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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
  • C12N5/0081—Purging biological preparations of unwanted cells
  • C12N5/0093—Purging against cancer cells
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
  • A61K35/12—Materials from mammals; Compositions comprising non-specified tissues or cells; Compositions comprising non-embryonic stem cells; Genetically modified cells
  • A61K35/14—Blood; Artificial blood
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
  • A61K35/12—Materials from mammals; Compositions comprising non-specified tissues or cells; Compositions comprising non-embryonic stem cells; Genetically modified cells
  • A61K35/28—Bone marrow; Haematopoietic stem cells; Mesenchymal stem cells of any origin, e.g. adipose-derived stem cells
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
  • A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
  • A61K35/76—Viruses; Subviral particles; Bacteriophages
  • A61K35/765—Reovirus; Rotavirus
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
  • A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
  • A61K35/76—Viruses; Subviral particles; Bacteriophages
  • A61K35/766—Rhabdovirus, e.g. vesicular stomatitis virus
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
  • A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
  • A61K35/76—Viruses; Subviral particles; Bacteriophages
  • A61K35/768—Oncolytic viruses not provided for in groups A61K35/761 - A61K35/766
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
  • A61P35/02—Antineoplastic agents specific for leukemia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
  • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
  • C12N2501/20—Cytokines; Chemokines
  • C12N2501/24—Interferons [IFN]

Definitions

• the subject invention relates to viruses that are able to purge (reduce or eliminate) undesirable cells in a mixture of cells.
• Undesirable cells can include neoplastic cells, cells mediating graft-versus host diseases, and autoimmune cells.
• the subject invention also relates to the purging of undesirable cells from bone marrow or peripheral blood cell harvests in the treatment of mammals including cancer patients, transplant recipients, and patients with autoimmune disease.
• PBPC peripheral blood progenitor cells
• chemotherapeutic agents such as 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide; see for example, Bird J. M., 1996, Bone Marrow Transplant, 18:309-313), monoclonal antobodies (see for example, Hammert, L. C.
• Another major limitation of current methods of ex vivo purging is the delayed engraftment due to damage to normal stem cells and/or early hematopoietic progenitor cells (Rummel S A and Van Zant G, 1994, J. Hematother. 3:213-218, Damon et al., 1996, Bone Marrow Transplant, 17:93-99).
• Progenitor cells that are actively proliferating are consequently very sensitive to killing by most chemotherapeutic agents including 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide.
• the resultant loss of early progenitor cells causes a prolonged neutropenia and/or thrombocytopenia which places the patient at increased risk for life-threatening infection and/or bleeding.
• a tumor cytotoxic or cytolytic agent that spares normal hematopoietic cells is an important advance in cancer therapy.
• bone marrow or peripheral blood progenitor cell harvests can include other undesirable cells such as autoimmune cells in people with arthritis or multiple sclerosis, for example.
• Other undesirable cells include those that mediate graft-versus-host disease (e.g., certain T-lymphocytes) in allogeneic transplants. Reduction or elimination of such undesirable cells would be an important in the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases.
• PCT applications by Roberts et al. (WO/9918799 and ) relates to the treatment of neoplasms with viruses.
• This invention relates to a method of reducing or eliminating undesirable cells in a mixture of desirable cells and undesirable cells by contacting the mixture of cells with a virus.
• This invention also relates to a method of reducing or eliminating undesirable cells in a mixture of desirable cells and undesirable cells by contacting the mixture of cells with an RNA virus.
• This invention also relates to a method of reducing or eliminating neoplastic cells in an ex vivo mixture of normal hematopoietic cells and neoplastic cells by contacting the mixture with a virus, such as an RNA virus.
• a virus such as an RNA virus.
• This invention also relates to a method for ex vivo purging of neoplastic cells from a bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell harvest by contacting the harvested cells with a virus, such as an RNA virus.
• a virus such as an RNA virus.
• This invention also relates to a method for ex vivo purging of autoimmune cells from a bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell harvest by contacting the harvested cells with a virus, such as an RNA virus.
• a virus such as an RNA virus.
• This invention also relates to a method for ex vivo purging of cells that mediate graft-versus-host disease from a population of bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cells by contacting the cell population with a virus, such as an RNA virus.
• a virus such as an RNA virus.
• This invention also relates to a method of treating or preventing disease such as cancer in a mammal comprising: a) removing bone marrow or peripheral blood cells from said mammal, b) contacting said bone marrow or peripheral blood cells ex vivo with a virus, such as an RNA virus, c) performing myeloablative treatment on said mammal, and d) transplanting into said mammal the purged hematopoietic cells of step b.
• a virus such as an RNA virus
• This invention also relates to a method of treating cancer in a mammal receiving a bone marrow or peripheral blood progenitor cell transplant comprising contacting the harvested cells of the transplant with a virus, such as an RNA virus, and administering the purged cells to said mammal.
• a virus such as an RNA virus
• This invention also relates to a method of treating autoimmune disease in a mammal receiving a bone marrow or peripheral blood progenitor cell transplant comprising contacting the harvested cells of the transplant with a virus, such as an RNA virus, and administering the purged cells to said mammal.
• a virus such as an RNA virus
• This invention also relates to a method of preventing graft-versus-host disease in a mammal receiving a bone marrow or peripheral blood progenitor cell transplant comprising contacting the harvested cells of the transplant with a virus, such as an RNA virus, and administering the purged cells to said mammal.
• a virus such as an RNA virus
• the present invention relates to the discovery of viruses and the use of viruses for the reduction or elimination of undesirable cells such as neoplastic cells from a mixture of desirable cells and undesirable cells.
• This invention provides viruses and methods for the purging (reducing or eliminating) of undesirable cells from normal cells using viruses.
• Undesirable cells in hematopoeitic cell transplants that are removed by viruses in the present invention include neoplastic cells, autoimmune cells (such as in the case of rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis), and cells which mediate graft-versus-host disease.
• Treatment of the mammal consists of a) removing bone marrow or peripheral blood cells from said mammal, b) contacting said bone marrow or peripheral blood cells ex vivo with a virus, c) performing myeloablative treatment on said mammal, and d) transplanting into said mammal the purged hematopoeitic cells of step b).
• neoplastic cells from hematopoietic cells can be used in the treatment of cancer in mammals with autologous bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.
• bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cells from a mammal with a neoplasm is contacted with a virus prior to transplant to prevent relapse from the neoplasm.
• Neoplastic cells that can be purged by the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, (1) leukemia, (2) lymphoma, (3) carcinomas such as breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and pancreatic cancer, (4) sarcomas, and (5) cancers of neuroepithelial origin such as melanoma and neuoblastoma.
• RNA viruses such as, but not limited to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and reovirus
• VSV vesicular stomatitis virus
• NDV Newcastle disease virus
• reovirus a virus that can be used to purge neoplastic cells from normal hematopoietic cells.
• Normal hematopoeitc cells are resistant to infection by many viruses including RNA viruses.
• normal human marrow cells are resistant to infection by VSV, a rhabdovirus, as determined by both infectious virus production and by viability.
• Normal marrow cells from two donors produced no infectious virus even when infected at a high multiplicity of infection (e.g., 10 plaque forming units (pfu)/cell; see Example 1).
• Infected bone marrow cultures were indistinguishable from mock-infected cultures in their ability to form the normal spectrum of hematopoietic cell types following in vitro culture in methylcellulose.
• CD34+ enriched normal human marrow were resistant to infection by NDV, a virus from another family (paramyxovirus); see Roberts et al., WO/9918799.
• neoplastic cells are highly sensitive to cell killing by many viruses including RNA viruses.
• acute myelogenous leukemia cell lines OCI/AML3, OCI/AML4 and OCI/AML5 were highly susceptible to VSV infection with 0.05 pfu/cell killing 50% of the cells at 24 hours and as little as 0.0003 pfu/cell killing 50% at 48 hours (Example 1).
• the VSV Indiana serotype used in this experiment was propagated and harvested from murine L929 cells.
• diverse tumor cell types were shown to be sensitive to VSV including ovarian carcinoma, fibrosarcoma, lung carcinoma, melanoma, prostate carcinoma, and leukemia cells (see Example 3).
• NDV also kills most human neoplastic cells (see Roberts et al., WO/9918799).
• Reovirus type 3 killed human neoplastic fibrosarcoma cells but not normal fibroblasts (Example 4).
• VSV killed all of the leukemia cells while having little if any effect on the normal hematopoeitic cells (Example 2).
• the VSV Indiana serotype used in this experiment was propagated and harvested from murine L929 cells.
• NDV strain PPMK107 a triple plaqued purified isolate of the meosogenic NDV strain MK107, selectively killed human oral carcinoma cells in a mixed culture with normal fibroblasts (see Roberts et al., WO/9918799).
• Undesirable cells of the present invention can include neoplastic cells with chromosomal deletions or rearragements of a gene, or genes, encoding proteins or modulators of the cellular interferon response or harbor an otherwise defective interferon response (Colamonici O R, et al, 1992, Blood, 80:744-749; Heyman M, et al, 1994, Leukemia, 8:425-434; Billard C, et al, 1986, Blood, 67:821-826).
• the suspended nature of bone marrow or PBPC populations allows for the facile use of fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis in the determination of the interferon responsive state of the cell.
• Probes for interferon responsiveness include chromosomal hybridization probes for gene deletions or rearragements, and probes, such as antibodies, for the analysis of cellular receptors and components of signal transduction pathways involved in the cellular response to interferon.
• RNA viruses of this present invention are capable of distinguishing undesirable cells such as neoplastic cells from desirable cells such as normal hematopoeitic cells.
• RNA viruses of this present invention include, but are not limited to (1) single-stranded viruses including those of negative-sense RNA viruses and positive-sense RNA viruses, and (2) double-strand RNA viruses.
• Single strand, negative-sense RNA viruses of the invention include, but are not limited to, those non-segmented virus families such as rhabdoviruses [(for example, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)] and paramyxoviruses [for example, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and human parainfluenza virus type 3].
• Single strand, positive-sense RNA viruses of the present invention include, but are not limited to, picornaviruses [for example, rhinovirus], and togaviruses [for example, Sindbis virus].
• Double-strand RNA virus families of the invention include reoviruses. Replication-competent and replication-incompetent RNA viruses are included in the invention.
• Interferon-sensitive viruses included in the present invention are the “interferon-sensitive viruses” described in Roberts et al., WO/9918799, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. These viruses selectively replicate and kill neoplastic cells based on the selective deficiency in these cells of an IFN-mediated antiviral response.
• RNA viruses included among the “interferon-sensitive viruses” are VA1-mutants of adenovirus, a DNA virus.
• the rhabdovirus family consist of closely related enveloped, non-segmented negative-sense, RNA viruses and include the following genera that infect animals: (1) Vesiculovirus genus (e.g, vesicular stomatitis virus, VSV); (2) the Lyssavirus genus (e.g, rabies virus); and (3) the Ephemerovirus genus [Dietzschold B et al., 1996. Rhabdoviruses. In: Fields Virology, 3 rd Edition, (eds. Fields B. N., et al.), pp1137-1159].
• the rhabdovirus is vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV).
• VSV vesicular stomatitis virus
• the natural hosts of VSV include insects, rodents and domestic farm animals. In general, very few North American people have come in contact with the virus with most human infections occurring in laboratory personnel and farmers. In humans, infections are either asymptomatic or manifested as flu-like symptoms.
• VSV strains include, but are not limited to, Indiana, New Jersey, Priy, Coccal and Chandipura.
• VSV Indiana While the examples disclosed herein relates to VSV Indiana, it is to be understood that one of skill in the art, by following the methods outlined in this document, will be readily be able to screen other VSV strains and derivatives of VSV including mutants of VSV that selectively kill neoplastic cells.
• the paramyxovirus family of non-segmented negative-sense RNA viruses comprises three genera: (1) paramyxoviruses inluding Newcastle disease virus (NDV); (2) measles-like viruses (morbilli viruses); and (3) respiratory syncytial viruses (pneuviruses).
• NDV is an advantageous virus according to the present invention. NDV is catagorized into three distinct classes according to the effects on chickens and chicken embros.
• “Low virulence” strains are referred to as lentogenic and take 90 to 150 hours to kill chicken embryos at the minimum lethal dose (MLD); “moderate virulence” strains are referred to as mesogenic and take 60 to 90 hours to kill chicken embryos at the MLD; “high virulence” strains are referred to as velogenic and take 40 to 60 hours to kill chicken embryos at the MLD. See, e.g., Hanson and Bradley, 1955 (Science, 122:156-157), and Diardiri et al., 1961 (Am J Vet Res 9:918-920). All three classes are useful, including, advantageously, mesogenic strains of NDV such as MK107.
• the double-strand RNA virus is reovirus.
• the reovirus is reovirus type 3.
• RNA viruses capable of replicating in neoplasms deficient in the expression of subtilism-related proteases are used.
• Human parainfluenze virus type 3 is a virus of this type.
• a clonal virus For certain purposes, it is desirable to obtain a clonal virus to ensure or increase genetic homogeneity of particular virus strain and to remove defective interfering particles. Removal of defective interfering particles allows for increased purity in the final product as assessed by the number of total virus particles per infectious particle.
• Clonal virus can be generated by plaque purification or by other means as described in Roberts et al., WO/9918799
• the virus is genetically modified, as for example, to increase its selectivity for neoplastic cells.
• Methods of genetic manipulation of rhabdoviruses such as VSV are well established (Roberts A., and J. K. Rose, Virology, 1998, 247:1-6) making it possible to alter the genetic properties of the virus.
• VSV vascular endothelial growth factor
• G protein of VSV can be modified to produce fusions that target specific sites on tumor cells.
• the VSV is genetically altered to express one or more suicide genes capable of metabolizing a prodrug into a toxic metabolite thereby permitting VSV infected tumor cells to be killed by administration of a prodrug.
• VSV engineered to express the herpes virus thymidine kinase or the cytosine deaminase gene can be used to convert ganciclovir or 5-FC, respectively, into a toxic compound.
• suicide genes can also be employed.
• An advantageous embodiment of the invention relates a kit for use in the ex vivo purging of undesirable cells from a mixture of desirable and undesirable cells.
• the kit includes premeasured amounts of formulated virus, or viruses, appropriate to treat a mixture containing a certain number of desirable and undesirable cells.
• Advantageous formulations include excipients that stabilize the virus against loss of infectivity, or boost the viability or survival of the desirable cells.
• a more advantageous kit allows for the contacting of the virus formulation with the target mixture of cells to occur in an aseptic step without the need for biocontainment equipment.
• An example of such a device is a compartmentalized collection container for the target mixture of cells that contains the pre-measured virus in a separate compartment.
• a further advantageous embodiment of the invention is a type of compartmentalized container that maintains the optimum temperature for virus cell interaction during the time of contact between the virus, or viruses, and the target mixture of desirable and undesirable cells.
• Another advantageous embodiment of the invention relates to a kit that allows for the separation of the contacted mixture of cells from the virus, excipients, or both after an appropriate amount of time. The appropriate amount of contact time would be known or determined by someone skilled in the art.
• Suitable formulations for viruses of the present invention include those listed for viruses used in the treatment of neoplasms (Roberts, et al, 1999, PCT WO9918799).
• advantageous formulations include compounds or biologicals that have one or more of the following activities on the desirable cells in the mixture of desirable and undesirable cells: differentiating, proliferating, sparing, stimulating, protecting, and inducing quiescence.
• compounds and biologicals of these types include, cytokines, peptide regulators of cell cycling, interleukins, growth factors, energy sources, vitamins and electrolytes. Additional desirable excipients include cryoprotective compounds.
• An effective amount of virus in the invention is to be used for the reduction or elimination of the undesirable cells with the maintenance of the desirable cells. It is understood by those skilled in the art that the amount of virus to be used for the reduction or elimination of the undesirable cells will vary depending upon the virus selected, the type and amount of undesirable cells, and the type and amount of desirable cells to be maintained. For example, VSV is used at 0.00001 to 10 plaque forming units (pfu) per cell, and more advantageously at 0.0003 to 10 pfu per cell.
• the virus is used to contact the mixture of neoplastic cells and normal cells which are treated before, during or after contact with interferon.
• Interferon allows for enhanced protection of normal cells (see Example 3 and see Roberts et al., WO/9918799).
• the interferon (IFN) is selected from the group-class I (alpha, beta and omega) and class II (gamma), and recombinant versions and analogs thereof as discussed in, for example, Sreevalsoun, T., 1995 (In: Biologic Therapy of Cancer, second edition, edited by V. T. DeVita, Jr., et al., J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, pp347-364).
• the virus is used to contact the mixture of neoplastic cells and normal cells which are treated with a chemotherapeutic agent before during or after contact with said virus.
• the chemotherapeutic agent is used to further reduce the viability of the neoplastic cells.
• VSV Indiana serotype was plaque purified on mouse L929 cells. An individual plaque was used to infect a monolayer of L929 cells and 18 hours later the supernatant havested and subjected to centrifugation at 6,000 ⁇ g for ten minutes. The clarified supernatant was then filtered through a 0.2 micron filter (Millipore) and then titered on L cells and stored at ⁇ 80° C. in aliquots. Individual aliquots of virus was used only once.
• VSV vesicular stomatitis virus
• AML cell lines OCI/AML3, OCI/AML4 and OCI/AML5 were highly susceptible to VSV infection with 0.05 pfu/cell killing 50% of the cells at 24 hours and as little as 0.0003 pfu/cell killing 50% at 48 hours.
• VSV Indiana serotype used in this example was prepared as indicated in Example 1 In co-cultures of leukemic OCI/AML3 cells mixed with normal bone marrow cells (1:9 ratio) VSV had selective oncolytic properties.
• Table 1 co-cultures were infected with VSV at a multiplicity of infection of 1 plaque forming unit (pfu)/cell or 5 pfu/cell for 24 hours and then plated in methylcellulose with or without growth factors. In the presence of growth factors, both normal marrow and tumor cells grew while only OCI/AML3 cells formed colonies in the absence of growth factors.
• Colonies per dish (receiving 10 4 cells) observed two weeks after VSV infection are tubulated below for neoplastic cells (leukemia) and normal hematopoeitic cells (neutrophil, mixed, and monocyte).
• neoplastic cells leukemia
• normal hematopoeitic cells neutral, mixed, and monocyte.
• Multiplicity of Infection Colony Type 0.0 1.0 5.0 Leukemic 172 0 0* Neutrophil 12 7 5 Mixed 6 3 4 Monocyte 10 7 5
• VSV Selectively Grows in and Kills Neoplastic Cells Compared to Normal Cells as Determined in Separate Cell Cultures.
• a variety of normal and transformed cell lines were either untreated or pre-treated with 100 units of IFN-alpha, infected with VSV Indiana at an MOI of 0.1 pfu/ml and incubated for 18 hours at 37° C. (Table 2). Culture media from each sample was titred for VSV production. Pre-treatment of the normal cell cultures with interferon reduced viral production to ⁇ 1000 infectious viral particles per ml., while tumor cell lines continued to produce copious amounts of virus particles (10 5 -10 8 plaque forming units per ml.). In tumor cells, a more rapid and fulminant growth of VSV was observed than in primary normal cell cultures of fibroblastic or epithelial origin.
• Human tumor cells (HT1080 fibrosarcoma) and normal cells (CCD922sk, normal human skin fibroblasts) were grown to approximately 80% confluence in 24 well tissue culture dishes. Growth medium was removed and PPVR-824, a plaque purified clone of human reovirus type III, Dearing strain, was added at 1E+6 plaque forming units (PFU)/well, to 10 PFU/well in 10 fold dilutions (Exp I) or at 7.2E+7 PFU/well, and 10-fold dilutions ranging from 10 7 1 to 100 PFU/well (Exp II). Controls wells with no virus added were included on each plate. Virus was adsorbed for 90 minutes on a rocking platform at 37° C.
• the data was plotted graphically as PFU/well vs. viability as a percent of control.
• the IC50 was calculated as the amount of virus in PFU/well causing a 50% reduction in the amount of viable.
• the neoplastic cells were orders of magnitude more sensitive to killing by PPVR-824 (Table 3). TABLE 3 Selective Killing of Neoplastic Cells and Not Normal Fibroblast Cells by Reovirus Type 3 in Separate Cell Cultures Normal Fibroblast Neoplastic Cell (CCD922sk), IC50 (HT1080), IC50 Expt I >1.0 E+06 125 Expt II >7.2 E+07 417

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