US20080240858A1 - Assembly for dissipating wave energy through diffraction - Google Patents

Assembly for dissipating wave energy through diffraction Download PDF

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Publication number
US20080240858A1
US20080240858A1 US12/142,378 US14237808A US2008240858A1 US 20080240858 A1 US20080240858 A1 US 20080240858A1 US 14237808 A US14237808 A US 14237808A US 2008240858 A1 US2008240858 A1 US 2008240858A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
blocks
row
assembly
block
waves
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US12/142,378
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English (en)
Inventor
James Alan THOMPSON
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
TBlocks Ltd
Original Assignee
TBlocks Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by TBlocks Ltd filed Critical TBlocks Ltd
Assigned to TBLOCKS LIMITED reassignment TBLOCKS LIMITED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: THOMPSON, JAMES ALAN
Publication of US20080240858A1 publication Critical patent/US20080240858A1/en
Priority to US12/262,776 priority Critical patent/US20090047071A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/06—Moles; Piers; Quays; Quay walls; Groynes; Breakwaters ; Wave dissipating walls; Quay equipment
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/12—Revetment of banks, dams, watercourses, or the like, e.g. the sea-floor
    • E02B3/14—Preformed blocks or slabs for forming essentially continuous surfaces; Arrangements thereof
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A10/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE at coastal zones; at river basins
    • Y02A10/11—Hard structures, e.g. dams, dykes or breakwaters

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an assembly for dissipating wave energy through diffraction, and relates particularly, but not exclusively, to an assembly for diffracting water waves.
  • Coastal structures such as breakwaters and seawalls are generally made from boulders of high density stone to create a sloping structure. These structures are often overlaid with concrete shapes designed to interlock randomly to absorb wave energy through voids.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a known type of breakwater used at an entrance to a harbour.
  • a plurality of large natural stone or concrete blocks 2 are sunk into the seabed 4 to form a breakwater having surfaces 6 formed by blockwork 8 .
  • Blocks 2 may be cemented together.
  • Sea waves 10 propagating in the direction of arrow A impact surface 6 .
  • the wave energy is both absorbed by the structure formed by blocks 2 and also directed downwardly which causes a current of water to flow in the direction of arrow B.
  • the horizontal planes 12 between blocks 2 act as shear planes such that the separate rows of blocks 2 can shift relative to one another over time.
  • water forced in the direction of arrow B can cause an effect known as scouring which erodes the lower structure of the breakwater at the base above and below the sea level, which in extreme cases can cause the breakwater to fail and collapse.
  • the present invention seeks to overcome the above disadvantages of the prior art.
  • an assembly for dissipating wave energy through diffraction comprising:
  • each said first and second block includes a pair of substantially planar end faces and a plurality of substantially planar side faces, wherein a first side face meets an adjacent second side face to form an edge, and first and second cutouts are formed at the ends of said first and second side faces remote from said edge, and each said first block has a first height between said end faces and each said second block has a second height, different from said first height, between said end faces;
  • the assembly further comprising a base row of alternating first and second blocks interlocked by engagement of adjacent cutouts; and at least one further row comprising a plurality of first blocks stacked on top of the base row, at least one said further row laterally offset from the base row to form a stepped assembly, each said block being interlocked by engagement of adjacent cutouts.
  • the blocks can be arranged in rows interlocking vertically and horizontally at adjacent cutouts, the rows of blocks arranged such that respective edges face the incoming water waves to form a periodic structure that is stepped in two planes.
  • Such a configuration causes wave interference from waves impacting the steps and faces of the assembly. Each edge and face acts as a point source of wave energy dissipation.
  • the waves are diffracted by the faces and steps of the assembly into the oncoming water waves to cause interference. This results in a reduced oncoming wave intensity to prolong the life of the structure.
  • the wave interference creates a standing wave near the face of the structure.
  • first and second blocks having different heights
  • this provides the advantage that the blocks can be arranged such that the structure created is interlocked in both the horizontal and vertical directions such that there is no horizontal shear plane as with the structure of FIG. 1 along which the structure can slip. Also, this prevents individual columns of blocks from falling over since the blocks can be interlocked at their respective cutouts. This provides a stronger structure.
  • each said block comprises a bore.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of a breakwater
  • FIG. 2 a is a plan view of a block used in forming an assembly for dissipating wave energy through diffraction;
  • FIG. 2 b is a front view of the block of FIG. 2 a;
  • FIG. 2 c is a side view of the block of FIG. 2 a;
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a block having profiled edges
  • FIGS. 4 a and 4 b are perspective views of blocks of different sizes shown in scale compared to the size of a human;
  • FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a block having fixtures for lifting
  • FIG. 6 is a perspective view of mould parts for forming the blocks
  • FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the blocks stacked in vertical columns
  • FIG. 8 a is a plan view of a row of blocks interlocked to form an angled line
  • FIG. 8 b is a plan view of a row of block interlocked to form a straight line
  • FIG. 8 c is a plan view of a row of blocks interlocked to form a line angled in the opposite direction to that of FIG. 8 a;
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic view of a row of blocks interlocked with a representation of the principle of diffraction
  • FIGS. 10 a to 10 e are perspective and plan views showing the steps in construction of a vertical assembly for dissipating wave energy through diffraction;
  • FIGS. 11 a to 11 f are plan and schematic views of the steps in construction of a stepped assembly for dissipating wave energy through diffraction according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 12 is a cross sectional view of a stepped assembly of blocks according to the present invention used to protect an existing coastal protection structure
  • FIG. 13 a is a cross section of a stepped assembly of 2 metre blocks
  • FIG. 13 b is a plan view of the assembly of FIG. 13 a;
  • FIG. 14 a is a cross section of a stepped assembly of 2.5 metre blocks
  • FIG. 14 b is a plan view of the assembly of FIG. 14 a;
  • FIGS. 15 a to 15 d are cross sectional views showing the steps in construction of an assembly according to the present invention for protecting a landslip retaining wall that has a hydraulic profile on the seaward side;
  • FIG. 16 is a cross sectional view of a prior art rock armour structure used to protect an existing seawall
  • FIG. 17 a is a cross sectional view of a vertical assembly of blocks shown in comparison to a prior art rock armour structure.
  • FIG. 17 b is a plan view of the assembly of FIG. 17 a.
  • a block 20 is formed from concrete in a cuboid shape and has forward and rear edges 22 , substantially flat base 23 and upper surface 25 and cutouts 24 formed at two diagonally opposed corners. Shapes other than cuboids can be used, provided the base and upper surface are substantially flat, at least one edge and two cutouts are formed. For example, triangular blocks can be formed by removing one of the edges 22 of block 20 .
  • a cylindrical bore 26 is formed in the centre of the block along the vertical axis of the block 20 .
  • the edges 22 of the blocks may comprise a profiled surface 28 to improve the appearance of the assembled blocks.
  • FIGS. 4 a and 4 b show two different sizes of block compared to the size of an average man 30 .
  • An example of dimension x in FIG. 3 is of the order of 1 metre and an example of height h in FIGS. 4 a and 4 b is 0.7 and 1.1 metres respectively. It will be apparent to the person skilled in the art that the size of block can be chosen for the particular application.
  • a plurality of groves 32 can be provided on the base of the blocks in order to enable lifting by machinery, such as a forklift truck.
  • metal hook portions 34 can be embedded in the concrete of the block during formation to enable lifting by a crane.
  • each block is moulded from concrete using three reusable mould parts 36 to 40 .
  • Mould parts 36 and 38 have projections 42 which are used to form the cutouts 24 in the corners of blocks 20 .
  • a plurality of blocks 20 are stacked to form two columns interlocked by cutouts 24 .
  • the left hand column comprises blocks having height X and the right hand column comprises blocks having height Y.
  • the lateral dimensions of the blocks having height X and Y are the same such that it is only the height of the blocks that differs. It can be seen from the drawings that as a result of the differing heights of the blocks, the two columns are interlocked in both the horizontal and vertical directions. For example, there is no single horizontal plane that runs across both columns. This means that there is no shear plane along which the layers of blocks can slip. Also, as a result of interlocking cutouts 24 , the two columns are interlocked in the vertical direction.
  • a row of blocks 20 can be interlocked at cutouts 24 to form an angled plane shown by angle ⁇ .
  • the blocks are interlocked such that edges 22 present a substantially straight plane.
  • the blocks 20 are interlocked at cutouts 24 to present a plane having angle ⁇ (to the straight plane in the opposite direction to that of FIG. 8 a.
  • Blocks 20 form a row of blocks on a shoreline. Waves with wave crests 44 propagate in the direction of arrow A towards the shore. When the waves impact the row of blocks 20 , the alternating peaks and troughs formed by the edges 22 of blocks 20 cause deflection of the waves from the faces of the assembly such that the deflected waves have circular wave fronts 46 .
  • the wave interference of the circular wave fronts 46 in the regions shown by reference numeral 48 results in a phenomenon known as near field diffraction. Circular wave fronts 46 also interfere with incoming waves 44 .
  • the reflected wave crests from adjacent blocks cause diffraction.
  • This wave pattern interferes with inbound waves 44 and as a result the incident wave spectrum is modified and becomes less coherent.
  • This causes a wave calming effect on the surface of the water, which is witnessed as choppy water and results in the peak wave height being reduced when the modified waves impact the structure.
  • the wave energy is reduced which leads to a reduced scouring effect.
  • node lengths N o and N 1 are shown in FIG. 9 .
  • Node length N o is formed by two adjacent edges 22 whereas node length N 1 is formed as a result of the contour of five interlocking blocks. It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the node length can be chosen to cause wave reflection suitable for diffracting incoming waves of different wavelengths.
  • FIGS. 10 a to 10 e construction of a generally vertical structure for reflecting water waves will be described.
  • FIGS. 10 a and 10 b show a first row of blocks having two blocks 20 a of height Y interlocked with a central block 20 b of height X.
  • FIG. 10 a shows a base row of three blocks. However, any amount of blocks can be used to form a row of required size provided that blocks having alternating height X and Y are used to form a stepped base layer. Referring to FIGS. 10 c and 10 d , a further layer of blocks 20 b having height X are placed on the base blocks 20 a having height Y.
  • block 20 b having height X (such that all of the blocks in the second row have height X) is placed on the base block 20 a having height X. It can be seen from FIG. 10 d that two horizontal planes 50 and 52 are formed between the base row and the second row. This means that there is no shear plane along which the second row can slip when subjected to wave impact.
  • the interlocking of blocks at cutouts 24 also provides a vertical interlock.
  • FIG. 10 e further blocks 20 b having height X are placed on the second row to form a third row.
  • the bores 26 of each block are vertically aligned. The bores can be filled with concrete and/or piled to increase the strength of the structure.
  • FIGS. 10 a to 10 e is suitable for use as a breakwater, i.e. a generally vertical structure that is used as a pier for an entrance to a harbour. It should be understood that blocks 20 a and 20 b can be used to form only the water facing surfaces of the structure, and other materials can be used behind the blocks.
  • a base row of blocks 20 a having height Y and blocks 20 b having height X is formed, the blocks interlocking at cutouts 24 .
  • blocks 20 b in a second row are placed on blocks 20 a of the first row.
  • Blocks 20 b in the second row are rearwardly displaced from blocks 20 a of the first row.
  • cutouts 24 of the second row of blocks still interlock with cutouts 24 of blocks 20 b in the first row as shown in FIG. 11 d.
  • the completed second row comprises blocks 20 b all having height X.
  • the first and second rows are interlocked in two horizontal planes 50 and 52 .
  • a stepped configuration is formed. It should be noted that even with the stepped configuration the blocks all interlock in both the horizontal and vertical directions. Such a stepped configuration is useful for coastal defence assemblies.
  • an assembly of blocks 20 can be used to protect an existing seawall 54 .
  • a base block 20 c is placed on a bed 56 adjacent to the sea 58 .
  • the blocks are then stacked in the configuration shown in FIGS. 11 a to 11 f .
  • the region behind the blocks 20 can be filled with recycled concrete, earth or lean mix 60 .
  • FIGS. 13 a to 14 b show different configurations of blocks 20 having different sizes. It will be apparent to the skilled person that blocks of different sizes can be chosen to satisfy different structural and tidal conditions.
  • FIGS. 15 a to 15 d the same principle as FIGS. 12 to 14 can be used to protect a landslip 62 .
  • a base block 20 c is placed on a beach 64 and the region between the landslip 62 and the blocks 20 is filled with concrete or lean mix 60 .
  • the cylindrical bores 26 can be filled with concrete even in the stepped configuration in order to reinforce the structure.
  • FIG. 16 a prior art method of reinforcing an existing seawall 54 is shown.
  • a rock armour barrier 64 is formed from rocks 66 stacked on the seabed 68 .
  • FIGS. 17 a and 17 b the same seawall 54 can be protected by stacking blocks 20 in the vertical configuration of FIGS. 10 a to 10 e . It can be seen from the drawings that the lateral extent of the assembly of blocks 20 of FIG. 17 a is much less than the lateral extent of the existing rock armour barrier 64 . This means that less material is required.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Revetment (AREA)
  • Microwave Tubes (AREA)
  • Aerials With Secondary Devices (AREA)
US12/142,378 2006-12-23 2008-06-19 Assembly for dissipating wave energy through diffraction Abandoned US20080240858A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US12/262,776 US20090047071A1 (en) 2006-12-23 2008-10-31 Assembly for dissipating wave energy through diffraction

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0625898.2 2006-12-23
GB0625898A GB2445182B (en) 2006-12-23 2006-12-23 Assembly for dissipating wave energy through diffraction
PCT/GB2007/004419 WO2008078062A1 (en) 2006-12-23 2007-11-20 Assembly for dissipating wave energy through diffraction

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB2007/004419 Continuation WO2008078062A1 (en) 2006-12-23 2007-11-20 Assembly for dissipating wave energy through diffraction

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US12/262,776 Continuation US20090047071A1 (en) 2006-12-23 2008-10-31 Assembly for dissipating wave energy through diffraction

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20080240858A1 true US20080240858A1 (en) 2008-10-02

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ID=37759043

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US12/142,378 Abandoned US20080240858A1 (en) 2006-12-23 2008-06-19 Assembly for dissipating wave energy through diffraction
US12/262,776 Abandoned US20090047071A1 (en) 2006-12-23 2008-10-31 Assembly for dissipating wave energy through diffraction

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US12/262,776 Abandoned US20090047071A1 (en) 2006-12-23 2008-10-31 Assembly for dissipating wave energy through diffraction

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (2) US20080240858A1 (de)
EP (1) EP2122062B1 (de)
AR (1) AR064679A1 (de)
AT (1) ATE503888T1 (de)
CY (1) CY1111663T1 (de)
DE (1) DE602007013616D1 (de)
DK (1) DK2122062T3 (de)
ES (1) ES2364093T3 (de)
GB (1) GB2445182B (de)
PL (1) PL2122062T3 (de)
WO (1) WO2008078062A1 (de)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2014034826A (ja) * 2012-08-09 2014-02-24 Nishimuragumi:Kk 再生骨材を利用した構造物の構築方法及び再生骨材

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP6283086B1 (ja) * 2016-10-27 2018-02-21 五洋建設株式会社 仕切護岸の構築方法

Citations (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US482059A (en) * 1892-09-06 Construction of sea-walls
US1023748A (en) * 1910-12-07 1912-04-16 Edward J Mcgettigan Building-block.
US2755631A (en) * 1952-02-12 1956-07-24 Beach & Shore Inc Erosion control apparatus
US3196582A (en) * 1962-01-17 1965-07-27 Morton M Rosenfeld Wall and block therefor
US4193718A (en) * 1977-07-11 1980-03-18 Sf-Vollverbundstein-Kooperation Gmbh Earth retaining wall of vertically stacked chevron shaped concrete blocks
US4397578A (en) * 1981-02-18 1983-08-09 Inman Calvin R Undersea platform construction system
US4448571A (en) * 1981-11-30 1984-05-15 Eckels Robert Y Panel system for slope protection
US4593513A (en) * 1981-11-12 1986-06-10 Frank Stratton Building block or panel
US5607262A (en) * 1992-12-15 1997-03-04 Fountain Holding Ltd. Retaining wall block for use with geogrids
US5887397A (en) * 1993-04-27 1999-03-30 Repasky; John Aerodynamically stable roof system and ballast blocks
US20020132539A1 (en) * 2000-11-09 2002-09-19 Smith Dennis G. Ribbed module for wave energy dispersion
US6508042B1 (en) * 1998-09-18 2003-01-21 Hyuck-Min Kweon Middle armor block for a coastal structure and a method for placement of its block
US20040018055A1 (en) * 2002-04-06 2004-01-29 Wave Control Systems, Inc. Wave attenuator
US20040074192A1 (en) * 2001-04-18 2004-04-22 Mason Brett Kerry Building block
US20040156680A1 (en) * 2003-02-08 2004-08-12 Gibbs Richard A. Beach stabilizing blocks
US20050100418A1 (en) * 2002-03-12 2005-05-12 Lee Keun-Hee Ecological block and vegetation bank protection
US6896445B1 (en) * 2004-01-05 2005-05-24 Eric Engler Modular artificial reef, sea wall and marine habitat

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE179836C (de) *
GB9417573D0 (en) * 1994-09-01 1994-10-19 Vidal Henri Brevets Facing panel for earth structures
IE20000285A1 (en) * 1999-04-19 2001-01-10 Mcandrews Concrete Products Lt A soil erosion block

Patent Citations (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US482059A (en) * 1892-09-06 Construction of sea-walls
US1023748A (en) * 1910-12-07 1912-04-16 Edward J Mcgettigan Building-block.
US2755631A (en) * 1952-02-12 1956-07-24 Beach & Shore Inc Erosion control apparatus
US3196582A (en) * 1962-01-17 1965-07-27 Morton M Rosenfeld Wall and block therefor
US4193718A (en) * 1977-07-11 1980-03-18 Sf-Vollverbundstein-Kooperation Gmbh Earth retaining wall of vertically stacked chevron shaped concrete blocks
US4397578A (en) * 1981-02-18 1983-08-09 Inman Calvin R Undersea platform construction system
US4593513A (en) * 1981-11-12 1986-06-10 Frank Stratton Building block or panel
US4448571A (en) * 1981-11-30 1984-05-15 Eckels Robert Y Panel system for slope protection
US5607262A (en) * 1992-12-15 1997-03-04 Fountain Holding Ltd. Retaining wall block for use with geogrids
US5887397A (en) * 1993-04-27 1999-03-30 Repasky; John Aerodynamically stable roof system and ballast blocks
US6508042B1 (en) * 1998-09-18 2003-01-21 Hyuck-Min Kweon Middle armor block for a coastal structure and a method for placement of its block
US20020132539A1 (en) * 2000-11-09 2002-09-19 Smith Dennis G. Ribbed module for wave energy dispersion
US20040074192A1 (en) * 2001-04-18 2004-04-22 Mason Brett Kerry Building block
US20050100418A1 (en) * 2002-03-12 2005-05-12 Lee Keun-Hee Ecological block and vegetation bank protection
US20040018055A1 (en) * 2002-04-06 2004-01-29 Wave Control Systems, Inc. Wave attenuator
US20040156680A1 (en) * 2003-02-08 2004-08-12 Gibbs Richard A. Beach stabilizing blocks
US6896445B1 (en) * 2004-01-05 2005-05-24 Eric Engler Modular artificial reef, sea wall and marine habitat

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2014034826A (ja) * 2012-08-09 2014-02-24 Nishimuragumi:Kk 再生骨材を利用した構造物の構築方法及び再生骨材

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2122062B1 (de) 2011-03-30
DK2122062T3 (da) 2011-07-25
EP2122062A1 (de) 2009-11-25
ATE503888T1 (de) 2011-04-15
ES2364093T3 (es) 2011-08-24
GB2445182B (en) 2011-03-23
AR064679A1 (es) 2009-04-15
GB0625898D0 (en) 2007-02-07
US20090047071A1 (en) 2009-02-19
WO2008078062A1 (en) 2008-07-03
DE602007013616D1 (de) 2011-05-12
CY1111663T1 (el) 2015-10-07
PL2122062T3 (pl) 2011-12-30
GB2445182A (en) 2008-07-02

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AS Assignment

Owner name: TBLOCKS LIMITED, UNITED KINGDOM

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:THOMPSON, JAMES ALAN;REEL/FRAME:021122/0052

Effective date: 20080610

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION