US20070128215A1 - Streptococcus phocae vaccine - Google Patents

Streptococcus phocae vaccine Download PDF

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Publication number
US20070128215A1
US20070128215A1 US10/580,574 US58057404A US2007128215A1 US 20070128215 A1 US20070128215 A1 US 20070128215A1 US 58057404 A US58057404 A US 58057404A US 2007128215 A1 US2007128215 A1 US 2007128215A1
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vaccine
fish
bacteria
virus
phocae
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US10/580,574
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English (en)
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Luc Grisez
Ruud Philip Segers
Chow Ng
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Intervet International BV
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Assigned to AKZO NOBEL N.V. reassignment AKZO NOBEL N.V. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GRISEZ, LUC, SEGERS, RUUD PHILIP ANTOON MARIA, NG, CHOW YONG
Assigned to INTERVET INTERNATIONAL B.V. reassignment INTERVET INTERNATIONAL B.V. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: AKZO NOBEL N.V.
Publication of US20070128215A1 publication Critical patent/US20070128215A1/en
Priority to US12/355,273 priority Critical patent/US7939088B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
    • A61K39/09—Lactobacillales, e.g. aerococcus, enterococcus, lactobacillus, lactococcus, streptococcus
    • A61K39/092—Streptococcus
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the use of bacteria of the species Streptococcus phocae for the manufacture of a vaccine, to methods for the production of such vaccines, to bacteria of the species Streptococcus phocae for use in a vaccine and to methods for combating of Streptococcus phocae infection in fish.
  • the disease is characterized by skin haemorrhages as petechias close to the anus, and at both sides of the fish, furuncles and lesions affecting the muscles, internal haemorrhages and congestion.
  • the causative agent of the disease was however so far unknown.
  • the causative agent of the novel disease is a bacterium of the species Streptococcus phocae.
  • This bacterium was found for the first time around 1994 when it was identified as one of the final causes of death in seals suffering from phocine distemper virus.
  • the population of seals mostly affected by the virus comprised mainly harbor seals ( Phoca vitulina ) and grey seals ( Haliochoerus grypus ).
  • the bacterium frequently isolated from sick seals was given the name Streptococcus phocae and it has been extensively characterized by Ida Skaar et al., (Int. J. of System. Bacteriol. 44: 646-650 (1994)).
  • the so called type strain of the bacterium can be obtained from the National Collection of Type Cultures (NCTC), PHLS Central Public Health Laboratory, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, United Kingdom under deposit number NCTC 12719, and from the Culture Collection of the University of Göteborg, Department of Clinical Bacteriology, Microbiologen, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46, Göteborg, Sweden under deposit number CCUG 35103.
  • NCTC National Collection of Type Cultures
  • PHLS Central Public Health Laboratory 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, United Kingdom under deposit number NCTC 12719
  • NCTC 12719 the Culture Collection of the University of Göteborg, Department of Clinical Bacteriology, Microbiologen, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46, Göteborg, Sweden under deposit number CCUG 35103.
  • this bacterium seems to be a primary pathogen in fish, i.e. it is capable of causing disease in healthy fish.
  • this bacterium can form the basis of a vaccine for combating Streptococcus phocae infection.
  • one embodiment of the present invention relates to the use of bacteria of the species Streptococcus phocae for the manufacture of a vaccine for combating Streptococcus phocae infection in fish.
  • Streptococcus phocae is capable of switching from mammalian species to fish species, it is most likely merely a matter of time before the bacterium infects other fish species, the first species being in the group of the salmonids.
  • the bacteria of the species Streptococcus phocae are used for the manufacture of a vaccine for combating Streptococcus phocae infection in salmonids.
  • the bacteria of the species Streptococcus phocae are used for the manufacture of a vaccine for combating Streptococcus phocae infection in Atlantic salmons.
  • the vaccine may comprise bacteria of the species Streptococcus phocae as a bacterin and/or in a live attenuated form.
  • a live attenuated bacterium is a bacterium that is less pathogenic than its wild-type counterpart, while nevertheless inducing a comparable immune response. Attenuated strains can be obtained along classical routes such as chemical mutagenesis, UV-radiation and the like, or by site-directed mutagenesis.
  • a bacterin is defined here as bacteria of the species Streptococcus phocae in an inactivated form. The skilled person will notice that the method used for inactivation is not very relevant for the activity of the bacterin.
  • Bacterins have the advantage over live attenuated bacteria that they are very safe. Therefore, in a preferred form, the invention relates to the use of inactivated Streptococcus phocae bacteria
  • Vaccines as described and manufactured according to the invention can be prepared starting from a bacterial culture according to techniques well known to the skilled practitioner.
  • Vaccines basically comprise an effective amount of a bacterium for use according to the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • examples of the preparation of a vaccine according to the invention are given.
  • the term “effective ” as used herein is defined as the amount sufficient to induce an immune response in the target fish that results in a level of pathogenesis that is less that 50% of the pathogenesis seen in fish under the same conditions, but infected with wild-type Streptococcus phocae.
  • vaccines manufactured according to the invention that are based upon bacterins can be given in general in a dosage of 10 3 to 10 10 , preferably 10 6 to 10 9 , more preferably between 10 8 and 10 9 bacteria A dose exceeding 10 10 bacteria, although immunologically suitable, will be less attractive for economical reasons.
  • Vaccines manufactured according to the invention that are based upon live attenuated bacteria can be given in a lower dose, due to the fact that the bacteria will continue replicating for a certain time after administration.
  • Vaccines manufactured according to the invention that are based upon live attenuated bacteria can be given in general in a dosage of 10 2 to 10 8 , preferably 10 3 to 10 5 bacteria
  • a vaccine according to the invention examples include sterile water, saline, aqueous buffers such as PBS and the like.
  • a vaccine according to the invention may comprise other additives such as adjuvants, stabilisers, anti-oxidants and others, as described below.
  • Vaccines manufactured as described in the present invention may in a preferred presentation also contain an immunostimulatory substance, a so-called adjuvant Adjuvants in general comprise substances that boost the immune response of the host in a non-specific manner.
  • adjuvants in general comprise substances that boost the immune response of the host in a non-specific manner.
  • adjuvants are known in the art.
  • adjuvants frequently used in fish and shellfish farming are muramyldipeptides, lipopolysaccharides, several glucans and glycans and Carbopol®.
  • An extensive overview of adjuvants suitable for fish and shellfish vaccines is given in the review paper by Jan Raa (Reviews in Fisheries Science 4(3): 229-288 (1996)).
  • the vaccine may also comprise a so-called “vehicle”.
  • a vehicle is a compound to which the bacterium adheres, without being covalently bound to it. Such vehicles are i.a. bio-microcapsules, micro-alginates, liposomes and macrosols, all known in the art.
  • a special form of such a vehicle, in which the antigen is partially embedded in the vehicle, is the so-called ISCOM European Patents EP 109.942, EP 180.564, EP 242.380).
  • the vaccine may comprise one or more suitable surface-active compounds or emulsifiers, e.g. Span or Tween.
  • Oil adjuvants suitable for use in water-in-oil emulsions are e.g. mineral oils or metabolisable oils.
  • Mineral oils are e.g. Bayol®, Marcol® and Drakeol®.
  • Metabolisable oils are e.g. vegetable oils, such as peanut oil and soybean oil, animal oils such as the fish oils squalane and squalene, and tocopherol and its derivatives.
  • Suitable adjuvants are e.g. w/o emulsions, o/w emulsions and w/o/w double-emulsions
  • Very suitable o/w emulsions are e.g. obtained starting from 5-50% w/w water phase and 95-50% w/w oil adjuvant, more preferably 20-50% w/w water phase and 80-50% w/w oil adjuvant.
  • the amount of adjuvant added depends on the nature of the adjuvant itself, and information with respect to such amounts will be provided by the manufacturer.
  • the vaccine is mixed with stabilisers, e.g. to protect degradation-prone proteins from being degraded, to enhance the shelf-life of the vaccine, or to improve freeze-drying efficiency.
  • Useful stabilisers are i.a. SPGA (Bovarnik et al; J. Bacteriology 59: 509 (1950)), carbohydrates e.g. sorbitol, mannitol, trehalose, starch, sucrose, dextran or glucose, proteins such as albumin or casein or degradation products thereof, and buffers, such as alkali metal phosphates.
  • vaccines as described are presented in a freeze-dried form.
  • the vaccine may be suspended in a physiologically acceptable diluent. It goes without saying, that other ways of adjuvating, adding vehicle compounds or diluents, emulsifying or stabilising a protein are also embodied in the present invention.
  • the vaccines as described are preferably administered to the fish via injection such as e.g. intraperitoneal injection, immersion, spraying, dipping or per oral. It should be kept in mind however that the route of administration may also depend on the type of vaccine: if the vaccine comprises live attenuated Streptococcus phocae bacteria, it could easily be administered by dipping, due to the ease of administration. If on the other hand the vaccine comprises Streptococcus phocae bacteria in the form of a bacterin, or more generally spoken if the vaccine can be improved by admixing an adjuvant, the preferred way of administration would be the intraperitoneal route. From an immunological point of view, intraperitoneal vaccination is by far the most effective route of vaccination in fish, certainly for bacterins, especially because it allows the incorporation of adjuvants.
  • the administration protocol can be optimized in accordance with standard vaccination practice.
  • the age of the fish to be vaccinated is not critical although clearly one would want to vaccinate against Streptococcus phocae infection in an early stage.
  • the vaccines for salmonids it goes that they are administered when the fish are in the pre-smolt stage and have a weight of between 15 and 35 grams. This is a very suitable moment for vaccinating against Streptococcus phocae as well.
  • the vaccine is preferably mixed with a suitable carrier for oral administration i.e. cellulose, food or a metabolisable substance such as alpha-cellulose or different oils of vegetable or animals origin.
  • a suitable carrier for oral administration i.e. cellulose, food or a metabolisable substance such as alpha-cellulose or different oils of vegetable or animals origin.
  • an attractive method is administration of the vaccine to high concentrations of live-feed organisms, followed by feeding the live-feed organisms to the fish.
  • Particularly preferred food carriers for oral delivery of the vaccine according to the invention are live-feed organisms which are able to encapsulate the vaccine.
  • Suitable live-feed organisms include plankton-like non-selective filter feeders preferably members of Rotifera, Artemia, and the like. Highly preferred is the brine shrimp Artemia sp.
  • Streptococcus phocae bacteria also one or more other fish-pathogenic bacteria or viruses, or antigens of those bacteria or viruses for the manufacture of a vaccine, which would thus be a combination-vaccine.
  • Vibrio species such as Vibrio ordalii, Vibrio anguillarum serotype O1 and Vibrio anguillarum serotype O2, Aeromonas salmonicida, Flavobacterium columnarae, Tenacibaculum maritimum, Edwardsiella species such as Edwardsiella ictaluri and Edwardsiella tarda, Photobacterium damselae subspecies piscidida, Flavobacterium psychrophilum, Piscirickettsia salmonis, Moritella viscosa (formerly known as Vibrio viscosus ), Yersinia ruckeri, Vibrio salmonicida, Infectious Pancreatic Necrotic Disease virus (IPNV), Infectious Salmon Anaemia virus (ISAV) and Salmon Pancreatic Disease virus (SPDV).
  • IPNV Infectious Pancreatic Necrotic Disease virus
  • ISAV Infectious Salmon Anaemia virus
  • SPDV Salmon Pancreatic Disease virus
  • the bacteria of the species Streptococcus phocae are used together with one or more other fish-pathogenic bacteria or viruses, or antigens of those bacteria or viruses for the manufacture of a vaccine.
  • the fish-pathogenic bacteria or viruses, or antigens of those bacteria or viruses are selected from the group of notorious commercially important fish pathogens, as summarized above.
  • a combination vaccine comprising (in addition to Streptococcus phocae ) Aeromonas salmonicida bacteria or antigenic subunits thereof and Infectious Pancreatic Necrotic Disease virus (IPNV) as a viral antigen would protect at the same time against furunculosis, pancreatic necrosis and Streptococcus phocae infection.
  • IPNV Infectious Pancreatic Necrotic Disease virus
  • Other important viral antigens that would be useful components of such a combination vaccine are Infectious Salmon Anaemia virus (ISAV) and Salmon Pancreatic Disease virus (SPDV) or antigenic subunits of these viruses.
  • the viral antigen can be the whole virus or merely a subunit of the virus such as e.g. the IPN-virus VP2 protein. In this case the viral antigen is said to be derived from the whole virus.
  • An example of a very suitable combination vaccine is a vaccine comprising, next to Streptococcus phocae, also Vibrio salmonicida and Aeromonas salmonicida together with IPN-VP2.
  • a vaccine provides protection against vibriosis, infectious pancreatic necrosis, furunculosis and Streptococcus phocae infection.
  • a preferred vaccine would comprise in addition to the Streptococcus phocae vaccine component according to the invention an Aeromonas salmonicida component, an anti-Rickettsial component and IPN-VP2 as a viral antigen.
  • An otherwise highly preferred combination vaccine is a vaccine that comprises, in addition to the Streptococcus phocae component, at least two, but preferably more of the following species: Vibrio anguillarum serotype O1, Vibrio anguillarum serotype O2, Aeromonas salmonicida, Moritella viscosa, Yersinia ruckeri, Vibrio salmonicida and IPNV-VP2.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention relates to bacteria of the species Streptococcus phocae for use in a vaccine.
  • Still another embodiment of the present invention relates to methods for the production of vaccines for combating Streptococcus phocae infection in fish.
  • Such methods comprise the mixing of Streptococcus phocae bacteria in a live attenuated or inactivated form and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a preferred form of this embodiment relates to methods that additionally comprise the mixing of an adjuvant.
  • an embodiment of the present invention relates to methods for the preventing and/or combating of Streptococcus phocae infection in fish, which methods comprise the administering to fish of an effective amount of a vaccine obtained through a method comprising the mixing of Streptococcus phocae bacteria in a live attenuated or inactivated form and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the term “effective ” as used herein is defined as the amount of a vaccine sufficient to induce an immune response in the target fish that results in a level of pathogenesis that is less that 50% of the pathogenesis seen in fish under the same conditions, but infected with wild-type Streptococcus phocae.
  • strains were isolated from different farms. Strains were isolated from spring and summer outbreaks in Atlantic salmon cultured in estuarine and marine water, resulting in high mortalities.
  • Type strains obtained from Culture collections Strain Description INS/AS-Code CCUG 35103 Type strain AS 969 CCUG 35104 Ref strain AS 971 CCUG 35105 Ref strain AS 980
  • strains (Chile-strains, S. phocae type and reference strains and remaining non-deposited strains from Norway) were identified in 46 phenotypic and morphological tests (Gram-reaction, Catalase-reaction, Oxidase-reaction, haemolysis, growth on 40% bile salts, Gelatinase-production, API(API 20 Strep test kit BioMerieux), Oxidation/Fermentation test (w & w/o oil), Kligler Triple Sugar reactions (Lactose, Glucose, gas-production, H 2 S production), fermentation of Amygdalin, Galactose, Glycerol, Maltose, Melibiose, Melizitose, Sucrose, Nitrate, growth at pH9.6, in 6.5% salt, 3% salt tolerance, indol-production and motility).
  • the identification profiles obtained were incorporated in an existing data matrix containing fish pathogenic Gram-positive bacterial species ( Streptococcus agalactiae, S. difficile, S. iniae, Carnobacterium piscicola, Vagocossus salmoninarum, Nocardia seriolae and Lactococcus garvieae ) as well as reference strains of S. mutans, S. zooepidermicus and S. equi, and similarities were computed using UPGMA analysis. The results of this phylogenetic tree analysis are represented in the dendrogram in FIG. 1 . All strains in the row between and including INS 248 and AS 958 belong to the same cluster, i.e. they belong to the species S. phocae.
  • 16S rRNA sequences were determined as described by Kuhnert et al., (Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 46;1 174-1176 (1996)). For both strains, a sequence of approximately 1410 nt was obtained. These sequences were compared with available nucleotide sequence databases, using the BlastN software. The highest scoring sequences were aligned using Clustal X in the Vector NTI software package (Informax Inc.) with the following settings: a gap opening penalty of 15 and a gap extension penalty of 6.66, both for pair wise and multiple alignments. For the construction of the tree the Neighbor-Joining method by Saitou, N. and Nei, M. was used. (The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 4, 406-425 (1987)). Positions with gaps were excluded from analysis.
  • the phylogenetic tree indicating the relatedness of the various Streptococcal strains is given in FIG. 2 .
  • a crude vaccine was prepared by growing strain AS 972 for 22.5 hours in SGM 5 ⁇ glucose medium on an orbital shaker (129 RPM) at 32° C. After incubation the total count obtained was 2.9 ⁇ 10 9 cells/ml. The culture was inactivated with 0.5% formalin and subsequently concentrated by centrifugation to a final concentration of 1.5 ⁇ 10 10 cells/ml. Bacterial cells were resuspended in culture supernatant
  • a total of 56 fish (Asian Sea bass) were injected intra-peritoneal (IP) with 0.1 ml the above vaccine whereas 55 fish were injected with PBS.
  • IP intra-peritoneal
  • the latter group served as control.
  • the mean weight of the vaccinated and control fish at the start of the experiment was 19.7 and 20.1 grams respectively.
  • Vaccinated and control fish were kept in the same tank, separated by means of a vertical separation net placed in the middle of the tank.
  • a challenge model was evaluated by IP-injection of live Streptococcus phocae strains AS 972/AS 960 (5 ⁇ 10 4 , 5 ⁇ 10 6 and 5 ⁇ 10 7 CFU/fish).
  • Streptococcus phocae was coated overnight to NUNC Maxisorb at 10 7 bacteria/well.
  • ELISA was developed using a mouse monoclonal antibody directed against the light chain of European Sea bass IgM (cross-reactive with Asian Sea bass IgM), followed by incubation with peroxidase conjugated goat-anti-mouse antibodies. Titers are expressed as OD 450 reading.
  • Vaccines were prepared as described in Example 3.
  • a total of 250 fish (Atlantic salmon) were injected intra-peritoneal (IP) with 0.1 ml the above vaccine whereas 130 fish were injected with PBS. The latter group served as control.
  • the mean weight of the vaccinated and control fish at the start of the experiment was 28 grams.
  • Formalin inactivated Streptococcus phocae Strain INS 972 was diluted in coating buffer to 10 7 bacteria/ml. Subsequently 0.1 ml was added to individual wells of 96 wells NUNC Maxisorb plates, incubated over night at 2-8° C. and washed three times. Wells were then incubated with serial dilutions of salmon sera. Subsequently the bound antibodies were quantified using rabbit-anti-salmon, HR-peroxidase-conjugated goat-anti-rabbit IgG and peroxidase substrate. Titers are expressed OD 492 reading.
  • FIG. 1 phylogenetic tree of 77 Streptococcal and other Gram-positive species isolated from fish and seals on the basis of their biochemical relatedness.
  • FIG. 2 phylogenetic tree of S. phocae strains (reference strain NCTC 12719 and two Chilean Streptococcus phocae isolates from fish) and other streptococcal strains on the basis of 16 S rRNA sequence analysis.
  • FIG. 3 ELISA determination after vaccination/challenge of S. phocae in Sea bass.
  • FIG. 4 ELISA determination after vaccination/challenge of S. phocae in Atlantic salmon.

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Cited By (2)

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US20180117136A1 (en) * 2015-03-26 2018-05-03 Gpn Vaccines Pty Ltd Streptococcal vaccine
CN113476596A (zh) * 2021-07-14 2021-10-08 青岛农业大学 杀鲑气单胞菌和迟缓爱德华氏菌二联疫苗及其应用

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JP5567244B2 (ja) * 2006-06-06 2014-08-06 共立製薬株式会社 魚類ストレプトコッカス・ディスガラクティエを抗原とする不活化ワクチン
CL2008003262A1 (es) * 2007-11-02 2009-06-26 Intervet Int Bv Vacuna que comprende lactococcus garviae, pasteurella piscicida, vibrio anguillarum y nocardia seriolae; y uso de dichas bacterias para combatir infecciones de nocardia en peces.
CN101461941B (zh) * 2007-12-20 2012-07-04 施怀哲维克有限公司 疫苗及其制备方法
TW200936759A (en) * 2007-12-21 2009-09-01 Intervet Int Bv Fish vaccine
CN111304131B (zh) * 2020-03-17 2021-07-16 中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所 致病性美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种菌株及应用

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US6379677B1 (en) * 2000-02-25 2002-04-30 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Agriculture Streptococcus iniae vaccine
US6518252B2 (en) * 2000-09-20 2003-02-11 University Of Georgia Research Foundation, Inc. Method of treating aquatic animals with an antimicrobial agent and chelating agent

Cited By (4)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20180117136A1 (en) * 2015-03-26 2018-05-03 Gpn Vaccines Pty Ltd Streptococcal vaccine
US10821168B2 (en) * 2015-03-26 2020-11-03 Gpn Vaccines Pty Ltd Streptococcal vaccine
US11235048B2 (en) 2015-03-26 2022-02-01 Gpn Vaccines Pty Ltd Streptococcal vaccine
CN113476596A (zh) * 2021-07-14 2021-10-08 青岛农业大学 杀鲑气单胞菌和迟缓爱德华氏菌二联疫苗及其应用

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NO20062469L (no) 2006-06-30
AU2004294732A1 (en) 2005-06-16
CA2545470C (en) 2011-09-20
JP2007513124A (ja) 2007-05-24
AU2004294732B2 (en) 2009-10-08
US7939088B2 (en) 2011-05-10
JP4695602B2 (ja) 2011-06-08
DE602004006026D1 (de) 2007-05-31
ATE359815T1 (de) 2007-05-15
DK176668B1 (da) 2009-02-09
EP1706142B1 (de) 2007-04-18
US20090130142A1 (en) 2009-05-21
DK200600871A (da) 2006-06-29

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