US20030188842A1 - Influencing the profile of the properties of a web by means of an acoustic field - Google Patents

Influencing the profile of the properties of a web by means of an acoustic field Download PDF

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Publication number
US20030188842A1
US20030188842A1 US10/275,619 US27561903A US2003188842A1 US 20030188842 A1 US20030188842 A1 US 20030188842A1 US 27561903 A US27561903 A US 27561903A US 2003188842 A1 US2003188842 A1 US 2003188842A1
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fiber web
sound field
emitter
suspension layer
fiber
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US10/275,619
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Dieter Ronnenberg
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Individual
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Individual
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F1/00—Wet end of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F1/009—Fibre-rearranging devices
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F1/00—Wet end of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F1/44—Watermarking devices

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  • the invention relates to a method and a device for the processing of a fiber web or a suspension layer in a paper-, cardboard- or coating-machine or a size press for influencing the profile of the properties and in this way the paper or cardboard produced.
  • a further disadvantage in prior art is the point that in the former the fiber orientation cross profile can only be little influenced.
  • the influencing for example, is made—in a view the width of the machine—by means of different pressure against the dewatering element.
  • the dewatering elements are substantially rigid elements, so even if pressure is only applied at a pressing at one point of the dewatering elements, neighboring regions of that pressing point are also affected. Therefore—as one could say—a so called “emitting” effect is caused by the dewatering elements.
  • the pressed area amounts to perhaps 1 meter. Due to the varying pressure on the dewatering elements, a cross directional flow (i.e. cross directional to the wire running direction) in the fiber web occurs. This causes further disadvantages because of the dependent interaction of the basis weight cross profile, the fiber orientation cross profile and the dry content cross profile (see extra print p2971).
  • a further disadvantage in prior art is that the pulses substantially are vertical to the fiber web and to the wires respectively. Also the pulses—in view over the width of the paper machine—only partially influenced by varying pressure against the dewatering elements, which causes the already mentioned disadvantage of the “emitting” effect.
  • the width of the fiber web amounts to perhaps 10 meters, but the distance between the wires amounts only a few millimeters. Therefore today the influencing over the gaps is not controllable. This lack of control also occurs, because the regions of the fiber web, which are closer to the tender or drive side, hide the more inner regions of the fiber web.
  • Influencing on a fiber web by means of a sound field has an elementary advantage: The sound field is positionable directly to the desired region of the fiber web which needs to be influenced, because the sound field is positionable on the opposite side of the wire, which is the region, which shall be influenced.
  • the distance to the fibers between the wire surface amounts less then one millimeter (the thickness of a wire is, for example, 0.7 millimeter) and not few meters as in prior art.
  • the wire is no serious barrier.
  • a further advantage in comparison to the influencing with dewatering ledges is, that with the invention the “emitting” effect does not occur.
  • the cell contains a liquid in which numerous little metal plates are suspended. In a state of rest these little metal plates do not have an ordered orientation. But if the little metal plates come into contact with a sound wave, so they align themselves vertical to the sounds incoming direction . . . ”. This also shows valid that ultra sound not essential, but because of its high energy density it is helpful.
  • the main direction of the fiber is mostly wanted in the running direction, because then in this direction a higher tensile strength is present and, therefore, the risk of the fiber web snapping is reduced.
  • the spreading direction of the sound field must be cross directionally orientated to the running direction and must also be directed in an as acute as possible angle to the wire.
  • the fibers of the fiber web at least partially—are orientated in a plane, which is on the one hand, in the running direction and, on the other hand, oblique between the wires.
  • the fibers in the plane are orientated with there one end to one wire and with there other end to the other wire, and not in running direction. For the moment these fibers do not contribute to an increase of tensile strength, the so called tear length. But the inventor recognized that by the gradual approximation of the wires during the run at the dewatering of the fiber web and during the dewatering flow in direction to the wire outside, these fibers turn in, respectively against, the running direction, but the fibers retain in this process there orientation in the plane of the wave fronts.
  • the main fiber direction e.g. near the tender and the drive side of the fiber web—an acute angle intentionally is desired in relation to the running direction.
  • the fiber web undergoes a shrinkage, so that finally at the end of the paper machine the main fiber direction is essentially parallel to the running direction. So one can say: the desired fiber orientation cross profile at the end of the former is not at all identical with the zero-line of a graph.
  • the line of intersection of the sound fields must be aligned in the running direction, which is possible by a respective swiveling of the sound fields around an axis, which is perpendicular to the plane of the fiber web.
  • the influencing of a fiber web by means of at least one directed sound field includes a further advantage: If the sound field penetrated the fiber web and an optional second wire, so suspension water will be pressed through the outer surface of the second wire. If a skimmer is placed downwards to the running direction, it is able to take this water away. In physics this lifting of water is called levitation. If a sound field is perpendicular to the fiber web, so this effect gets is maximized.
  • An another advantage of the invention is that the influencing of fiber orientation and the influencing of basis weight cross profile in the headbox are as independent from each other as possible.
  • the fiber orientation sectional
  • the fiber orientation in the consecutive former can improved by the present invention.
  • the sound field additionally is oscillating and/or intermitting, so line shaped or pattern shaped signatures can be designed.
  • This has the advantage that, for example, paper documents and also paper money can be provided with a kind of signature, which is positioned inside the paper and not printed on the paper and therefore exceptionally counterfeitproof. But in this way the fibers are also alignable so that, for example, with a special lamp the inventive signature can be read or checked. This method of reading works by light reflection and/or light transition.
  • Color particles in the sump of a coating machine or color particles at the surface of a fiber web in a coating machine can also be aligned, by means of the invention, parallel to the fiber web surface.
  • the irregular color plates can be aligned in layers and therefore the aligned plates can better glide relative to each other at the coating operation or the doctoring process. This means that the shearing stress in the coating color can be reduced by the invention. By this gliding, the color particles don't hook together or don't block, which otherwise would create a thicker and above all an irregular coating film.
  • a positive side effect is that the sound field in the sump of a coating machine can destroy color lumps and/or can remove containing gases out of the coating color.
  • a further, very essential advantage of the invention is that the spreading speed of a sound field in a liquid amounts to nearly 1500 m/s, but the working speed of a modern paper machine is only 30 m/s.
  • a sound field for example, has a width of 100 mm (in the running direction of the fiber web) and a frequency of 20,000 Hz, so the fibers are influenced by a total 67 vibrations in their run over the sound field.
  • the inventive use of the sound field presents a much higher number of pulses, wherein the pulses/vibrations not only influence the dewatering, but also influence selectively the orientation of fibers and other particles.
  • the inventive sound fields are generated by an electric powered emitter. Every emitter consists of a power unit and a housing.
  • the drive is created by a coil, a magnetic piston and a membrane or by piezo elements or the drive works on the magnetostrictive or capacitive principle.
  • the surface of the power unit which emits the sound field does generally has a parallel stroke. Because the emitters are electrically driven, their power units can be designed by means of electro-technics and electronics in manifold ways.
  • vibrations for each power unit are individually adjustable. By superposition of vibrations, periodic pulses can also be generated. The vibrations will be defined, for example at the control unit, in their amplitude, phase, frequency and energy.
  • control unit is linked to an online-measuring system, for example, to a so called measuring frame.
  • FIGS. 1 to 8 show illustrating prior art.
  • FIG. 1 one embodiment of a former
  • FIG. 2 another embodiment of a former
  • FIG. 3 detail of a former with dewatering elements (ledges and dragging blades);
  • FIG. 4 dewatering element foil
  • FIG. 5 dewatering element register (or table) roll
  • FIG. 6 graph of a fiber orientation cross profile
  • FIG. 7 detail and top view of a fiber web with main fiber directions drawn in
  • FIG. 8 a magnified detail from FIG. 7;
  • FIG. 9 cross section through wires and fiber web with a perpendicular aligned sound field
  • FIG. 10 cross section through wires and fiber web with an inclined aligned sound field
  • FIG. 11 section A-A in FIG. 10;
  • FIG. 12 section A-A in FIG. 10 at a later time as in FIG. 11;
  • FIG. 13 cross section through wires and fiber web with two inclined sound fields in the running direction consecutively arranged
  • FIG. 14 cross section through wires and fiber web with two inclined sound fields which interfere directly with each other;
  • FIG. 15 cross section through wires and fiber web with two inclined sound fields which interfere directly-but mutually-with each other;
  • FIG. 16 cross section through wires and fiber web with two inclined sound fields which interfere directly with each other and with a sound field duplicator;
  • FIG. 17 cross section through wires and fiber web with an origin sound field, which directly interferes with each other by several sound field duplicators;
  • FIG. 18 cross section through wires and fiber web with wedge-shaped origin sound field and a diverging reflector
  • FIG. 19 cross section through wires and fiber web with wedge-shaped origin sound field and a rotating diverge reflector
  • FIG. 20 as FIG. 19, but the reflected sound field is perpendicular to the fiber web;
  • FIG. 21 cross section through wires and fiber web with a rotating aperture plate
  • FIG. 22 detail of a fiber web with several signatures
  • FIG. 23 cross section through wires and fiber web with a trapezoid-shaped sound field
  • FIG. 24 cross section through wires and fiber web with an arrangement for standing waves
  • FIG. 25 graph of a fiber orientation cross profile
  • FIG. 26 detail of a fiber web
  • FIG. 27 cross section through wires and fiber web with a wedge-shaped water gap between an incline emitter and a first wire;
  • FIG. 28 cross section through wires and fiber web with a wedge-shaped water gap between an perpendicular emitter and a first wire;
  • FIG. 29 cross section through wires and fiber web with a parallel water gap between an perpendicular emitter and a first wire;
  • FIG. 30 top view to a fiber web with a device for drawing a signature
  • FIG. 31 section A-A to FIG. 30;
  • FIG. 32 section through a “Fresnel”-reflector
  • FIG. 33 top view to FIG. 32;
  • FIG. 34 section through triple-prism-reflector
  • FIG. 35 detail of view A from FIG. 34;
  • FIG. 36 stretched view from FIG. 35;
  • FIG. 37 cross section through wires and fiber web, emitter and two reflectors
  • FIG. 38 cross section through wires and fiber web, emitter and three reflectors
  • FIG. 39 section A-A to FIGS. 37 and 38;
  • FIG. 40 alternative section A-A to the FIGS. 37 and 38;
  • FIG. 41 coating apparatus of a coating machine
  • FIG. 42 detail A from FIG. 41;
  • FIG. 43 detail B from FIG. 41.
  • FIG. 1 shows a kind of former, which is published in the above cited document EP 0489 094 A1.
  • a suspension stream comes out of the headbox 3 , which will surrounded by two wires 1 , 2 and dewatered in a first dewatering line I by means of a curved dewatering element (here a forming shoe).
  • the following dewatering line II is characterized by partly fixed and partly flexible ledges 5 .
  • the final dewatering line III consists of about at least one stationary dewatering element (for example forming shoe, suction box).
  • the forming shoe also consists of ledges, but these ledges in contrast to the ledges 5 are a fixed components of the forming shoe 4 .
  • a former is shown, which is published in the document EP 0627 523 A1.
  • the first dewatering element after the headbox 3 is here a forming roll 10 , which follows a forming shoe. 4 .
  • a further unit are arranged double ledges 9 and simple ledges 5 .
  • the dewatering in these twin wire zones ends with a suction box 8 and a suction roll 7 .
  • FIG. 3 is an arrangement of dragging blades 11 and ledges 5 in a twin wire zone of a former shown (FIG. 6 by EP 0516 601 A1) .
  • the ledges 5 have at there ends, which are facing wire 1 , ceramic linings. This ceramic linings are connected by means of V-shaped fittings.
  • the dragging blades 11 affect—similar to the ledges 5 —pressure pulses towards to the wires 1 , 2 respectively to the fiber web or suspension layer 12 at the movement of the wires 1 , 2 in running direction 15 .
  • Foil 13 shown in FIG. 4 strips off the suspension water with the help of a left orientated nose. This dewatering principle also affects a pressure pulse to the fiber web 12 . Further along the course of the wire 2 the wire section comes to a diverging wedge, which is placed between the foil 13 and the wire 2 . The suspension water, which sticks to the outer surface of the wire, creates in the subsequent movement of the wire a suction effect towards the fiber web 12 .
  • FIG. 5 is the relative outdated dewatering principle of dewatering pulse generation by means of register rolls 14 shown. Generally a wire 2 was only arranged at the lower surface of the fiber web 12 . In the view of the running direction 15 at the narrowing gap between the register roll 14 a pressure pulse occurs. At the other side of the register roll 14 the opening gap affects a suction force towards the fiber web 12 .
  • FIGS. 6 to 8 must considered in context.
  • FIG. 6 shows a graph with a measured 17 and a desired 18 fiber orientation cross profile.
  • the letter A stands here, for example, for the tender side of a paper machine and the letter B stands accordingly for the drive side.
  • At the left vertical axis is the angle of the main fiber direction to the running direction 15 .
  • FIG. 7 shows the section of the fiber web 12 , which corresponds to the graph of FIG. 6.
  • the fully line drawing of the main fiber directions 20 corresponds to graph 17 ; the broken line drawing of the main fiber directions 20 corresponds to graph 18 .
  • the lengths of the main fiber directions 20 shall represent the amount of the particular breaking length. In this example every main fiber direction 20 is chosen to be as long as the other and respectively the same size as the other.
  • FIG. 6 shows a graph with a measured 17 and a desired 18 fiber orientation cross profile.
  • the letter A stands here, for example, for the tender side of a paper machine and the letter B stands accordingly for the drive side.
  • FIG. 8 shows a quasi microscopic magnified detail of FIG. 7.
  • the fibers 21 are not all orientated in one direction, the main fiber direction 20 , nevertheless one can see that the majority of the fibers are orientated to the main fiber direction 20 . If more fibers were aligned to the main fiber direction 20 , the breaking length would increase in this direction, to be borne by the perpendicular herewith orientated breaking length.
  • FIG. 9 a basic idea of the invention is presented.
  • wires 1 , 2 and the fiber web 12 are magnified in comparison to other components.
  • the fiber web 12 which is between the wires 1 , 2 , is penetrated by a (aligned perpendicularly to the plane of the wires) sound field 25 .
  • This sound field 25 is generated by an emitter 22 , which consists of a power unit 23 and a housing 24 .
  • the transmitting media 27 is enclosed between the housing 24 , the outer surface of the wire 2 and the surface of the power unit 23 , which is faced to the wire 2 .
  • flat sound waves 26 of the sound field 25 start from the surface of the power unit.
  • the fibers 21 will orientate themselves parallel to the surface of the power unit 23 .
  • they are orientated disorderly.
  • the fibers 21 align themselves parallel to the planes of the wave fronts 26 .
  • the dot-shaped illustrated fibers 21 in the sound field 25 and also at the right side the FIG.—are fibers 21 , which are admittedly “stick-shaped”, but are perpendicularly orientated to the plane of the FIG. and look therefore like a dot.
  • the perpendicular arrangement of the sound field 25 causes a sound pressure, so water from the fiber web 12 will be pressed to the outer surface of the wire 1 .
  • This surface water 31 can be skimmed off with a skimmer 6 .
  • a wire nevertheless has a resistance. The more porous a wire is realized, the more surface water 31 will produced.
  • the liquid transmitting media 27 is very similar to the suspension water in its compound and its composition. Because it is possible that the transmitting media 27 and the suspension water mix themselves together, is it sensible, if the transmitting media 27 consists of suspension water or clear water. In this respect, the transmitting media 27 is important to the invention, because a good acoustic-mechanical coupling occurs between the power unit 23 and the fiber web 12 . If there was—for example at least partly—an air cushion between the power unit 23 and the fiber web 12 , little of the energy of the power unit 23 would be transmitted to the fiber web 12 . An air cushion in the meshes of the wire in the dewatering zone of a former is unlikely, because these meshes are full of suspension water.
  • the emitter 22 is inclined at an angle 30 to the plane of the fiber web 12 .
  • the fibers 21 here don't orientate themselves parallel to the wires 1 , 2 , but they orientate themselves parallel to the line of intersection A-A.
  • FIG. 11 shows the plane of intersection A-A and the orientation of the fibers in this plane. If the plane of intersection A-A runs further in the running direction 15 and the wires 1 , 2 come closer to each other, so the fibers 21 will have an orientation crosswise to the running direction 15 . Because this orientation is often undesired, by changing the swivel angle 29 of the emitter 22 one can adjust—in relation to the running direction 15 —another alignment of the fibers 21 . By the inclining of the emitter 22 towards the fiber web 12 , the effect of squeezing out the suspension water will be reduced, but in FIG. 10 an arrangement of a skimmer 6 nevertheless is possible.
  • FIG. 13 a further basic idea of the invention is shown.
  • the fiber web 12 will be consecutively influenced by two sound fields 25 . If the fibers 21 will at first be aligned by the left sound field 25 , so those fibers 21 will be aligned, by running through the right sound field 25 , which are crosswise orientated to the right sound field 25 . Finally after the running of the fiber web 12 through the right sound field 25 , all fibers are aligned crosswise to the running direction 15 . The alignment of fibers 21 , with two to each other intersecting sound fields 25 is then particularly effective, if the sound fields 25 are at right angles to each other.
  • FIG. 14 two sound fields 25 are arranged in such way that they interfere to each other in the fiber web 12 .
  • the running direction 16 (vertical to the plane of the FIG.; the arrow is shown in and out of the plane) shows that the fibers are now parallel to the running direction 16 .
  • a particularly effective alignment of the fibers 21 will occur, if the sound fields 25 are at a right angles to each other.
  • FIG. 15 a solution is shown, in which the sound fields 25 act from both sides of the fiber web 12 .
  • This arrangement is constructively not very satisfying, because for any desired modification of the fiber orientation, both sound fields 25 must synchronically swiveled in angle 29 . This requires an adjust mechanism on both sides of the fiber web 12 .
  • FIG. 16 A better solution is shown in FIG. 16.
  • the first sound field 25 is directly generated by the emitter 22 .
  • a so called duplicator 32 is arranged in this sound field 25 .
  • This duplicator 32 consists preferable of a flat wall.
  • the form of the second sound field 25 results from the laws of reflection for sound at the surface of the duplicator-wall.
  • the inclination of the duplicator 32 in relation to the first sound field 25 is chosen in such way that both sound fields are interfere at the fiber web 12 (the angle of the duplicator-wall to the median line of the first sound field is half as great as the angle between both sound field median lines).
  • the advantage of this construction is that only one emitter 22 is necessary, but nevertheless two sound fields 25 are available and by swiveling the emitter 22 at an angle 29 , only one mechanism will be required.
  • FIG. 17 crossing sound fields are shown, which are generated by means of a duplicator 32 .
  • the difference to FIG. 16 is that, only one emitter 22 (in this case perpendicular to the fiber web 12 ) and a plurality of duplicators 32 generate the sound fields 25 .
  • the effect of levitation will supported by the perpendicularly orientated sound field 25 at the same time.
  • the distance from the surface of the power unit 23 to the outer surface of the wire 2 can be shortened in design.
  • the width, the inclining angle of the duplicated sound fields can be influenced.
  • the “free passages” for the non inclined sound field can be designed.
  • the broken, vertical lines illustrate further emitters 22 , which are arranged, for example, in view over the running direction 16 , behind the plane of the FIG.
  • the other broken lines show sound fields 25 and duplicators 32 for these further emitters 22 .
  • the emitter 22 could be designed revolving to the wire-normal.
  • the emitter 22 can—alone or together with its duplicators 32 —be inclined to the plane of the fiber web 12 .
  • the wave fronts 26 need not always be flat.
  • FIG. 18 shows wave fronts 26 which are trough-shaped. This is achieved by a trough-shaped power unit surface. in this way the wave fronts 26 run towards a focus.
  • a reflector 34 with a preferable parallel compensation. If the reflector is designed two-dimensionally and approximately parabolically-shaped and the focus of the trough-shaped wave fronts 26 coincides with the focus of the reflector 34 , then flat wave fronts 26 will be directed in the manner shown to the fiber web. At the given running direction 15 , the fiber orientation will be crosswise to it.
  • the trough-shaped power unit 23 has the advantage that the energy of a perhaps weak, parabolic-shaped sound field will be focused. Because the trough-shaped wave fronts 26 —at least near the focus—do not affect a unified orientation of the fibers 21 , such a sound field will not be suitable for the alignment of fibers 21 without a reflector 34 . But these trough-shaped wave fronts 26 are suitable, for example, in order to press water out of the fiber web 12 , or in order to heat the fiber web 12 to support the dewatering or drying process.
  • the surface of the power unit 23 is a hollow sphere-shaped design wherein the sound field is also hollow sphere-shaped.
  • the reflector 34 has an advantageous three-dimensional parabolic-shaped design, so that the reflected sound field has substantially flat wave fronts 26 .
  • the reflector 34 is mounted by means of holders 37 on a ring-shaped motor rotor 38 .
  • the ring-shaped motor rotor 38 is supported by guides 39 , which are in the housing 24 of the emitter 22 . Outside the housing 24 a ring-shaped motor stator 35 is placed. It is advantageous, if this motor is a stepping motor.
  • a connecting cable 36 By means of a connecting cable 36 , a stepping frequency, controlling the turning direction and the number of steps, the stepping motor will be driven.
  • a signature is also possible with particles, which have elastic volume. This has the advantage that, for example, a pimpled signature, which will be pressed together by the surface pressure of a drying cylinders, yankee dryers or calander rolls, afterwards can stretch these pimples.
  • a veined metal strip as for example in banknotes, also can be fixed in its position. This metal strip can Also prevented in a otherwise possible twisting along its longitudinal axis.
  • a optional reflector 33 is able to throw back the sound field to the fiber web. According to the dimensioning of the sound field in the fiber web 12 , either a parallel signature 40 will be generated, or at interfering sound fields, the signature will become more intensive. If the sound field 25 is operated intermittently, so by a control logic, which depends on the speed of the running direction 15 , 16 and depends on the speed of the motor rotor 38 , a signature 40 can be written into the paper (as a defined pattern or lettering/logo).
  • the sound field in the fiber web 12 is perpendicular to the fiber web 12 .
  • This is possible, because the sound field coming from the power unit 23 by means of deflection 41 will be directed to the reflector 34 .
  • This perpendicular sound field affects a—to the fiber web surface—parallel orientation of fibers, possible existing color particles or little metal plates, without following approach of the wires 1 , 2 .
  • the sound field in the fiber web can even be designed as a standing wave.
  • a standing wave has fundamentally the constructive creative possibility that heavier matter will be collected in the wave antinode. Beside the wave antinodes the lighter matter will take place.
  • FIG. 21 a further variation to FIGS. 19 and 20 is shown.
  • a flat sound field 25 comes from the power unit 23 and directly hits the fiber web 12 .
  • an aperture plate 42 is arranged in the motor rotor 38 , which has for example an eccentric hole.
  • FIG. 21 shows this embodiment only exemplary. In construction the relatively short distance from the surface of the power unit 23 to the fiber web 12 can be further reduced.
  • FIG. 22 shows several signatures 40 .
  • the signature in embodiment a) was generated by a rotating sound field 25 and the movement of the fiber web 12 .
  • the sound field 25 made different swivelling movements, which were superpositioned with the movement of the fiber web 12 .
  • the sound field 25 made a rotating movement, which was also superpositioned with the linear movement of the fiber web 12 , but here the sound field 25 was driven in an intermittent mode, so a “writing” with a liftable, fictitious pen can be realized.
  • FIGS. in the context of the invention are also possible, as for example Lissajous-figures, cycloids, epicycloids, lemniskates etc.
  • trough-shaped wave fronts 26 at least near the focus—for a fiber orientation are not very suitable.
  • FIG. 23 a trough-shaped sound field 26 is shown.
  • the wave fronts 26 which penetrate the fiber web 12 , correspond approximately to the middle distance of a sound field between the surface of the power unit 23 and the focus of the sound field 25 . In this distance the wave fronts 26 are sufficiently flat, so that additional to a levitation a limited fiber orientation is also possible. If the cited trough-shaped wave fronts 26 are from a region, which is closer to the surface of the power unit 23 , so this wave front can better be used for fiber orientation. If the emitter 22 is inclined to the plane of the fiber web 12 or the wires 1 , 2 , so one can indeed use this embodiment for the fiber orientation cross profile of a fiber web 12 .
  • FIG. 24 shows a more detailed embodiment with an inclined dewatering line.
  • two emitter 22 are arranged, which are facing to each other. Between the power units 23 of these emitters 22 supply and out pipes for the transmitting medias 27 are shown.
  • the housings 24 of the emitters 22 at the interfaces to the wires 1 , 2 are equipped with a sliding surface 45 (preferably ceramic).
  • the sliding surface 45 has an opening in the middle, with it the transmitting media 27 and therefore the wave fronts 26 are in a swinging mechanical connection to the fiber web 12 .
  • the supply pipes exist for the loss of transmitting media 27 .
  • the transmitters 22 operate in such a mode that between them a standing wave 49 will occur and because of that, suspension water will be pressed out of the fiber web 12 at the surfaces of the wires 1 , 2 , which are not facing to the fiber web 12 . Because of the pressed out suspension water, the spheres with the transmitting media 27 need outlet pipes 44 , thus a build-up of suspension water or respectively transmitting media 27 will be avoided.
  • the outlet pipe is arranged at the highest point of the transmitting media 27 ; so the bubbles are able to leave the transmitting media 27 .
  • the transmitting media 27 also serves as cooling media for the power unit 23 , the sliding surfaces and the wires 1 , 2 . Further, a possibly polluted transmitting media 27 can be replaced.
  • supply and outlet pipes are used simultaneously one should pay attention that in the transmitting media 27 there is no excess pressure toward the fiber web 12 , because otherwise the transmitting media 27 will press into the fiber web 12 .
  • a reflector 33 with a sensor 47 is linked to the emitter 22 . This sensor 47 is provided with a sensor-measurement connection 48 .
  • This sensor-measurement connection is permitted by a control circuit to adjust the emitter 22 frequency, so that a desired wave form—here a standing wave 49 —can be generated.
  • the sliding surfaces 45 of the reflector 33 and the emitter 22 which are facing the wires 1 , 2 , are provided with a little radius or a wedge-shaped edge.
  • FIGS. 25 and 26 must be considered together. Already in FIGS. 6 and 7 the conditions of the influencing of the fiber orientation cross profile were explained.
  • FIG. 25 shows a desired fiber orientation cross profile 18 .
  • FIG. 26 illustrates a clipping of a fiber web 12 with the below arranged sound fields 25 .
  • the elliptical form of the sound fields 25 results from their inclined positioning to the fiber web 12 (a slanted line of intersection to a round object creates an elliptical form).
  • the broken line which is congruent with the smaller diameter of the ellipse, show the line of intersection of the wave fronts 26 with the fiber web 12 and at the same time this line is the adjusted main fiber direction.
  • the sound fields 25 are not positionable side by side crosswise to the running direction 15 , so there would be no disadvantage to adjusting the fiber orientation cross profile, if the sound fields 25 (respectively emitter 22 ), are arranged in two rows.
  • the sound fields 25 are arranged with an overlap 51 , because almost all fibers 21 influenced for approximately the same long period will respectively get approximately the same quantity of energy at their transition by the sound field 25 . If between the former and the press section of a paper machine on every side of the fiber web 12 an edge strip 50 is cut down, a use of sound fields in this outer area of the fiber web 12 isn't necessary.
  • FIGS. 27, 28 and 29 the running direction is perpendicular to the plane of the FIGS.
  • the transmitting media 27 in these embodiments are only a liquid film.
  • FIGS. 27 and 28 there is a wedge-shaped gap between the emitter surface and the wire 2 .
  • a loss of transmitting media 27 by means of the movement of the wires 1 , 2 and the fiber web 12 would be compensated by the surface water 31 .
  • FIGS. 30 and 31 show a writing head 53 for writing and drawing signatures 40 .
  • This writing head 53 is an alternative device to the devices of FIGS. 19 to 21 .
  • This device has the advantage that—except for the power unit 23 no mobile components are necessary.
  • FIG. 30 the top view of the writing head 53 without the wire 1 is shown.
  • This device is characterized by, a plurality of emitters 22 —perhaps in planes one on top of the other—arranged star-shaped to the area of the fiber web 12 , in which one will write. This star-shaped arrangement allows that sound fields 25 are very closely positionable to the area, where the fiber web 12 shall written. The sound fields 25 are led by means of conduits to the area, which is to be written.
  • FIG. 31 shows more clearly the path of the sound fields 25 from the emitter 22 to the fiber web 12 of FIG. 30. Deviation of the conduits 55 is achieved by means of the reflectors 33 .
  • the surface of the writing head 53 is either spaced to the wire 2 (wherein the gap is moistened with surface water 31 ), or the writing head 53 is provided with a sliding surface. Because of the regained energy of the sound field 25 , which comes out of the wire 1 , an arrangement of a reflector 33 is possible here. By a suitable tuning of the wave length, even a standing wave 49 between the reflector 33 and the surface of the power unit 23 (and therefore also in the fiber web 12 ) can be realized.
  • FIG. 32 shows a reflector 33 , which throws a sound field back on itself.
  • the sound field 25 is inclined to the wire surfaces and the fiber web 12 .
  • the reflecting surfaces of the reflector 33 are parallel to the wave fronts 26 .
  • the reflector is able to be designed very low.
  • principle of a Fresnel-lens is used.
  • the intimated (drawn with broken lines) form of the reflector 23 has a simple structure, but it has greater height and is therefore in construction not so suitable.
  • FIG. 33 The top view of FIG. 32 is shown in FIG. 33.
  • the incompletely presented emitter 22 is below the wires and the fiber web 12 .
  • In the center of FIG. 33 one can see an ellipse. This is the cut surface of the sound field 25 with the plane of the wires and the fiber web 12 .
  • the vertically broken lines show the edges of the ribs of the saw-shaped reflector 33 .
  • the space between the wire 1 and the reflecting surfaces can filled, rinsed and/or cooled, because the reflector 33 has a supply and a outlet pipe for the transmitting media. If for a correction of the fiber orientation cross profile another swivel angle 29 for the sound field 25 is necessary (and one will keep the reflection in itself) a simultaneous correction of the swivel angle of the reflector 54 is necessary.
  • FIGS. 34 and 36 Another embodiment of the reflector 33 is shown in the FIGS. 34 and 36.
  • the reflecting surface consists of a plurality of mounted hollow triple-prisms.
  • These hollow triple-prisms are known in optics and there they reflect a beam of light upon three mirror planes perpendicular to each other and after a triple reflection, back to its origin. This reflection is also valid for the wave fronts 26 of a sound field 25 .
  • This hollow triple-prism has a significant advantage in comparison to the saw-shaped reflector that even if the sound field 25 is swilled, a swiveling of the reflector isn't necessary. So one saves using an adjust mechanism and the handling is easier and faster. If a supply pipe 43 for the transmitting media 27 is arranged in the way shown and conduits 55 lead the transmitting media 27 in the extreme corner of each hollow triple-prism, so in this corners don't deposit rests of fibers or dirt.
  • FIG. 35 is view A of FIG. 34.
  • the slat-shaped structure of the triple-prism arrangement is visible.
  • This slat-shaped structure is very advantageous, because otherwise treatment with a rotating tool (cutting by chip removal or grinding) in the tops of the corners of the “hollow” triple-prism would not be possible.
  • mounting elements 56 for example bolts—the plurality of the slats can be fixed to large triple-prism plates.
  • FIG. 36 shows slats in a single view, wherein the first (top) slat has the same pattern of structure, as the last slat. If one imagines the third slat turned by 180 degree in the plane of the FIG., one can see that it is identical to the first and the last slat.
  • FIGS. 37 and 38 more realistic proportions of the wires 1 , 2 —respectively the fiber web 12 —in comparison to the other components take place.
  • the wires and the fiber web were shown enlarged.
  • FIG. 37 there are two crossing sound fields 25 , which are generated by only one emitter.
  • the angle drawn is preferably right-angled.
  • a horizontal reflector 13 reflects the sound field to an inclined reflector 33 .
  • the fibers 21 are orientated parallel to the running direction 16 .
  • the inclined reflector is aligned in such a way, that the sound field will be thrown back in its incoming direction. Therewith the sound field returns again to the horizontal reflector 33 and then to the surface of the power unit 23 .
  • a standing wave can be generated, whose antinode is in the layer of the fiber web.
  • the space between the wire 2 and a—preferably extending over the whole width of the paper machine—traverse 57 is filled with the transmitting media 27 .
  • the emitter 22 and the inclined reflector are preferably arranged on a mounting disc 58 . Therefore the swivel angle 29 of the emitter and the swivel angle 54 of the—here inclined—reflector 33 are the same. Therefore only one align mechanism is necessary.
  • the traverse 57 is in this embodiment a mounting plane, on which other components can be arranged.
  • the mounting disc 58 is supported swiveling at the traverse 57 by means of a holder 60 .
  • a seal 59 prevents leakage of the transmitting media 27 to the lower part of the housing 61 , which has to be kept dry because of electric connectors 46 .
  • an adjusting motor for the swivel angles 29 , 54 can be positioned between the circle of the mounting disc 58 (which is, for example, provided with a gear) and the holder 60 .
  • the device in FIG. 38 shows a improved version of the device in FIG. 37.
  • the diameter of the holder 60 is about three times larger than the width of the crossing sound fields in the fiber web 12 .
  • three mounting discs 58 should be staggered in view over the running direction 16 and over the working width. So one can realize a full treatment of a fiber web by sound fields in this section of the working width.
  • a further reflector 33 here shown vertically—another arrangement of the emitter 22 is realizable. So the diameter of the holder can clearly be reduced.
  • a desired overlap 51 see FIG. 26 in FIG. 38, an arrangement of two rows with crossing sound fields is sufficient.
  • the indicated section line A-A in FIGS. 37 and 38 can be realized in the embodiments shown in FIGS. 39 and 40.
  • the course of the sound field 25 in FIGS. 37 and 38 was generated with the reflector in FIG. 39.
  • a small swivel angle 29 of the emitter, respectively a small swivel angle 54 of the reflector was assumed.
  • wires with narrow meshes can be so dense, that they too can function as a flat reflector.
  • FIGS. 41 to 43 a further field of application of directed sound fields is shown. It was already explained that not only fibers, but also additives of paper production can be aligned with directed sound fields.
  • FIGS. 41 to 43 show an application in a coating machine, but the described solution can also be used for the gluing of a fiber web in a size press.
  • a backing roll 62 of a coating machine rotates in the indicated direction. So the fiber web 12 , which partly covers the backing roll 62 , moves in the same direction.
  • an applicator roll 63 is partly immersed into the color.
  • the fiber web 12 runs through the nip between the applicator roll 63 and the backing roll 62 and takes the color from the applicator roll 63 .
  • the doctor element 67 can be designed as a blade as well as a doctor rod.
  • the color particles will be aligned parallel to the wave fronts (in this case the fluid of the coating color is the transmitting media 27 for the wave fronts) . Because of the large diameter of the backing roll 62 , the color particles are essentially parallel to their surface and to the surface of the fiber web 12 . All color particles, which have a lamella like basic structure—as for example kaolin—after their parallel alignment will be laid in layers. If then the doctor element doctors the surplus color, so the parallel color particles slide better to each other. The shearing stress will obviously reduced.
  • a color film thickness might be possible to the thickness of only one color lamella. This saves coating color and technical effort of drying—respectively of energy.
  • the color particles might also be orientated below the surface 65 of the color sump 64 near to the applicator 63 by means of an emitter 22 . So the emitter 22 between the applicator roll 63 and the doctor element 67 might be canceled.
  • the emitter 22 in the color sump furthermore, has the advantage that color lumps might be dissolved and/or the coating color might be degassed.
  • the backing roll 62 and the applicator roll 63 in relation to the emitter 22 shown, are reflectors. Additionally if the surfaces of the power units 23 are convex-shaped and they form a parallel gap with the rolls, so standing waves might be generated.
  • FIG. 42 shows the magnification of view A and the FIG. 43 shows the magnification of the view B. Both are parts of FIG. 41. These FIGS. don't need any further description, because they are self-explanatory in the context of the list of references.

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WO2006061301A1 (en) 2004-12-09 2006-06-15 Sicpa Holding S.A. Security element having a viewing-angle dependent aspect
US20060157213A1 (en) * 2000-05-08 2006-07-20 Dieter Ronnenberg Influencing the profile of the properties of a web by means of at least one acoustic field
US20100230615A1 (en) * 2009-02-27 2010-09-16 Charles Douglas Macpherson Security device
US20110024069A1 (en) * 2008-07-24 2011-02-03 Thomas Ruehl Method for optimizing the energy balance in forming sections in machines for the production of fibrous webs, and forming section
US8236139B1 (en) 2008-06-30 2012-08-07 International Paper Company Apparatus for improving basis weight uniformity with deckle wave control
CN107709031A (zh) * 2015-05-11 2018-02-16 纳米技术安全公司 安全设备

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DE10347587A1 (de) * 2003-10-14 2005-05-19 Voith Paper Patent Gmbh Vorrichtung zur Entwässerung einer Faserstoffbahn
CN101858015A (zh) 2009-04-08 2010-10-13 欧瑞康纺织有限及两合公司 用于纤维网干法成形的方法和设备
RU2418123C1 (ru) * 2009-09-11 2011-05-10 Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Уральский государственный лесотехнический университет" Способ внешней сушки бумаги на бумагоделательном цилиндре
CN102154914B (zh) * 2011-02-24 2013-03-20 钟洲 制备芳纶纸的方法及由该方法获得的芳纶纸
DE102012209614B3 (de) * 2012-06-07 2013-12-12 Gebr. Bellmer Gmbh Maschinenfabrik Entwässerung von Faserstoff mit Ultraschall
CN106468038B (zh) * 2015-08-19 2018-04-10 超美斯新材料股份有限公司 芳纶蜂窝纤维纸及其制备方法

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CN107709031A (zh) * 2015-05-11 2018-02-16 纳米技术安全公司 安全设备
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DE10022110B4 (de) 2007-10-25
EP2345761A2 (de) 2011-07-20
DE10022110A1 (de) 2001-11-22
AU2001265769A1 (en) 2001-11-20
WO2001086061A1 (de) 2001-11-15
EP1287200A1 (de) 2003-03-05
US20060157213A1 (en) 2006-07-20

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