US20080156314A1 - Vacuum tubes for solar collectors with improved heat transfer - Google Patents

Vacuum tubes for solar collectors with improved heat transfer Download PDF

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Publication number
US20080156314A1
US20080156314A1 US11/964,291 US96429107A US2008156314A1 US 20080156314 A1 US20080156314 A1 US 20080156314A1 US 96429107 A US96429107 A US 96429107A US 2008156314 A1 US2008156314 A1 US 2008156314A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
heat transfer
heat
tubes
tube
glass tube
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
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US11/964,291
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English (en)
Inventor
Dirk Heuer
Walter Zimmerly
Werner Guckert
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SGL Carbon SE
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SGL Carbon SE
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Publication date
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Publication of US20080156314A1 publication Critical patent/US20080156314A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F21/00—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
    • F28F21/02—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of carbon, e.g. graphite
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S10/00—Solar heat collectors using working fluids
    • F24S10/40—Solar heat collectors using working fluids in absorbing elements surrounded by transparent enclosures, e.g. evacuated solar collectors
    • F24S10/45—Solar heat collectors using working fluids in absorbing elements surrounded by transparent enclosures, e.g. evacuated solar collectors the enclosure being cylindrical
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S80/00—Details, accessories or component parts of solar heat collectors not provided for in groups F24S10/00-F24S70/00
    • F24S2080/01—Selection of particular materials
    • F24S2080/014—Carbone, e.g. graphite
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y02E10/44—Heat exchange systems

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to vacuum tubes for solar collectors.
  • FIG. 1 One known configuration of vacuum tube solar collectors (see FIG. 1 ) contains so-called Sydney tubes. These are dual-walled glass vessels configured like a thermos bottle, are formed of two glass tubes 1 and 2 , inserted concentrically one into the other, that are each closed at one end forming a hemisphere, and are fused together at the other end, which is not visible in the cross-section depiction of FIG. 1 . A hermetically sealed gap 3 between the glass tubes is evacuated to avoid heat losses.
  • a heat transfer tube secured in a carrier structure 4 , for example a U-shaped tube, which has a heat-transfer fluid flowing through it.
  • the cross-sectional depiction in FIG. 1 shows two posts 5 ′, 5 ′′ of the U tube for inflow of the heat-transfer fluid to be heated, and outflow of heated fluid to the heat exchanger or storage device.
  • the carrier structure 4 has heat transfer plates 6 made of aluminum or copper, into which heat transfer pipes, customarily formed of copper or brass, are embedded or folded in.
  • the heat transfer fluid can flow through the collector tubes lengthwise, and then the heat transfer tube at the upper and at the lower end of the collector tube is open.
  • the lead-in is located in a receptacle at the lower pipe end, and at the upper pipe end is a receptacle for the return.
  • the heat transfer pipe can also have coaxial flow going through it.
  • the heat transfer pipe formed of two tubes placed coaxially one inside the other, with the open end of the inner coaxial tube (the heat transfer tube) having the outer coaxial tube projecting beyond it.
  • German patent DE 198 21 137 describes a heat transfer fluid guided in this way.
  • the inner glass tube (absorber tube) 2 is provided, on its surface that faces the vacuum gap, with a selective absorber layer 7 , made for example, from aluminum nitride.
  • a high-reflection mirror 8 placed behind the collector tubes causes solar radiation to also reach the rear side of the cylindrical absorber tube.
  • Heat is absorbed from the incident sunlight in the absorber layer 7 . Via the heat transfer plates 6 , the heat is transferred to the heat transfer pipes. The heated heat transfer fluid flows to a heat exchanger in which the heat is removed for further exploitation.
  • a further problem is differing thermal expansion of copper and aluminum, if use is made of heat transfer plates made of aluminum and heat transfer pipes made of copper.
  • a solar collector vacuum tube contains two glass tubes including an inner glass tube and an outer glass tube placed one inside another concentrically. Each of the glass tubes is closed in a hemispheric shape at a first end, and fused to each other at a second end. The two glass tubes define a gap there-between and the gap is evacuated. Pipes functioning as heat transfer tubes are disposed in an interior space of the inner glass tube and through which a heat transmission medium flows. A heat conduction element is disposed in the interior space of the inner glass tube and is made of a compressed graphite expandate. The heat conduction element has a first side forming a form-locking connection with the interior wall of the inner glass tube and a second side forming a form-locking connection with adjoining surfaces of the heat transfer tubes.
  • Graphite expandate is distinguished both by high thermal conductivity and by being able to be shaped easily, and by outstanding adaptation to adjoining surfaces. Therefore, using compressed graphite expandate, an almost gapless, full-surface form fit can be attained between the heat-conducting components.
  • a heat transfer element made of compressed graphite expandate is placed in the inner glass tube, with full-surface form fit on the one hand to the adjoining surfaces of the heat transfer element with the interior wall of the inner glass tube, and on the other hand to the heat transfer tubes and, if necessary, a carrier structure that receives the heat transfer tube.
  • the invention is not bound to a certain type of tube placement of the heat transfer medium, but is also suitable for U-shaped as well as ones that flow through from beneath upwards and also coaxial heat transfer tubes or heat pipes or a combination thereof. Therefore, in what follows, the overall term heat transfer tube is used, if reference is not made to a special pipe embodiment.
  • the thermal expansion of the expanded graphite is minimal, and therefore during times when the solar collector is idle, no significant material fatigue of the heat transfer element is to be expected.
  • the heat transfer element made of compressed graphite expandate can be embodied as a form-fitted intermediate layer between the inner absorber wall and the carrier structure that receives the heat transfer tubes, or as a heat transfer component fitted into the absorber tube, i.e., as a shaped piece that admits the head transfer tubes in shape-closing fashion and replaces the carrier structure with the heat conduction plates.
  • the heat transfer tubes are U-shaped tubes, tubes through which a flow of the heat transmission medium moves from below upwards, coaxial heat transfer tubes, heat pipes or a combination thereof.
  • a carrier structure which houses the heat transfer tubes.
  • the second side of the heat conduction element forms the form-locking connection with adjoining surfaces of at least one of the heat transfer tubes and the carrier structure.
  • the heat conduction element is a graphite foil, which is wound about the carrier structure that receives the heat transfer tubes, and adjoins the inner wall of the inner glass tube in the form-locking connection.
  • the graphite foil has a thickness between 0.1 and 1 mm, and a density between 0.5 and 1.5 g/cm 3 .
  • the heat conduction element is a heat transfer component composed of two half-form shapes and the compressed graphite expandate in the heat conduction element has a density between 0.02 and 0.5 g/cm 3 .
  • an absorber layer is disposed on the first side of the heat conduction element that faces the inner wall of the inner glass tube.
  • the heat transfer tubes are in the form-locking connection with the heat conduction element being a heat transfer component made of the compressed graphite expandate.
  • a graphite foil is wound about the heat transfer component and the graphite foil adjoins the inner wall of the inner glass tube in a form-locking connection.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic, cross-sectional view of a Sydney vacuum tube collector with heat conduction plates according to the prior art with a U tube for the heat transfer fluid;
  • FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic, cross-sectional view of a Sydney vacuum tube collector according to a first embodiment of the invention with an intermediate layer made of graphite foil;
  • FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic, cross-sectional view of a Sydney vacuum tube collector according to a second embodiment of the invention with a heat transmission component made of expanded graphite;
  • FIG. 4A is a diagrammatic, transverse sectional view of the Sydney vacuum tube according to a second embodiment of the invention with a coaxial tube embedded in the heat transmission component;
  • FIG. 4B is a diagrammatic, longitudinal sectional view of the Sydney vacuum tube according to a second embodiment of the invention with a coaxial tube embedded in the heat transmission component;
  • FIG. 5A is a diagrammatic, transverse sectional view of the Sydney vacuum tube according to the second embodiment of the invention with a heat pipe embedded in the heat transmission component;
  • FIG. 5B is a diagrammatic, longitudinal sectional view of the Sydney vacuum tube according to the second embodiment of the invention with a heat pipe embedded in the heat transmission component;
  • FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic, cross-sectional view of an invention-specific heat transmission component with a modified cross section.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 there is shown two principal embodiments of the invention as examples using a Sydney collector with a U-shaped heat transfer pipe 5 ′, 5 ′′, but they are not limited to that.
  • the heat transfer fluid can also be brought through a coaxial tube or a tube that has flow going from below upwards, or a heat pipe is used.
  • the carrier structure with the heat transfer tubes 5 ′, 5 ′′ on its surface that faces the inner wall of absorber pipe 2 is wound about by graphite foil 9 , which creates a form-fit, thermally conducting contact between absorber tube 2 and the heat transfer pipes 5 ′, 5 ′′.
  • the carrier structure itself is not shown in FIG. 2 for better clarity. Heat conduction plates are no longer needed here, so that the weight of the collector tubes is reduced.
  • graphite foil easily adapts to surfaces that are to be sealed, and thereby compensates for unevenness or other irregularities in the surface of flanges.
  • the graphite foil 9 exactly adapts to the adjoining surfaces of the carrier structure and the heat transfer tubes 5 ′, 5 ′′ on the one side, and to the inner wall of the inner glass tube 2 on the other side, and thus compensates for irregularities present in these surfaces. Heat transmission is thereby facilitated.
  • a graphite foil is to be selected that on the one hand has sufficient stability against tearing, and on the other hand is sufficiently flexible so that it can be wound.
  • Suitable graphite foil has a thickness between 0.1 and 1 mm, preferably up to 0.5 mm, and a density between 0.5 and 1.5 g per cm 3 .
  • the carrier structure made of heat conduction plates that receive the heat transfer tubes is replaced by a shaped piece made of compressed graphite expandate.
  • This is designated in what follows as the heat transmission component 10 .
  • the invention-specific heat transmission components 10 have a generally cylindrical configuration with recesses to admit the heat transfer pipes 5 ′, 5 ′′.
  • the heat transmission component 10 has dimensions so that its circumferential surface is at least partially form-fitting on the inner wall of glass tube 2 (the absorber tube).
  • the heat transfer tubes 5 ′, 5 ′′, depicted as examples in FIG. 3 and U-tubes 5 ′, 5 ′′, are in turn admitted in form-fitting fashion from the heat transmission component 10 made of compressed graphite expandate.
  • the heat transmission component 10 may be embodied as a one-piece shaped piece, but for reasons having to do with manufacturing technology, as shown in FIGS. 3-5 , it preferably is composed of two half-shape pieces 10 ′ and 10 ′′.
  • FIGS. 4A and 4B show a transverse and longitudinal section of a dual-wall glass tube 1 , 2 , in which the heat transfer fluid is brought through a coaxial pipe 5 ′′′.
  • the coaxial pipe is embedded in form-fitting fashion between the two half-shape pieces 10 ′, 10 ′′, whose surfaces that abut one another have matching recesses.
  • FIGS. 5A and 5B show a further alternative in transverse and longitudinal section of dual-walled glass tube 1 , 2 , in which the heat transfer fluid is brought through a heat pipe 5 “ ”.
  • the heat pipe is embedded in form-fitting fashion between the two half-shape pieces 10 ′, 10 ′′, whose surfaces that abut one another have matching recesses.
  • a heat transfer pipe that has the flow coming through it from below upwards can be embedded in form-fitting fashion between the two half-shape pieces 10 ′, 10 ′′ that form the heat transfer component 10 , or combinations of various types of heat transfer pipes.
  • Graphite expandate is outstanding in having a high capacity to adapt to adjoining surfaces, thus assuring a form-fitting joint, and thus small heat transmission resistance, to the inner wall of the inner glass tube 2 on the one side, and to the heat transfer pipes on the other side. By this measure, heat transfer is facilitated, and heat transfer resistance drops.
  • this invention-specific structure eliminates the problem of differing thermal expansions of copper and aluminum.
  • the heat transfer component 10 made of compressed graphite expandate, possesses a compression reserve due to its porosity, so that the thermal expansion of the copper pipe can be compensated for.
  • a further advantage of this embodiment is that weight is reduced, since the shaped piece 10 made of compressed graphite expandate is considerably lighter than the traditional metal carrier structure.
  • graphite expandate and graphite foil Manufacture of graphite expandate and graphite foil is known.
  • Graphite interstitial compounds such as graphite hydrogen sulfate or graphite nitrate are given shock-type heating in an oven or by microwaves.
  • the volume of the particles increases by a factor of 200 to 400, and the bulk density drops to 2 to 20 g/l.
  • the graphite expandate thus obtained is formed of worm-shaped or accordion-shaped aggregates. During densification the individual aggregates hook together to form a solid mass, so that, without addition of binders, self-supporting surface formations, such as foils or ribbons, or shaped bodies like plates, can be manufactured.
  • Another method known from the state of the art for manufacture of three-dimensional shaped bodies made of graphite expandate relates in carrying out the thermal expansion of the graphite interstitial compound or of the graphite salt in an appropriately configured shaping tool. This is done while taking care that the shaping tool must permit gases to escape. Due to the expensive tool configuration, however, this method is not preferred for the manufacture of shaped pieces for the present invention.
  • the density of the graphite expandate in these shaped pieces is in a range between 0.02 and 0.5 g/cm 3 .
  • the shaped pieces can also be manufactured by shape extrusion from pre-manufactured plates.
  • the heat transmission component is to be inserted into a vacuum tube already provided with heat transfer pipes, then recesses must be provided in the shaped piece to admit the heat transfer tubes or the heat pipe. Thanks to the fact that the compressed article is easy to form, the recesses can be indented without difficulty into the shaped piece or be cut out of it. The shaped piece is then pushed from its open end outward into the vacuum tube, whereby the heat transfer pipes glide into the recesses provided for them.
  • a complete component is manufactured, including the heat transfer tube and the heat transmission component compressed from graphite expandate.
  • the heat transfer tube is simply pressed into the shaped piece, which if necessary formed of two half-shape pieces placed against each other, or is embedded between the two half-shape pieces, so that it is admitted in interlocked fashion.
  • shaped pieces “generally cylindrical in shape” are understood to be with a geometry that one can regard as derived from a cylinder so that its original round cross section is provided with indentations or recesses, so that the circumferential surface of this form corresponds to the circumferential surface of a cylinder only in limited areas. These areas form the adjoining surfaces between the heat transmission element 10 and the inner wall of the inner glass tube 2 , and at these adjoining surfaces the interlocking is full-surface.
  • FIG. 6 shows one example of such a shape that deviates from cylindrical form of shaped piece 10 , here with an embedded coaxial tube 5 ′′′.
  • the interlocking contact to absorber tube 2 (the outer tube 1 was left out of the illustration for the sake of simplicity) is, however, in these areas nearly full-surface due to the great capacity of the compressed graphite expandate to adapt.
  • the surface of heat transmission component 10 that faces the inner wall of inner glass tube 2 can be provided with an absorber layer. This embodiment has an advantage in that there is no heat transmission through the glass wall of tube 2 .
  • the absorption layer 7 can fully be dispensed with, and the absorption action of the graphite can be exploited. Efficiency losses implied with that can be compensated by cost reductions for materials and manufacture, which also favors their being used in poorer countries, of which many are located in parts of the earth with strong insolation.
  • a form-locking or form-fitting connection is one that connects two elements together due to the shape of the elements themselves, as opposed to a force-locking connection, which locks the elements together by force external to the elements.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
  • Rigid Pipes And Flexible Pipes (AREA)
  • Joining Of Glass To Other Materials (AREA)
US11/964,291 2005-06-23 2007-12-26 Vacuum tubes for solar collectors with improved heat transfer Abandoned US20080156314A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP05013591.2 2005-06-23
EP05013591A EP1736715A1 (de) 2005-06-23 2005-06-23 Vakuumröhren für Solarkollektoren mit verbessertem Wärmeübergang
PCT/EP2006/004602 WO2006136243A1 (de) 2005-06-23 2006-05-16 Vakuumröhren für solarkollektoren mit verbessertem wärmeübergang

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/EP2006/004602 Continuation WO2006136243A1 (de) 2005-06-23 2006-05-16 Vakuumröhren für solarkollektoren mit verbessertem wärmeübergang

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US (1) US20080156314A1 (de)
EP (1) EP1736715A1 (de)
JP (1) JP2008544206A (de)
KR (1) KR20080031308A (de)
CN (1) CN101198827A (de)
WO (1) WO2006136243A1 (de)

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US20120048519A1 (en) * 2009-02-12 2012-03-01 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives Set of heat pipes for solar collectors
US20120111319A1 (en) * 2009-12-09 2012-05-10 Climatewell Ab (Publ) Thermal solar panel with integrated chemical heat pump
JP2012533370A (ja) * 2009-07-23 2012-12-27 ダブリュ アンド イー インターナショナル（カナダ） コーポレーション ソーラー式調理装置
EP2457029A4 (de) * 2009-07-23 2014-05-14 W & E Int Canada Corp Solar-kaffee-/teemaschine und -kochvorrichtungen
US9383120B1 (en) * 2010-09-23 2016-07-05 Roland Winston Solar thermal concentrator apparatus, system, and method
WO2016156332A1 (fr) 2015-03-31 2016-10-06 Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives Conducteur thermique multi-elements pour tube sous vide d'un capteur solaire thermique
WO2017002127A1 (en) * 2015-06-27 2017-01-05 Indian Institute Of Technology Bombay Solar collector with absorber integrated heat storage
WO2017210674A1 (en) * 2016-06-03 2017-12-07 The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York Tankless solar water heater using bottomless vacuum tubes
IT201700109097A1 (it) * 2017-09-28 2019-03-28 Archimede Sistemi Ind S R L S Dispositivo convertitore di energia solare, reattore solare corrispondente, e relativo impianto
WO2022098398A1 (en) * 2020-11-09 2022-05-12 Photon Vault, Llc Multi-temperature heat collection system
US11428476B2 (en) 2020-09-04 2022-08-30 Photon Vault, Llc Thermal energy storage and retrieval system
US11519655B2 (en) 2020-07-31 2022-12-06 Photon Vault, Llc Thermal energy storage and retrieval systems and methods
US12449210B2 (en) 2020-09-04 2025-10-21 Photon Vault, Llc Thermal energy system with bonded aggregate blocks comprising graphite

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FR2919712B1 (fr) * 2007-08-02 2009-10-02 Claude Alix Georges Pomero Capteur solaire thermique avec absorbeur en forme de cylindre transparent a section ellipsoidale contenant de l'eau coloree
US7971587B2 (en) 2007-10-31 2011-07-05 The Regents Of The University Of California Apparatus and method for solar thermal energy collection
CN101387447B (zh) * 2008-10-08 2010-06-09 大连理工大学 石墨填充真空玻璃管闭环毛细管太阳能集热管
CN101387449B (zh) * 2008-10-08 2010-06-02 大连理工大学 石墨填充真空玻璃管开式毛细管太阳能集热管
DE102008051905A1 (de) * 2008-10-16 2010-07-15 Sgl Carbon Se Verfahren zur Herstellung von Wärmetauscherrohren
KR101030691B1 (ko) * 2008-12-05 2011-04-27 (주)해빛에너지 진공관을 이용한 태양열 집열기의 전열판
CN101581508B (zh) * 2009-06-29 2011-01-26 浙江高得乐新能源有限公司 带有热加速器的太阳能真空集热管
CN101813394A (zh) * 2010-04-04 2010-08-25 姚德龙 一种太阳能热水器集热器高导热翅片
JP2012002484A (ja) * 2010-06-21 2012-01-05 Daiwa House Industry Co Ltd 太陽熱集熱パネル構造
KR101155691B1 (ko) * 2010-07-19 2012-06-12 주식회사 써너지 태양열 집열판용 진공집열관
KR101002413B1 (ko) 2010-07-21 2010-12-17 삼신설계(주) 태양열 에너지와 물의 이송 기술을 이용한 태양열 집열 시스템
DE102012111081A1 (de) * 2012-11-19 2014-05-22 Viessmann Werke Gmbh & Co Kg Solarkollektor
EP2827078A1 (de) * 2013-07-17 2015-01-21 Urs Furter Solarkollektor zur Beheizung einer Zirkulationsflüssigkeit und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Solarkollektors
CN103363689B (zh) * 2013-08-09 2016-01-20 合肥益用太阳能科技有限公司 利用固体介质换热的热管式太阳能集热器
KR101924418B1 (ko) 2016-09-27 2019-02-20 강민수 태양광 집광집열관

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KR20080031308A (ko) 2008-04-08

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