature.
  • Each of the high voltage permittor-s 14 and 18 is slowly charged by the rectified voltage of the transformer 9 through the kenotrons 10 and 11 and the resistors 12 and 16 to the maximum transformer voltage. Therefore the voltage across the said permittors 14 and 18, which is the exciting voltage of the X-raytubes 20 and 21, is double the maximum transformer voltage.
  • the connections to the tubes 20 and 21 are made at the points 19 and 22, as heretofore stated, so that the inductance of the tube circuits will be equal.
  • the cathodes 48 and 49 of the X-ray tubes 20 and 21 are cold or rather their temperature isbelow that at which electron emission-is appreciable. During such periods the said tubes are therefore non-conducting. It is this feature which makes it possible to achieve such advantages as flow from the connection of the permittors directly to the X-ray tubes without a series sparlcgap in,
  • the intermediate voltage permittor 59 is slowly charged by half-wave rectification through kenotron 10 and resistor 12 by the intermediate voltage transformer 58. It is desirable that the relative polarities of the transformers 58 and 9 shall be such that kenotron 10 passes current alternately from said transformers.
  • the discharge circuit of the permittor 59 is as shown on the drawing across the two fixed series spark-gaps formed by thespheres 50 and 51 and 61 and 60.
  • the inductance of this circuit should be as low as practical and the constants such greater than 4L divided 4L 2 l
  • the discharge'then will be logarithmic or non-oscillatory. i
  • the generator 42 preferably a direct current generator, is driven preferably by the synchronous motor 39, the constant speed characteristics of the latter'thus assuring reasonably close constancy of voltage of the generator 42 for charging the permittor 44.
  • the permittor 44 is, in the course of its successive periods of charge, brought to substantially the same charge each time as the cyclic operation of the apparatus continues and thus there is assured a closely constant source of energy for bringing the cathodes 48 and 49 to incandescence.
  • the purpose of the permittor 44 is to store the energy with which, upon its discharge, to heat the cathodes 48 and 49 to incandescence. It is desirable that the temperature of the cathodes shall be raised at the highest practical rate.
  • the inductance of the discharge circuit preferably is as low as practical and the constants preferably the same as outlined for the discharge circuit of the permittor 59. Thus a high rate of discharge of the permittor 44 through the cathode or cathodes of the X-ray tube or tubes may be achieved and the temperature of the cathodes raised at a correspondingly high rate.
  • variable resistors 46 and 47 which preferably are of negative temperature coeflicient, are for the purpose 'of balancing the electron emission of the cathodes 48 and 49 which are of pofitive temperature coefficient. From time to time such balancing will be found to be necessary because of slight differences in manufacture and of changes in resistivity caused by evaporation.
  • the sphere 57 upon the outer end of the arm 56 of insulating material moves into osition between the spheres 60 and 61 so t at the permittor 59 discharges throu h its discharge circuit comprising the spar -gaps between spheres 50 charge of the permittor 59 causes the ionization of the air between the sphere electrodes 50 and 51,thus making conductive the space therebetween and thus closing the dis charge circuit of the permittor 44 through the cathodes 48 and 49; the permittor 44 in thus rapidly discharging through the X-ray tube cathode or cathodes, effects, through the resultant discharge current, the heating to incandescence of the cathode or cathodes at a very rapid rate.
  • a package of inteet infested material, such as cereal, is shown at 64 in position for treatment upon the supporting means 65, which may be a conveyer, with one span thereof traveling between the X-ray tubes 20 and 21.
  • any other suita le means than that shown may be employed for enabling the passage of current as or when desired through the discharge circuit of the permittor 44 vand alo that any other steep wave front means may be substituted for the cathode exciting permit-- tor or permittors 14 and 18.
  • a high voltage permittor means for periodically charging the said permittor, a discharge circuit for said permittor comprising an X-ray tube the oath ode of which is norma ly at a temperature insufficient for electron emission, and means for heating the said cathode to a temperature sufiicicnt for electron emission.
  • a high voltage permittor a discharge circuit for said permittor, said circuit comprising a plurality of X-ray tubes in multiple, the cathode filaments of said tubes being normally at a temperature insufficient for electron emiss on, and means for discharging a current through said filaments to effect heating thereof to a tempera ture sufficient for electron emission whereby the said permittor may discharge through the said X-ray tubes.
  • a discharge circuit for sail permittors comprising a plurality of X-ray tubes in multiple the cathodes of Which are normally cold, a permittor having a discharge circuit Including the said c'thodes in multiple and including also a fixed spark-gap, and means whereby the said second named permittor is caused to discharge through its discharge circuit to effect heating of the said cathodes to incandescence whereby the first named permittor is caused to discharge through the said X-ray tubes.
  • a discharge circuit for the said permittors comprising an X-ray tube the cathode of which is normally of a temperature insufficient for electron emission, a permittor having a discharge circuit including the said cathode and also including a fixed spark-gap, and means for automatically ionizing at intervals the air within said gap to render the said discharge circuit conducting whereby the filament of said cathode is rendered incandescent to therebyenable the first named permittors to be discharged through the said tube.
  • the said fixed spark-gap means whereby the SllCl last mentioned permittor is adapted to be discharged through its circuit to effect ionization of the air within the said fixed spark-gap to permit discharge of the-second named permittor to effect heating of the said cathode filaments to incandescence to thereby permit discharge of the first named permittors through the said X-ray tubes.
  • an X-ray tube having a filament cathode and an anode; means forming a source of high potential connected across said cathode and anode; an energizing circuit for said filament cathode having included therein a source of electrical energy, said filament cathode, and two spaced electrodes; and means for ionizing the gas between said electrodes and for thus making conductive the space between said two spaced electrodes, thereby to make effective said energizing circuit.
  • an X-ray tube having a filament cathode and an anode; means forming a source of high potential connected across said cathode and anode; an energizing circuit for said filament cathode having included therein a source of electrical energy, said filament cathode, and two spaced electrodes; and means for periodically making conductive the space between said two spaced electrodes, thereby to make said energizing circuit periodically effective for the production of periodic emanations of rays from said tube.
  • an X-ray tube in combination, an X-ray tube; an energizing circuit associated therewith and having included therein an electrode ofsaid tube, a source of potential and a spark gap; a permittor; a source of charging potential for said permittor; and a discharge circuit for said permittor having included therein said spark gap and a cirdependent of said source of potential for ionizing said gap, thereby to render said energizing circuit conducting.
  • an X-ray tube an X-ray tube; an energizing circuit associated therewith and having included therein an electrode of saidtube, a source of potential and a spark gap; apermittor; and a source of charging potential for said permittor, said permittor being connected across said spark gap and being adapted upon discharge across said gap to ionize the gas therein, thereby to render said energizing circuit conducting.
  • an Xray tube in combination, an Xray tube; and energizing circuit associated therewith and having included therein I an electrode of said tube, a source of potential and a spark gap; a permittor; a source of charging potential for said permittor; a discharge circuit for said permittor having includedtherein said spark gap and a second spark gap; and means for caus ng said permittor-to discharge across both said spark gaps, thereby to render said first-mentioned spark gap conductive and to render said energizing circuit efiective.
  • an X-ray tube having afilament cathode and an anode; means forming a source of high potential connected across said cathode and anode; an energizing circuit for sa d filament cathode having included therein a permittor and said filament cathode; means for causing said permittor to dischar e through said filament, thereby to heat the atter; and
  • an X-ray tube having a filament cathode and an anode; means forming a source of high potential connected across said cathode and anode; an energizing circuit for said filament cathode having included therein a permittor, said filament cathode, and a spark gap; means for charging said permittor; and means for breaking down said spark gap 'to cause said permittor to discharge through said filament cathode.
  • an X-ray tube having a filament cathode an ananode; means forming a source of high potential connected across said cathode and anode; an energizing circuit for said filament cathode having included therein a permittor, said filament cathode, and two spaced electrodes; means for charging said ermit tor; and means for making conductive the space between said two spaced electrodes, thet l'eby to make efiective said energizing circui 18.
  • an X-ray tube having a filament cathode and an anode; means forming a source of high potential connected across said cathode and anode; an energizing circuit for said fila ment cathode having included therein a permittor, said filament cathode and a circuit contrplling device; means for charging said permittor; and means for periodically operating said circuit controlling device to effect periodic discharges of said permittor through said energizing circuit.
  • an X-ray tube having a filament cathode and an anode; means forming a source of high potential connected across said cathode and anode; an energizing circuit for said filament cathode having included therein a permittor and said filament cathode;means for charging said permittor; and means for conan anode; means forming a source of high potential connected across said cathode and 4 anode; an energizing circuit for said filament cathode having included therein a permittor and said filament cathode; means for charging said permittor; and a mechanically actuated switch fonefiecting periodic discharge of said permittor through said energizing circuit.
  • an X-ray tube in combination, an X-ray tube; an energizing circuit associated therewith and having included therein an electrode of said tube, a source of po tential and a spark gap; and means for causing said spark gap to become conductive, said means including a permittor and a second spark gap, said. permittor being connected across said two spark gaps in series,-and means for reducing said second-mentioned spark gap, thereby to cause said permittor to discharge across both of said spark gaps; and means for charging said permittor.
  • an X-ray tube in combination, an X-ray tube; an energizing circuit associated therewith and having included there in an electrode of said tube, a source of potential and a spark gap and means for causing said spark gap to become conductive,
  • said means including a permittor and a second spark gap, said permittor bBlIlgCOIlIlGCted across said two spark gaps in series, and a mechanically actuated device for periodical- 1y reducing said second-mentioned spark gap, thereby to effect periodic discharge of said permittor across both of said spark gaps, and means for charging said permittor.
  • an X-ray tube in comb nation, an X-ray tube; an energizing circuit associated therewith and having included therein an electrode of said tube, a source of potential and a spark gap; and means for causing said spark gap to become conductive, said means including a permittor and a sec-' ond spark gap, said permittor being connected across said two spark gaps in series, a mechanically actuated electrode periodically movable between the electrodes of said second-mentioned spark gap for effecting a periodic discharge of said permittor across both of said spark gaps; and means for charging said permittor.
  • an X-ray tube In X-ray apparatus,jn combination, an X-ray tube; an energizing circuit associated therewith and having included therein an electrode of said tube and a permittor; a charging circuit for said permittor having included therein a sourceof potential for charging said permittor; and a switch adapted one position to make effective said charging circuit and said energizing circuit ineffective and in another position to make ineffective said charging circuit and to make effective said energizing circuit.
  • an X-ray tube in combination, an X-ray tube; an energizing circuit associated therewith and having included therein an electrode of said tube and a permittor; a charging circuit for said permittor having included therein a source of potential for charging said permittor; a switch adapted in one position to make effective said charging circuit and said energizing circuit ineffective and in another position to make ineffective said charging circuit and to make effective said energizing circuit; and means for sequentially moving said switch from one position to another.
  • an X-ray tube having a filament cathode and an anode; means forming a source of high potential connected across said cathode and anode; an energizing circuit for said filament cathode having included therein a permittor and said filament cathode; a charging circuit for said permittor having included therein a source of potential for charging the latter; and a switch adapted in one position to make efiective said charging circuit and said energizing circuit ineffective and in another position to make ineffective said charging circuit and to make effective said energizing circuit.
  • an X-ray tube having a filament cathode and an anode; means forming a source of high potential connected across said cathode and anode; an energizing circuit for said filament cathode havin included therein a permittor and said filament cathode; a charging circuit for said permittor having included therein. a source of potential for charging the latter; a switch idapted in one position to make effective said charging circuit and said energizing circuit-ineffective and in another position to make inefi'ective said charging circuit and to make eflective said energizin circuit; and means for sequentially moving said switch from one position to another.
  • an X-ray tube having a filament cathode and an anode; means forming a source of high potential connected across said cathode and anode; an energizing circuit for said filament cathode having included therein a permittor, said filament cathode, and two spaced electrodes; a charging circuit for said permittor; a switch adapted in one position to make effective said chargin circuit and in another position to open said charging circuit; and means controlled by said switch when in its second-mentioned position for making conductive the space between said two electrodes.
  • an X-ray tube having a filament cathode and an anode; means forming a source of high potential connected across said cathode and anode; an energizing circuit for said filament cathode having included therein a permittor, said filament cathode, and a spark gap; a charging circuit for said permittor; a source of potential for breaking down said spark gap; and a switch adapted in one position to make effective said charging circuit and in another position to make efi'ective said last-mentioned source of potential to break down said spark gap.
  • an X-ray tube having a filament cathode and an anode; means forming a source of high potential connected across said cathode and anode; an energizing circuit for said filament cathode having included therein a' permittor, "said filament cathode, and a spark gap: a charging circuit for said permittor; a source of potential for breaking down said spark gap; a switch adapted in one position to make effective said charging circuit and in another position to make efiective said last-mentioned source of potential to break down said spark gap; and means forsequentially moving said switch from one position to another.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • X-Ray Techniques (AREA)
  • Radiation-Therapy Devices (AREA)
US693149A 1924-02-15 1924-02-15 Means for producing intense periodic x-ray beams of short duration Expired - Lifetime US1647478A (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US693149A US1647478A (en) 1924-02-15 1924-02-15 Means for producing intense periodic x-ray beams of short duration
FR644808D FR644808A (fr) 1924-02-15 1927-10-21 Appareil et installation à rayons x
DES82261D DE546224C (de) 1924-02-15 1927-10-21 Anordnung zur Erzeugung kurzzeitiger Stoesse in Roentgenanlagen
GB28660/27A GB294409A (en) 1924-02-15 1927-10-27 X-ray system

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US693149A US1647478A (en) 1924-02-15 1924-02-15 Means for producing intense periodic x-ray beams of short duration

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US1647478A true US1647478A (en) 1927-11-01

Family

ID=24783518

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US693149A Expired - Lifetime US1647478A (en) 1924-02-15 1924-02-15 Means for producing intense periodic x-ray beams of short duration

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US1647478A (fr)
DE (1) DE546224C (fr)
FR (1) FR644808A (fr)
GB (1) GB294409A (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1193179B (de) * 1960-02-09 1965-05-20 Hans Jacobs Roentgenapparat
US20060078088A1 (en) * 2004-10-13 2006-04-13 Ge Medical Systems Global Technology Company, Llc X-ray Tube Cathode Overvoltage Transient Supression Apparatus

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE967325C (de) * 1951-11-09 1957-10-31 Licentia Gmbh Roentgenroehre

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1193179B (de) * 1960-02-09 1965-05-20 Hans Jacobs Roentgenapparat
US20060078088A1 (en) * 2004-10-13 2006-04-13 Ge Medical Systems Global Technology Company, Llc X-ray Tube Cathode Overvoltage Transient Supression Apparatus
US7340035B2 (en) * 2004-10-13 2008-03-04 General Electric Company X-ray tube cathode overvoltage transient supression apparatus

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE546224C (de) 1932-03-10
FR644808A (fr) 1928-10-15
GB294409A (en) 1928-07-26

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US2276994A (en) Electrotherapy
US2276995A (en) Electrotherapy
US1647478A (en) Means for producing intense periodic x-ray beams of short duration
US2617046A (en) X-ray apparatus
US1787300A (en) Electric-discharge device
US2122741A (en) Electric sterilization
GB696187A (en) Improvements relating to x-ray generators
US1961749A (en) Gaseous electric discharge device
US2240037A (en) Method and apparatus for producing x-ray flashes
US2159255A (en) Vapor electric tube
US1971940A (en) Gaseous electric discharge device
US2320685A (en) Vapor electric device
US2430309A (en) Electronic discharge device
US1723888A (en) Electric-discharge apparatus
US1696103A (en) Electric discharge tube
US1880092A (en) Electron discharge device
US2286790A (en) Starting circuit for fluorescent lamps
US2126787A (en) Electric lamp
US1723869A (en) Electrical discharge device
US2525205A (en) Electric device for the operation of x-ray tubes
US1923335A (en) Thermionic vapor discharge device
US1929124A (en) Space current device
US2197398A (en) Electrical gaseous discharge device
US2254909A (en) Ultraviolet discharge lamp
US1599989A (en) Rontgen tube and system and method for operating the same