US1842975A - Multiplying mechanism for computing machines - Google Patents

Multiplying mechanism for computing machines Download PDF

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US1842975A
US1842975A US28794427A US1842975A US 1842975 A US1842975 A US 1842975A US 28794427 A US28794427 A US 28794427A US 1842975 A US1842975 A US 1842975A
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sector
lever
digit
multiplicand
positive
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Alfredo Matticoli
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06G—ANALOGUE COMPUTERS
    • G06G3/00—Devices in which the computing operation is performed mechanically
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06G—ANALOGUE COMPUTERS
    • G06G3/00—Devices in which the computing operation is performed mechanically
    • G06G3/04—Devices in which the computing operation is performed mechanically for performing multiplications or divisions, e.g. variable-ratio gearing

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  • the object of the invention is multiplying mechanism for a calculating machine for carrying out multiplication of numbers by following the same process indicated by the i usual arithmetical rules, with the difference that while in the mental operation, every figure of the multiplicand has to be multiplied by all the fi res of the multiplier, successively, with t e present machine, by 1 lowering the key, correspondin to a multiplier. figure all the figures o the multiplicand are instantaneously and contemporaneously multiplied by that multiplier figure and the final result appears on the totalizing counter.
  • the present invention instead is based on a peculiar propert of the multiplication table, which placed 1n quite a new analytical form, allows of the immediate formation of each partial product of the operation, without successive additions.
  • the proportional movement forming the products is reduced to 25 units instead of 81 as in'some prior mechanisms.
  • My mechanism is based on a quite new theoretical principle which is based upon the table of Pythagoras, and which comprises the substitution of the digits greater than 5 by their complement to 10 in both the multiplicand and the multiplier. This has a functional importance in the mechanism as I shall demonstrate hereinafter.
  • the carrying of the tens is obtained by an ordinary or usual device for the products up to 5 X 5 and by special means (as hereinafter described) for the products between two digits one of which is or both of which are greater than 5.
  • Figures 4, 5, 6 and 7 indicate the mechanism for the formation of the products
  • FIG. 8 shows further details of the mechanism specified in Figures 4 and 6;
  • Figure 9 illustrates mechanism for inserting the multiplicand in the machine
  • Figure 10 illustrates an assemblage
  • Figure 11 illustrates the particulars of the lever for the multiplyin figure.
  • FIG. 12 illustrates t e diflerential actuating mechanism of the mechanism of Figure 10.
  • a O B C A () Figure 1) is a graduated sector pivoted at The extremities of the diameter AB are also marked 1 (at A) and 1 or 9 (at B).
  • the other points of the series 2, 3, 4 '3, 2 are marked on the diameter at a distance from the centre determined according to the reciprocal of every term, thus the 2 at a distance 1/2, the 3 at 1/3, the 4 at 1/4, the 5 at 1/5, the -4 or 6 at1/4 beyond the centre of rotation 0, the -3 or 7 5 at 1/3, the 2 or 8 at 1/2.
  • the circumferwards ( Figure 2) ence is divided into a suitable number of parts, the perpendicular CO registering zero and the circumferential divisions corresponding to the series of the natural numbers from 0 to 9 consecutively as shown in the drawing.
  • the indicating pointer C is outside the segment and is therefore stationary.
  • the unitary spaces are of course such that when connection ismade between the segment and the rod by one of the connecting links 1 or 9 (at points 1 or 1) one unit displacement at of the rod causes an elementary rotation of the segment through an angle 5 equal to one interval of its graduations.
  • the diameter AB of the segment represents the points 1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 1 of the abscissa of the table of the products given above (multiplicand)
  • the rod DE by its displacement represents the points of the ordinate (multiplier)
  • the graduation of the segment represents all the numbers of the product.
  • connection 4 is already fixed
  • the tens figures of the products are obtained according to the following rules comprising four cases in all, rules in which a represents the real figure of the multiplicand and consequently is always positive, and b the spaces through which the multiplier bar rises or descends and which therefore can be either positive or negative 1st case-multiplicand 5
  • the 2nd and the 3rd cases can be reduced to one only as a and b are interchangeable; but also here the multiplicand a is made always positive, because expressed by the if in the negative rotation of the segment the zero H althcugh arriving under the pointer -C does not pass it.
  • the tens figure is unity if the zeroF arrives under the pointer C or passes it; it is equal to 2 if the zero L reaches the pointer; it is nil, that is to say, the product consistsof one single figure if no zero reaches the pointer.
  • the digit 5 can be indifierently taken either positive or negative, but it has been considered positive for both multiplicand and multiplier.
  • the multiplicand digit is greater than 5, that is to say a negative one, (1st and 3rd cases) the tens formula has a term in b which is negative if the multiplier is also negative (1st case) and positive if the multiplier is positive (3rd case).
  • a multiplicand digit greater than 5, that is to say, a negative digit a feeding-in element has to be bound to the multiplier organ so as to subtract or add as many tens units as unitary spaces less one it moves in negative or positiye sense.
  • the multiplier digit is greater than 5, that is to say a negative one (1st and 2nd cases) the tens formula has the term in a which is always positive. Mechanically it means that to the negative movement of the multiplier organ a positive movement of a feeding-in element in the compoufid mechanism has to be associated to add as many tens units as the real multiplicand digit indicates less one.
  • the device for carrying over the tens has to be placed between the zero and the 9 of every counting-wheel so in the present system such a device has to be placed between 9 and the central zero C.
  • the 'groups A A B A B represent the numeration" columns and excepting the first group A on the right formed by one single system, they are composed of two systems of epicyclic gearings A and B ( Figures 6 and 8) connected by a common lever 11; in the first group A the lever 11 is joined to the fixed parts of the machine.
  • System A ( Figure 6) is composed of a differential sector 12 having two sectors of which one sector (that of minor radius) gears with a sector 13 which is integral with a if to ian angle 3/3;
  • lever 14 on which are situated, on the left and right of the fulcrum O (centre of rotation of the sector 13% ⁇ , the pivots 1, 2, 3, as on the diameter A of the segment of Figure 1.
  • the other sector of greater radius is connected with a sector 15 by means of a satellite 16 carried by the lever 11.
  • System B ( Figure 8) is composed of a differential sector 17 having two sectors one of which is geared, like that of system A, to a sector integral with a lever 18; of an intermediate sector 19;of an external sector 20; of a bell-crank lever '21, which supports the connecting satellite 22 between 19 and 17, and the lever 11 of system A which carries a satellite 23, which is on the same axle but on the opposite side to 16 and serves as connection between the sectors-20 and 19.
  • pivots 2, 3, 4:, 8, 9 the distances of which from the centre of rotation O", unity being the distance betweenO" and 2 are such that that of pivots 3 is 1/2, that of pivot 4 is 1/3, that of pivot 5 is 1/4, that of pivot 9 is 1/8, so that the connecting rod 24 joined successively to each of the pivots, and moving vertically through a small distance ,8 constant for every pivot forces the lever 18 to turn through angles varying according to the pivot chosen; thus, if applied, to pivot 2, to turn through an angle ,8; if to 3 an angle 2,8; and if to 9 an angle 8,8.
  • the horizontal arm of the bell-crank lever 21 has (pivoted to it a small plate 26 which is joine to the upper end of a connecting rod 25.
  • the small plate 26 which in the normal position has its axis on the axis of the horizontal arm of the lever 21, when forced by the connecting rod 25, must, before transmitting movement to the lever 21, rotate about its own pivot, in one sense or the other, through a certain angle o) the limits of which are defined by pins 27 fixed on the lever 21, and corresponding to one space a.
  • the operation of the lever 21 serves to give-the term i (b1) of the rules for the tens of the product, a term which in the first two cases is negative, and it will be seen that the rotation of 21 in this case is also negative, while in the 3rd and 4th cases it is positive and consequently also the rotation. of 21 must be positive.
  • the external sector 20 ( Figures 5 and 8) gears with a star shaped pinion 28 mounted on a fixed part of the machine, by means of pins, in order to make the sector itself rotate b one pin pitch to the right or the left accor ing to the sense of rotation of the annular sector 15 of the preceding group and upon the passing over of one of the pins 29 situated on it, the angle at the centre of the sector determined by these pins 29 being the angle corres ending to 10 pins of the annular he star shaped pinion 28 by means of spring pawls or the like, from which the said sector 15 disengages it on the passage of the pin 29 (mechanism, which for simplicity and because such is well known is omitted from the drawings but an example thereof is to be found in the specification and drawings of United States Patent No. 996,-
  • the pivot of the pinion 28 is situated on the bisectrix of the angle a determined by the two adjacent pins of sector 20 one which is on the centre vertical line of the sector 29 and the other next following on the left, seeing that clockwise rotation of the sector has been taken as positive.
  • the sector 15 ( Figures 4 and 6) has also external teeth the pitch of which determines at 0 the same angle 6 as between two consecutive pins of the sector 20, teeth which mesh with the pinion 31 having 10 cogs and which can be disengaged from sector 15 and engaged either directly, or by means of ordinarily interposed gearing with the wheels of an accumulator in order to transfer thereto the number represented by its degree of rotation resulting from the rotation forced upon it by that of the sector 15 to which it is geared.
  • the pins 29 of the sector 15 are rigid and transmit an intermittent movement to the star shaped pinion 28 both in a positive and negative direction, while the pin 30 situated on the bisectrix of the sector 15, is yieldable and has the same function as a one-way catch so that on encountering the star shaped pinion 28 during negative rotation of the sector it yields, while upon positive rotation of the same it makes it rotate by one cog, namely, it works the pinion 28 by making it rotate one cog only when passing from left to right of it, while it leaves it motionless when passing from right to left.
  • the levers 14, 18 and 21, and, intermittently the external sector 20, are the feeding-in elements, while the sector 15 is the sole receiving element of each group of compounded epicyclic gearing A B.
  • the radii of the circumferences of the gearing and the extent of rotation of the levers 21 determined by the pivot to which the connecting rod 25 of the small plate, 26 is joined, are calculated in a way so that on one elementary angle of rotation a) of the lever 21, and elementary rotation e of the sector 15 follows, exactly as for an elementary rotation on of lever 14 or an elementary rotation B. of the lever 18; angle 5 corresponds to the rotation by one cog of the external gearing of the sector 15 and consequently to the rotation through 1/10 of the circumference of the pinion 31.
  • the setting-up of the digits of the multiplicand is accomplished by joining the feedingin elements of the systems to the connecting rods 32, 24, 25 joined to the two movable frames 33, 34 ( Figure 10) common to all the systems; and this is repeated for every digit of the number to be set-up, uniting the frame 33, by means of the relative connecting rod 32, to the corresponding pivot of lever 14 of system A, and frame 34, by means of the corresponding connecting rod 24, to the corresponding pivot of lever 18 of system B of the successive group AB on the left.
  • the first digit on the right of the number is set-up by determining the couplings peculiar to the digit between the frame 33 and lever 14 of system A and between the frame 34 and the lever 18 of system B of the group A B
  • the second digit is set-up by determining the the linking up of the connecting rod 25 with the frame 33 which is thus joined to the lever 21 of the system B on the left of the group to which column the digit belongs.
  • the connecting link 32 has also forced the lever 14 of system A to rotate in a positive sense; through an angle corresponding to 16 divisions.
  • the connecting link 25 has also been lowered with 33 through a space 4a and has forced the lever 21 of system B to rotate in a negative sense, through an angle 3w, for the movement through one angle a) affects only the small plate 26, and the connecting link 24 has forced the lever 18 of the same system B to rotate through an angle 5,8 because, as has been explained the degree of rotation of the pivot 6 of 18 is 5 times that given by the pivot 2 if connected and moved through the space ,8.
  • the three discs 31 of groups A B A B Will then display the digits 1 5 6 which form the number representing the product of 26 X 6.
  • Example 392919 X 7 27 50433 2 7 5 0 '4 a 3Finalresult 18 can be counterbalanced in the group A B so that the receiving element 15 does not move at all, or the compounding motion in group A B can have as result a positive motion for element 15.
  • frame 33 precedes in its movement at least by the time it takes to be displaced through one space or, the movement of frame 34, so that element 15 has to turn in negative sense bringing its yieldable pin 30 to the left of the tens transfer device 28 (without acting on it).
  • element 15 has to turn in negative sense bringing its yieldable pin 30 to the left of the tens transfer device 28 (without acting on it).
  • lVhen by the motion of frame 34 element 15 has a positive rotation with the result of the compounding movement as in the 4th and 2nd columns it comes back to its starting position or passes it in positive direction and the pin 30 is com pelled to pass again to the right of the device 28 and effect the tens transfer.
  • the frames 33 and 34 are formed of two parallel members connected to the fixed parts of the machine in such manner that the only movement allowed them is a simple rectangular movement perpendicular to their common plane which is parallel to the arms of all the levers 14, 18 and 21.
  • frame 33 is composed of as many bars 35a and 35?) as there are levers 14 and 21 in all groups AB of the machine.
  • the bars 35a are situated under the levers 14 and each carries nine connecting-levers 32 set on the nine pivots corresponding to the points 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 2, -1 of the respective lever 14; the bars 35?) have the unique pivot 40 to engage the connecting-tie 25 of lever 21.
  • Frame 34 is positioned under frame 33 and is composed of as many bars 34d as there are levers 18 in all systems B of the machine; they are situated under the same levers 18 bearing the connecting-ties 24 set on the pivots 346 which correspond to the points 2,3 7,8, 9 of lever 18.
  • the connecting-ties 32 are toothed at one end for the purpose of engaging the corresponding pivots of lever 14 (these pivots form a sector of a spindle-gear to insure a proportional angular rotation of lever 14) and at the other end have together with connecting-tie 25 a suitable hole to allow the sliding-bars 39b, 39c and 39a of the keyboard system to command them for engaging and disengaging connecting-ties 32 on lever 14 or connecting-ties 25 on pivot 40 and at same time to be free from the motion of frame 33 which goes only upward and downward.
  • the connecting-ties 24 are "pivoted on frame 34 and are provided at one end with a hook to engage a corresponding point on lever 18 and at the other end with a suitable hole which allows the sliding-bar 39d to act the connecting-ties 24 and to be free from the motion of frame 34 which goes only downward.
  • sliding-bar 39a for every system B, whilst there are five sliding-bars 39b for the numbers (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) and four 390 for thenumbers (-4, 3, -2, 1) that is 6, 7, 8, 9, for every system A and the sliding bars 390? are 8 in number for every system B.
  • the drawings show the lever 14 of a system A and the system B adjacent.
  • the multiplier system is formed by the groups AB in which 4 feeding-in elements give the compounding of their angular rotation to the receiving element of system A. But the insertion of the digits forming a number requires for each digit to bind to the primary movable elements the feeding-in element of the corresponding system A and the feeding-in elements of system B in the adj a.- cent group. Sehematically the insertion of a numberin the machine can be represented as follows:
  • Frame 33 will be raised for 3 spaces and the corresponding numbering wheel by the rotation of lever 14 is forced to turn for 9 teeth in positive direction and signal the number 9.
  • Frame 33 will be pulled down three emma spaces and frame 34 only one space.
  • the corresponding numbering Wheel of system A is forced to rotate for 9 teeth in negative direction and signals the number 1, whilst the number wheel of the adjacent s stem B by the rotation of lever 18, is orced to rotate for two teeth (31) in positive direction and signals the number 2.
  • the numbering wheel system indicates the number 21, that is the product of 3 X 7.
  • the key 7 upon being pushed down acts on the corresponding connecting-tie 390 which enga es lever 14 at the point -3 of the system i and couples the connecting-tie 25 of the adjacent system B to the bar 35?) of frame 33; at the same time engages .the corresponding connecting-tie 24 with lever 18 of the same system B If the digit 7 is to be multiplied by 3:
  • multiplier keys of digits from 1 to 5 act only on frame 33 raising it 1, 2, 3, 4 .or 5 unit spaces upward; and those of digits from 6 to 9 act on frames 33 and 34 pushing frame 33 respectively 4, 3, 2 or 1 unit spaces downward and frame 34' always 1 space [3 downward.
  • the sliding bars 36 are actuated through a system of levers by the keys 37 corresponding to the digits of the multiplier. Their path of movement is constant and their upper surface or under surface is so fashioned and stepped as to render the movement safe and with less friction.
  • the height of the step varies according to the digit and is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 spaces or for the keys from 1 to 5 and 1, 2, 3'or 4 spaces for the keys from 9 to 6.
  • the edge of the bar engages the frame 33, which is provided with a roller 38 to reduce friction, and the relative step for effecting movement of the frame 33, is the upperside for the digits 1 to 5 and the underside for the digits 6 to 9.
  • the sliding bar 36 is of two steps so arranged that while one engages the frame 33, the other engages the frame 34 only that in this latter the step is constant for all the digits 6, 7, 8 and 9 as the frame 34 must be lowered in any case by one space ,8 only, so that the position of the steps with respect to the movement of the bar is such that it accomplishes first, or at least it begins first the movement of the frame 33 and then that of 34. It is obvious that in the normal position the rods of the multiplier keys do not prevent the movement of the frames 33 and 34 as also the rods 36 are situated in manner to permit free movement of the two frames.
  • each digit determines in the mechanism corresponding to its column of numeration the coupling between the frames 33 and 34 and the feeding-in elements 14, 18, 21 of the mechanism itself if greater than 5; but between the frames33 and 34 and the elements 14 and- 18 only if equal to or, less than 5.
  • Multiplying mechanism for calculating machines comprising multiplicand digit keys, mechanism operated by said keys for setting up the multiplicand digits employing ordinary positive magnitudes for those digits one to five and the complement to ten negatively for those over five, a totalizing counter for indicating the product, multiplier digit keys, and multiplier mechanism employing positive and negative magnitudes for the multiplier digits similar to those of the multiplicand and connected with the multiplicand setting up digit means so that when operated by said multiplier digit keys all the figures of the multiplicand are instantaneously and simultaneously multiplied by the multiplier digit and the final result is indicated upon the totalizing counter.
  • Multiplying mechanism for calculating machines comprising means for setting up the multiplicand digits; a totalizing counter for indicating the final product; multiplier digit keys; mechanism operated by said multiplier digit keys for simultaneously multipling each multiplicand digit by the multiplier digit, said mechanism consisting of means for forming the unit figure of each partial product, means for carrying the tens figure of each product of the digits up to 5 X5, and compounding means for compounding and feeding in the tens figure of each product of digits one of which is or both of which are greater than 5, so that the final total product appears on the totalizing counter.
  • Multiplying mechanism for calculating machines comprising means for setting up the multiplicand digits; a totalizing counter for indicating the final product; multiplier digit keys; a first differential sector system for each denominational order of the multiplicand which work out the units figure of the partial product for that order, a second differential sector system for each denominational order of the multiplicand which compounds and feeds in the tens figure of the partial product for that order, means for carrying forward any value from the preceding multiplicand denominational order; and means for connecting each of the sector systems with the multiplier digit key so that upon operation of said key all the multiplicand digits are simultaneously multiplied by the multiplier digit and the final total prodnot appears on the totalizing counter.
  • Multiplying mechanism for calculating machines comprising means for setting up the multiplicand digits; a totalizing counter for indicating the final product; multiplier digit keys; a first differential sector systemfor each denominational order of the multiplicand which works out the units figure of the partial product for that order; a second differential sector system for each denominationalorder of the multiplicand which compounds and feeds in the tens figure of the partial product for that order; means for carrying forward any value from the preceding multiplicand denominational order; means for connecting each first sector system to the multiplier digit key comprising a centrally pivoted lever, a driving sector rigidly carried by said lever and gearing with the sector system, pins upon said lever representing the multiplicand digit values of that position and located at distances from the lever pivot on each side thereof corresponding to the reciprocal value of the digits, a vertically reciprocable frame operated by the multiplier keys, links pivotally mounted upon said frame one for each digit 19 adapted to be engaged with their respective pins on the aforesaid lever,
  • Multiplying mechanism for calculating machines comprising means for setting up the multiplicand digits; a totalizing counter for indicating the final product; multiplier digit keys; a first differential sector system for each denomination order of .the multiplicand which works out the units figure of the partial product for that order; a second differential sector system for each denominational order of the multiplicand which compounds and feeds in the tens figure of the partial product for that order; means for carrying forward any value from the preceding multiplicand denominational order; means for connecting each of the'first sector systems with the multiplier digit key; means for connecting each of the second sector systems to the multiplier digit key comprising a lever pivoted adjacent one end thereof, a driving sector carried by said lever gearing with the second sector system, pins upon said lever the distances of which from the lever fulcrum are inversely proportional to their values, a vertically reciprocable frame operated by the multiplier keys, links pivotallv mounted on said frame one for each digit 1-9 adapted to be engaged with their respective pins on
  • Multiplying mechanism for calculating machines comprising means for setting up the multiplicand digits; a totalizing counter for indicating the final product; multiplier digit keys; a first differential sector system for each denominational order of the multiplicand which works out the units figure of the partial product for that order and comprises a differentialsector, an internally and externally geared quadrant, a satellite connecting the internal gear of the quadrant with the larger radius sector of the differential sector, a pinion engaging the external gear of the quadrant, and an indicating disc carried by said pinion; a second differential sector system for each denominational order of the multiplicand which compounds and feeds in the tens figure of the partial product for that order; means for carrying forward any value from the preceding multiplicand denomina tional order; and means for connecting each of the sector systems with the multiplier digit key so that upon operation of said key all the multiplicand digits are simultaneously multiplied by the multiplier digit and the final total product appears on the totalizing counter.
  • Multiplying mechanism for calculating machines comprising means for setting up the multiplicand digits; a totalizing counter for 1 indicating the finalproduct; multiplier digit keys; a first differential sector system for each denominational order of the multiplicand which works out the units figure of the partial product for that order; a second differential sector system for each denominational order of the multiplicand which compounds and feeds in the tens figure of the partial product for that order comprising a differential sector, an internally and externally geared quadrant, a satellite connecting the internal gear of the quadrant with the larger radius sector of the differential sector, a second internally geared quadrant, and a second satellite connecting the external gear of the first quadrant with the internal gear of the second quadrant; means for carrying forward any value from the preceding multiplicand denominational order, and means for connecting each of the sector systems with the multiplier digit key so that upon operation of said key all the multiplicand digits are simultaneouslymultiplied by the multiplier digit and the final total product appears on the totalizing counter.
  • Multiplying mechanism for calculating machines comprising means for setting up the multiplicand digits; a totalizing counter for indicating the final product; multiplier digit keys; a first differential sector system for each denominational order of the multiplicand which works out the units figure of the partial product for that order and comprises a differential sector, an internally and externally geared quadrant, a satellite connecting the internal gear of the quadrant with the larger radius sector of the differential sector, a pinion engaging the external gear of the quadrant, and an indicating disc carried by said pinion; a second differential sector system for each denominational order of the multiplicand which compounds and feeds in the tens figure of the partial product for that order comprising a differential sector, an internally and externally geared quadrant, a satellite connecting the internal gear of the quadrant withthe larger radius sector of the differential sector, a second internally claim 4, wherein the vertically reciprocable frame is common to all the first sector systems.
  • Multiplier mechanism according to claim 5, wherein the vertically reciprocable frame is common to all the second sector systems.
  • Multiplying mechanism for calculating machines comprising means for setting up the multiplicand di its; a totalizing counter for indicating the nal product; multiplier digit keys; a first differential sector system for each denominational order of the multiplicand which works out the units figure of the partial product for that order; a second differential sector system for each denominational order of the multiplicand which compounds and feeds in the tens figure of the partial product for that order; means for carrying forward any value from the preceding multiplicand denominational order; means for connecting each of the first sector systems with the multiplier digitkey,
  • said means including a vertically recipro-.
  • each of the second sector systems to the multiplier digit key comprising a lever pivoted adjacent one end thereof, a driving sector carried by said lever gearing with the second sector system, pins upon said lever the distances of which from'the lever fulcrum are inversely proportional to their values, a vertically reciprocable frame operated by the multiplier keys, links pivotally mounted on said frame one for each digit 1-9 adapted to be engaged with their respective pins on the aforesaid lever, means for connecting each link to its respective multiplicand digit ke for effect ing said engagement when said eys are operated, means for operating the vertically reciprocable frame of each first sector system a predetermined interval prior to the operation of the similar frame of the associated second sector system.

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2467419A (en) * 1943-10-16 1949-04-19 Marchant Calculating Machine Automatic decimal and shift control mechanism

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2467419A (en) * 1943-10-16 1949-04-19 Marchant Calculating Machine Automatic decimal and shift control mechanism

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