US20090053568A1 - Evaporative Cooling of Fuel Cells Employing Antifreeze Solution - Google Patents

Evaporative Cooling of Fuel Cells Employing Antifreeze Solution Download PDF

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Publication number
US20090053568A1
US20090053568A1 US12/086,468 US8646808A US2009053568A1 US 20090053568 A1 US20090053568 A1 US 20090053568A1 US 8646808 A US8646808 A US 8646808A US 2009053568 A1 US2009053568 A1 US 2009053568A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
coolant
water
reservoir
channels
power plant
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US12/086,468
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English (en)
Inventor
Jeremy P. Meyers
Ryan J. Balliet
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
UTC Power Corp
Original Assignee
UTC Fuel Cells LLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by UTC Fuel Cells LLC filed Critical UTC Fuel Cells LLC
Assigned to UTC FUEL CELLS, LLC reassignment UTC FUEL CELLS, LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BALLIET, RAYAN J., MEYERS, JEREMY P.
Publication of US20090053568A1 publication Critical patent/US20090053568A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
    • B60C1/00—Tyres characterised by the chemical composition or the physical arrangement or mixture of the composition
    • B60C1/0016—Compositions of the tread
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L15/00—Compositions of rubber derivatives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L7/00—Compositions of natural rubber
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08C—TREATMENT OR CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF RUBBERS
    • C08C19/00—Chemical modification of rubber
    • C08C19/04—Oxidation
    • C08C19/06—Epoxidation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/02—Elements
    • C08K3/04—Carbon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/34—Silicon-containing compounds
    • C08K3/36—Silica
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
    • C08K5/54—Silicon-containing compounds
    • C08K5/548—Silicon-containing compounds containing sulfur
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/80—Technologies aiming to reduce greenhouse gasses emissions common to all road transportation technologies
    • Y02T10/86—Optimisation of rolling resistance, e.g. weight reduction 

Definitions

  • This invention relates to circulating an antifreeze solution from a reservoir through water channels of porous, hydrophilic water transport plates and back to the reservoir; the mixture enters the fine pores of the water transport plates which are warmed by the heat of the fuel cell process, thereby evaporating water which may include product water (but not antifreeze) from the plates into the process oxidant flow channels, cooling the fuel cells. Water is condensed out of the process air oxidant exhaust and returned to re-mix with the concentrated antifreeze.
  • fuel cells in a fuel cell power plant are evaporatively cooled by evaporation of at least some of the water in an antifreeze mixture with a freeze depressing substance in the porous, hydrophilic reactant gas flow field plates, which typically have reactant gas flow channels extending from a surface of reactant flow field plates opposite from coolant passageways.
  • the antifreeze coolant mixture circulates through the coolant passageways in or adjacent the reactant gas flow field plates. A more concentrated mixture returns to a coolant reservoir.
  • the evaporation of water from the antifreeze mixture and product water into the reactant streams (primarily the cathode) cools the fuel cell stack.
  • At least some water vapor is condensed out of at least the oxidant reactant gas stream exiting from the stack, the condensed water being returned to the mixture in the accumulator.
  • less than all of the water vapor in the air exhaust may be condensed.
  • the rate of condensing may be controlled using a condensate controller to ensure proper water balance, such as a variable flow cooling fan for the condenser, or by cooling the air in the condenser with a controlled circulation of antifreeze.
  • FIG. 1 is a block illustration of the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a partial perspective view of an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a fragmentary view of a variation of FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 4 is a fragmentary view of an alternative to the embodiment of FIG. 2 .
  • FIG. 5 is a sectioned, side elevation view, with sectioning lines omitted for clarity, of portions of fuel cells useful with the invention.
  • a fuel cell power plant 19 has a stack 20 of fuel cells.
  • the concept of the present invention is illustrated by the density of stippling to provide a rough indication of the fraction of fluid in the fuel cell stack coolant that is antifreeze 23 , such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) or other non-volatile, miscible fluid that sufficiently suppresses the freezing point of a mixture with water.
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • FIG. 1 PEG and water are mixed in a reservoir 21 , assisted by a pump 22 , so as to achieve the desired freeze point of the mixture. Because the pump is in an antifreeze solution, the pump will not be rendered inoperable due to freezing conditions.
  • the desired mixture such as at the top 25 of the reservoir 21 , is fed through a conventional coolant inlet manifold 26 into coolant channels 28 of the fuel cells (described with respect to FIG. 4 , hereinafter) in the stack 20 , in which the coolant channels are formed within or in fluid communication with, porous, hydrophilic water transport plates 29 , which have fine pores that contain a water-antifreeze mixture.
  • the fuel cell coolant channels 28 are connected to a coolant exit manifold 32 which is interconnected by means of a conduit 33 to the reservoir 21 .
  • the coolant may be substantially antifreeze 23 (e.g., PEG); that is to say, a very concentrated solution of antifreeze 23 .
  • this is remixed in the reservoir 21 , such as by means of the pump 22 , if desired; if the pump 22 is not necessary in any given embodiment of the invention, it may be omitted.
  • other ways of assuring an adequate mixing of the returned antifreeze 23 with the rest of the fluid in the reservoir 21 may be used within the purview of the present invention.
  • the water transport plates 29 absorb heat generated in the catalytic reaction of oxygen and hydrogen.
  • the antifreeze 23 is non-volatile at the operating temperature of the fuel cell stack, on the order of 60° C.-70° C. (140° F.-158° F.)
  • water evaporates into the oxidant reactant gas stream flow channels 41 that receive oxidant, such as air from an air inlet manifold 42 , cooling the fuel cells by the heat of vaporization.
  • the condensate which is essentially pure water, flows to the reservoir 21 directly or through a conduit 48 .
  • the mixture is dilute. However, it is remixed with concentrated antifreeze 23 within the reservoir before reentering the fuel cells through the coolant inlet manifold 26 .
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a portion of the fuel cell power plant 19 including the fuel cell stack 20 , which employs evaporative cooling.
  • Air is provided to the air inlet manifold 42 and proceeds through the oxidant flow field channels 41 ( FIG. 1 ) to the air exit manifold 45 and thence into the condenser 46 .
  • the air outflow from the condenser 46 is above the water line 51 of the water reservoir 21 .
  • the cool dried air is expelled to exhaust 47 .
  • the coolant for the condenser 46 may comprise ambient air as illustrated by arrows 52 , the volume of which is controlled by a condenser controller 53 that varies the speed of a flow fan 54 in order to adjust the condensation rate as needed.
  • the condenser 46 may serve as a manifold, and the air exit manifold 45 may then be omitted.
  • Coolant from the reservoir 21 flows through a coolant conduit 60 to the coolant inlet manifold 26 .
  • the coolant passes into the coolant channels (as described with respect to FIG. 1 hereinbefore) to the top of the fuel cell stack 20 , and through the coolant exit manifold 32 .
  • Coolant flowing out of the coolant exit manifold 32 is recirculated over the conduit 33 to the reservoir 21 .
  • the water in the coolant mixture entering through coolant inlet manifold 26 replaces that which is evaporated into the process air channels 41 , as described with respect to FIG. 1 hereinbefore.
  • the pump 22 may be disposed at the inlet 37 to draw the coolant into the reservoir 21 from the line 33 as shown in FIG. 3 .
  • a pump 60 FIG. 4
  • a pump will be required in order to assure that the flow of antifreeze mixture is sufficient to provide enough water so that evaporation will occur throughout all portions of all of the fuel cells, and to prevent the antifreeze component from partially or completely filling the pores of the water transport plates.
  • the pressure drop across the coolant channels will be high, or, the coolant channels will have to be larger (deeper) to accommodate the coolant flow rates required to cool the stack. Deeper channels decrease the number of cells per unit of stack length compared to fuel cell stacks employing water transport plates and using evaporative cooling. The channel depth will nonetheless be shallower than in systems employing coolant water or similar systems employing an antifreeze mixture to cool the stack using the fluid sensible heat exchange. Thus, the invention will provide power density which is greater than traditional water or antifreeze cooling systems.
  • fuel cells 63 which may be used to implement the present invention include anode water transport plates (WTPs) 29 a having fuel reactant gas flow field channels 65 and cathode water transport plates 29 b having oxidant reactant gas (air) flow field channels 66 .
  • a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) 70 includes a proton exchange membrane with catalyst on both surfaces.
  • Gas diffusion layers (GDLs) 72 are provided adjacent each surface of the MEAs 70 .
  • the GDLs are typically constructed from carbon fiber sheet material, and are usually wettable.
  • the carbon fiber layer may or may not be wet-proofed whether a bi-layer is used or not used.
  • the invention preferably employs fuel cells 63 with GDLs 72 which are treated, such as with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) to be wet-proofed, or include an additional wet-proof layer.
  • PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
  • either the anode WTP 29 a or the cathode WTP 29 b may be solid.
  • a solid WTP will block coolant from reaching the MEA on the side it is located.
  • the cathode WTP 29 b is solid, water will reach the air (oxidant) flow field channels 66 by migration through the membranes of the MEAs 70 and GDLs 72 .
  • the surfaces of one of the WTPs 29 , adjacent to the GDL 72 including the reactant gas flow field channels 65 , 66 , may be wet-proofed by treating with a wet-proofing material, such as PTFE, to shield the membrane from the PEG or other antifreeze on that side.
  • a wet-proofing material such as PTFE
  • the coolant channels 28 may be formed by having grooves 75 on the opposite surface of the anode water transport plates 29 a from the fuel reactant gas flow field channels 65 which match up with grooves 76 on the opposite surface of cathode water transport plates 29 b from oxidant reactant gas flow field channels 66 .
  • the grooves may be in only one plate 29 a, 29 b, the matching surface of the other plate 29 b, 29 a being flat.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Tires In General (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)
US12/086,468 2006-05-17 2005-12-01 Evaporative Cooling of Fuel Cells Employing Antifreeze Solution Abandoned US20090053568A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2006137862 2006-05-17
JP2006-137862 2006-05-17
JP2006324195 2006-11-30
JP2006-324195 2006-11-30
PCT/JP2007/059862 WO2007132811A1 (fr) 2006-05-17 2007-05-14 Composition de gomme pour bande de roulement et pneu ainsi pourvu

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20090053568A1 true US20090053568A1 (en) 2009-02-26

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Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US12/086,468 Abandoned US20090053568A1 (en) 2006-05-17 2005-12-01 Evaporative Cooling of Fuel Cells Employing Antifreeze Solution
US12/224,332 Expired - Fee Related US7741382B2 (en) 2006-05-17 2007-05-14 Rubber composition for tread and tire having tread using same

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US12/224,332 Expired - Fee Related US7741382B2 (en) 2006-05-17 2007-05-14 Rubber composition for tread and tire having tread using same

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (2) US20090053568A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2019126B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP4704390B2 (fr)
CN (1) CN101443403B (fr)
DE (1) DE602007012079D1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2007132811A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20180175421A1 (en) * 2016-12-16 2018-06-21 Hyundai Motor Company Fuel cell system

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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JP4805584B2 (ja) * 2005-01-21 2011-11-02 住友ゴム工業株式会社 トレッド用ゴム組成物およびそれからなるタイヤ
JP5380007B2 (ja) 2008-06-16 2014-01-08 富士フイルム株式会社 偽造防止媒体
JP5635251B2 (ja) * 2009-10-01 2014-12-03 住友ゴム工業株式会社 トレッド用ゴム組成物及び空気入りタイヤ
CN102108144A (zh) * 2010-12-24 2011-06-29 中国热带农业科学院农产品加工研究所 一种纳米二氧化硅/炭黑高分散的环氧化天然橡胶母炼胶制备方法
GB2517318A (en) * 2012-03-22 2015-02-18 Lembaga Getah Malaysia Malaysian Rubber Board An antistatic rubber compound and antistatic tire
MY153723A (en) * 2012-03-22 2015-03-13 Lembaga Getah Malaysia An antistatic rubber compound and antistatic tire
GB201319877D0 (en) * 2013-11-11 2013-12-25 Tun Abdul Razak Res Ct Improvements in the mixing and processing of rubber compositions containing polar fillers
JP6345971B2 (ja) * 2014-04-09 2018-06-20 住友ゴム工業株式会社 空気入りタイヤ
JP6493077B2 (ja) * 2015-08-06 2019-04-03 トヨタ自動車株式会社 導線の端部接合方法と端部接合構造
JP2025099478A (ja) * 2023-12-21 2025-07-03 住友ゴム工業株式会社 ゴム組成物およびタイヤ

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6316135B1 (en) * 1999-07-22 2001-11-13 International Fuel Cells Llc Direct antifreeze cooled fuel cell
US20030129465A1 (en) * 2000-10-20 2003-07-10 Akinari Nakamura Fuel cell system and method of operating the system
US20040009383A1 (en) * 2002-07-12 2004-01-15 Michels H. Harvey High molecular weight direct antifreeze cooled fuel cell
US20040157094A1 (en) * 2003-02-06 2004-08-12 Reiser Carl A. Fuel cell stack melting of coolant water during frozen startup
US20050048354A1 (en) * 2003-08-27 2005-03-03 Breault Richard D. Fuel cell temperature control by evaporative cooling

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Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6316135B1 (en) * 1999-07-22 2001-11-13 International Fuel Cells Llc Direct antifreeze cooled fuel cell
US20030129465A1 (en) * 2000-10-20 2003-07-10 Akinari Nakamura Fuel cell system and method of operating the system
US20040009383A1 (en) * 2002-07-12 2004-01-15 Michels H. Harvey High molecular weight direct antifreeze cooled fuel cell
US6911275B2 (en) * 2002-07-12 2005-06-28 Utc Fuel Cells, Llc High molecular weight direct antifreeze cooled fuel cell
US20040157094A1 (en) * 2003-02-06 2004-08-12 Reiser Carl A. Fuel cell stack melting of coolant water during frozen startup
US20050048354A1 (en) * 2003-08-27 2005-03-03 Breault Richard D. Fuel cell temperature control by evaporative cooling

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20180175421A1 (en) * 2016-12-16 2018-06-21 Hyundai Motor Company Fuel cell system
US10944118B2 (en) * 2016-12-16 2021-03-09 Hyundai Motor Company Fuel cell system for preventing flooding of a fuel cell stack

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US7741382B2 (en) 2010-06-22
EP2019126A4 (fr) 2009-10-28
CN101443403A (zh) 2009-05-27
EP2019126A1 (fr) 2009-01-28
JP4704390B2 (ja) 2011-06-15
JP2008156593A (ja) 2008-07-10
EP2019126B1 (fr) 2011-01-19
US20090054550A1 (en) 2009-02-26
WO2007132811A1 (fr) 2007-11-22
DE602007012079D1 (de) 2011-03-03
CN101443403B (zh) 2010-11-10

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Owner name: UTC FUEL CELLS, LLC, CONNECTICUT

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:MEYERS, JEREMY P.;BALLIET, RAYAN J.;REEL/FRAME:021126/0257;SIGNING DATES FROM 20051122 TO 20051129

Owner name: UTC FUEL CELLS, LLC, CONNECTICUT

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:MEYERS, JEREMY P.;BALLIET, RAYAN J.;SIGNING DATES FROM 20051122 TO 20051129;REEL/FRAME:021126/0257

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

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