US20120064143A1 - Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin - Google Patents

Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin Download PDF

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Publication number
US20120064143A1
US20120064143A1 US13/128,800 US200913128800A US2012064143A1 US 20120064143 A1 US20120064143 A1 US 20120064143A1 US 200913128800 A US200913128800 A US 200913128800A US 2012064143 A1 US2012064143 A1 US 2012064143A1
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rapamycin
subject
age
mice
composition
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Zelton Dave Sharp
John R. Strong
Veronica Galvan
Salvatore Oddo
Herbert G. Wheeler
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Southwest Research Institute SwRI
University of Texas System
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University of Texas System
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Assigned to SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE reassignment SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: WHEELER, HERBERT G., JR.
Publication of US20120064143A1 publication Critical patent/US20120064143A1/en
Priority to US15/109,278 priority patent/US10391059B2/en
Priority to US15/109,253 priority patent/US20170079962A1/en
Priority to US14/717,844 priority patent/US9283211B1/en
Assigned to NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH), U.S. DEPT. OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (DHHS), U.S. GOVERNMENT reassignment NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH), U.S. DEPT. OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (DHHS), U.S. GOVERNMENT CONFIRMATORY LICENSE (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HLTH SCIENCE CENTER
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/4353—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/436—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems the heterocyclic ring system containing a six-membered ring having oxygen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. rapamycin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
    • A61K9/1605—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/1629—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/1635—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl pyrrolidone, poly(meth)acrylates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
    • A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
    • A61K9/5005—Wall or coating material
    • A61K9/5021—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/5026—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl pyrrolidone, poly(meth)acrylates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P39/00—General protective or antinoxious agents
    • A61P39/06—Free radical scavengers or antioxidants

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to the fields of pharmacology and the treatment and prevention of age-related disorders. More specifically, the invention relates to microcapsules that include an inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and methods of treating or preventing age-related diseases, disorders, and conditions in a subject using microcapsules of the present invention.
  • mTOR mammalian target of rapamycin
  • mTORC1 is the only known downstream effector common to two of the major signaling pathways in cancer (Ras and PI3K), and which is also integrated with nutrient signaling for regulation of cell growth (mass) (Shaw and Cantley, 2006). Hyperactivated AKT signaling likely mediates oncogenic transformation via mTOR (Skeen et al., 2006).
  • S6 kinase 1 S6 kinase 1
  • S6K1 S6 kinase 1
  • WAT white adipose tissue
  • mice Because of increased lipolysis and metabolic rate, these mice appear to be resistant to diet-induced obesity (Um et al., 2004). In muscle cells deficient for S6K1 function, there is an increase in AMP and inorganic phosphates, and a consequent increase in activated AMPK and AMPK-dependent functions including mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid ⁇ -oxidation (Aguilar et al., 2007). Concomitant with this response, there is also a decrease in lipid content of cells.
  • Rapamycin has been shown to act as a potent inhibitor of adipocyte differentiation, an effect reversed by high FK506 concentrations, indicating an operative inhibitory effect mediated by an immunophilin-rapamycin complex (Yeh et al., 1995).
  • a model for the critical role of mTOR and its kinase activity in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation has been proposed, wherein the mTOR pathway and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway act in parallel during adipogenesis by mediating respectively nutrient availability and insulin signals (Kim and Chen, 2004).
  • the present invention is based in part of the finding that a physiological state similar to food and/or growth factor restriction, with retarded aging and reduced incidence of age-related diseases, can be achieved in mammals, including humans, by chronically blocking a central protein complex in the nutrient sensing and growth factor-responding pathway called the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) by formulations of an inhibitor of mTOR in a formulation that is encapsulated.
  • mTOR mammalian target of rapamycin
  • the inventors have found that microencapsulated rapamycin fed late in life extends lifespan in genetically heterogenous mice. Further, microencapsulated rapamycin has been found to rescue cognition and attenuate the pathology in mouse models of Alzheimer disease.
  • Microencapsulation improves therapeutic efficacy compared to formulations that are not encapsulated.
  • Chronic inhibition of mTOR can be applied in improving the health and well being of individuals, including mature adults, by ameliorating several major categories of age-dependent diseases, thereby increasing the quality and quantity of the productive years of life while providing significant economic benefit.
  • Some embodiments of the present invention concern microcapsules that include a core component that includes an inhibitor of mTOR, wherein the core component is encased in a coating.
  • the inhibitor of mTOR may be an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) or an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2).
  • the coating provides for delayed release of the inhibitor of mTOR and/or preferential release of the therapeutic agent in the intestinal tract of a subject (i.e., an enteric coating).
  • the enteric coating may be any such coating known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • Non-limiting examples of such coatings include Eudragit S100, cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), a methyl acrylate-methacrylic acid copolymer, cellulose acetate succinate, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose phthalate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP), or a methyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid copolymer.
  • the coating includes Eudragit S100.
  • the coating may include a mixture of one or more of Eudragit S100, cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), a methyl acrylate-methacrylic acid copolymer, cellulose acetate succinate, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose phthalate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP), and a methyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid copolymer
  • CAP cellulose acetate phthalate
  • PVAP polyvinyl acetate phthalate
  • a “microcapsule” as used herein is defined as a vehicle for delivery of a therapeutic agent to a subject which includes one or more cores, where the core(s) are encased in a coating as set forth above.
  • the microcapsule includes a single core that is encased in a coating.
  • the microcapsule includes a plurality of cores encased in a coating where the cores with surrounding coating are aggregated together to form a single drug delivery structure.
  • the core may be a solid or it may be a liquid, and its state may depend upon ambient temperature.
  • the microcapsules may be of any size or shape.
  • Basic geometrical shapes may be, for example, spheres, rods, cylinders, cubes, cuboids, prism, pyramids, cones, truncated cones and truncated pyramids.
  • Star extrudates, cross extrudates, ribbed extrudates and trilobes are furthermore suitable. Cavities, such as incorporated tubes, may be incorporated into the microcapsule.
  • the microcapsules may be of regular shape or may have be irregular in shape.
  • the surface of the microcapsule may be smooth, uneven, or jagged. They may be amorphous, spherical, or acicular in shape, depending on the respective method of production.
  • the microcapsules may be formed using any method known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Non-limiting examples of such methods are discussed in greater detail below.
  • the microcapsules may be of uniform size and shape, or may be of variables sizes and shapes.
  • the microcapsules may be of any size.
  • the maximum diameter of the microcapsule may be about 100 nm, 1 ⁇ m, 10 ⁇ m, 50 ⁇ m, 100 ⁇ m, 200 ⁇ m, 300 ⁇ m, 400 ⁇ m, 500 ⁇ m, 600 ⁇ m, 700 ⁇ m, 800 ⁇ m, 900 ⁇ m, 1 mm, 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm, 2.5 mm, 3.0 mm, 3.5 mm, 4.0 mm, 4.5 mm, 5.0 mm, 5.5 mm, 6.0 mm, 6.5 mm, 7.0 mm, 7.5 mm, 8.0 mm, 8.5 mm, 9.0 mm, 9.5 mm, 1.0 cm or greater, or any range of maximum diameters derivable within the aforementioned maximum diameters.
  • the maximum diameter of the microcapsule may range from about 100 nm to about 1.0 cm.
  • the mean diameter ranges from about 100 ⁇ m to about 1 mm. In further embodiments, the mean diameter ranges from about 100 ⁇ m to about 0.1 mm.
  • the microcapsule may comprise at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99% or more of an mTOR inhibitor by weight (w/w).
  • the inhibitor of mTOR may be rapamycin or a rapamycin analog.
  • the mTOR inhibitor is rapamycin.
  • the mTORC1 is rapamycin and the coating is Eudragit S100.
  • the inhibitor of mTOR is a competitive inhibitor of the mTOR kinase. These interact directly with the mTOR kinase and do not rely on an intracellular receptor like FKBP12.
  • rapamycin analog known to those of ordinary skill in the art is complated for inclusion in the microcapsules of the present invention.
  • Non-limiting examples of rapamycin analogs include everolimus, tacrolimus, CCI-779, ABT-578, AP-23675, AP-23573, AP-23841, 7-epi-rapamycin, 7-thiomethyl-rapamycin, 7-epi-trimethoxyphenyl-rapamycin, 7-epi-thiomethyl-rapamycin, 7-demethoxy-rapamycin, 32-demethoxy-rapamycin, 2-desmethyl-rapamycin, or 42-O-(2-hydroxy)ethyl rapamycin. Numerous other examples of rapamycin analogs are discussed in the specification below.
  • the microcapsules of the present invention may include rapamycin and one or more rapamycin analogs, or may include more than one type of rapamycin analog.
  • the microcapsules of the present invention include one or more pharmaceutical or nutraceutical agent.
  • pharmaceutical or nutraceutical agent include a vitamin, an herbal agent (such as ginkgo biloba or green tea), fish oil (omega 3 fatty acids), an antimicrobial agent, an antioxidant, a drug, or an anti-inflammatory agent.
  • the core component may include a second compound that is vitamin E, vitamin A, an antibacterial antibiotic, an antioxidant, L-carnitine, lipoic acid, metformine, resveratrol, leptine, a non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug, a COX inhibitor, vitamin D, a mineral such as magnesium, calcium, zinc or potassium, a trace element such as molybdenum or iodine, a carotenoid (such as vitamin A), an enzyme such as lipase or amylase, or an amino acid (such as lysine, arginine, taurine, or proline).
  • the drug may be an agent that is known or suspected to be of benefit in treating or preventing an age-related disease, disorder, or condition.
  • the drug may be an agent that is known or suspected to be of benefit in the treatment or prevention of a neurodegenerative disease, memory loss, abnormal glucose metabolism, or cancer.
  • agents are discussed in the specification below.
  • the core and/or coating of the microcapsules set forth herein may include one or more adjunct materials, such as carriers, binders, and the like that are well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the microcapsule consists essentially of a core componet that comprises rapamycin or a rapamycin analog, wherein the core component is encased in a coating.
  • the coating may be any of the coatings discussed above, and the rapamycin analog may be any of the rapamycin analogs discussed above.
  • Non-limiting examples of coatings include Eudragit S100, cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), a methyl acrylate-methacrylic acid copolymer, cellulose acetate succinate, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose phthalate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP), or a methyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid copolymer.
  • the coating is Eudragit S100.
  • the coating is Eudragit S100 and the core includes rapamycin.
  • the microcapsule may include one or more adjunct materials as discussed above.
  • the core may include one or more additional components other than one or more inhibitors of mTOR.
  • the core may include the diluents are selected from the group comprising mannitol, lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, dicalcium phosphate, starch, pregelatinized starch, sorbitol or mixtures thereof.
  • the core may include a disintegrant such as sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, starch or mixtures thereof.
  • the core may include a binder such as hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxy ethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose or mixtures thereof.
  • the core may include a lubricant such as calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate, talc, colloidal silicon dioxide or mixtures thereof.
  • compositions for treating or preventing an age-related disease, condition, or disorder that include a microcapsule that includes a core component comprising an inhibitor of mTOR, wherein the core component is encased in a coating.
  • the microcapsule may be any of the microcapsules of the present invention.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions set forth herein may include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable agents, many of which are well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the microcapsules are formulated with a edible substance.
  • the edible substance may be a food or food additive.
  • the composition may optionally include one or more additional agents that can be applied in the treatment or prevention of any disease, disorder, or health-related condition.
  • the disease may be an age-related disease, such as a neurodegenerative disease, abnormal glucose metabolism, or cancer.
  • the compositions may be formulated with one or more nutraceutical agents, many of which are well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the nutraceutical agent may be a vitamin, a nutritional supplement, or an agent derived from herbs or plants that is known or suspected to be of benefit in promoting health and well-being of a subject.
  • the present invention also concerns methods for treating or preventing an age-related disease, condition, or disorder in a subject, involving administering to a subject a pharmaceutically effective amount of microcapsules of the present invention.
  • the present invention also concerns use of the microcapsules of the present invention to treat or prevent an age-related disease, condition, or disorder in a subject.
  • the subject may be any subject, such as a mammal. Non-limiting examples of mammals include mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, cats, cows, sheep, horses, goats, primates, and humans.
  • the subject is a human.
  • the human may be a human who is known or suspected to have an age-related disease.
  • the human is a human greater than age 50, greater than age 55, greater than age 60, greater than age 65, greater than age 70, greater than age 75, or greater than age 80.
  • the age-related disease, condition, or disorder can be any disease, condition, or disorder where the prevalence increases with age.
  • age-related diseases include a neurodegenerative disease, a disease associated with abnormal glucose metabolism, and cancer.
  • cancer non-limiting examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, brain cancer, liver cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer, renal cancer, skin cancer, head and neck cancer, bone cancer, esophageal cancer, bladder cancer, uterine cancer, lymphatic cancer, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, testicular cancer, lymphoma, and leukemia.
  • neurodegenerative diseases include Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), presenile dementia, senile dementia, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and memory loss associated with aging.
  • age-related diseases, conditions, or disorders contemplated for treatment or prevention using microcapsules of the present invention include insulin resistance, benign prostatic hyperplasia, hearing loss, osteoporosis, age-related macular degeneration, a skin disease, or aging skin, a skin disease, aging skin, sarcopenia, cardiovascular disease, lipid/carbohydrate metabolism, cancer, and immune disease.
  • the microcapsules set forth herein may be administered to improve life span, improve quality of life, reduce risk of oxidative damage and cell senescence.
  • the subject may have an existing age-related disease, condition or disorder, or the subject may be at risk of developing an age-related disease, condition or disorder.
  • the at-risk subject may be a subject who has previously received treatment for an age-related disease, condition, or disorder, where the disease, condition, or disorder has previously been successfully treated.
  • the subject may be at risk because of other risk factors, such as genetic risk factors or environmental risk factors.
  • the present invention also concerns a method of prolonging the lifespan of a mammalian subject that involves administering to a subject an effective amount of microcapsules of the present invention, wherein lifespan is prolonged.
  • Prolongation of lifespan refers to a greater lifespan of the subject than the subject would otherwise live in the absence of the microcapsules of the present invention.
  • An estimate of the lifespan the subject would have otherwise lived in the absence of the microcapsules can be obtained, for example, from demographic studies, Social Security Administration Life Tables, and scientific literature concerning lifespan.
  • the present invention further concerns methods of reducing the age-related decline in cognition in a mammalian subject that involves administering to the subject an effective amount of microcapsules of the present invention, wherein the age-related decline in cognition is reduced. Reduction in age-related decline of cognition may be assessed by comparing cognition of the subject to a known index of cognition obtained from a control subject or subjects.
  • microcapsules may be administered using any method known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • routes of administration include orally, by nasogastric tube, rectally, intraperitoneally, topically, subcutaneously, intravenously, intraarterially, intramuscularly, via lavage, and intrathecally.
  • the microcapsules are administered by combining the microcapsules with a composition that includes an edible substance.
  • the dose of microcapsules that is administered may be determined by a practitioner using any method known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the dose of the inhibitor of mTOR is about 1 microgram to about 100 mg per kg body of the subject. Additional information concerning dosage regimens is discussed in the specification below.
  • aspects of the present invention concern methods of making a microcapsule that includes an inhibitor of mTOR that involves applying a pharmaceutical coating to a core particle comprising an inhibitor of mTOR, wherein the core particle becomes coated with the coating.
  • the coating may be an enteric coating.
  • the coating may be any of the coatings discussed above and elsewhere in this specification. In specific embodiments, the coating is Eudragit S100.
  • any method known to those of ordinary skill in the art can be used to apply the coating to the particle.
  • applying an enteric coating involves use of a spinning disk atomizer, other methods may include pan coating, air-suspension coating, centrifugal extrusion, vibrational nozzle, spray-drying, interfacial polymerization, in situ polymerization, matrix polymerization
  • kits that include a first sealed container that includes a microcapsule or microcapsules of the present invention.
  • the kit may include a first sealed container that includes any of the microcapsules of the present invention.
  • the kit further includes instructions for use of the microcapsules of the present invention.
  • the kit further includes a second compound.
  • the second compound may be comprised in the first sealed container, or may be comprised separately such as in a second sealed container.
  • any limitation discussed with respect to one embodiment of the invention may apply to any other embodiment of the invention.
  • any composition of the invention may be used in any method of the invention, and any method of the invention may be used to produce or to utilize any composition of the invention.
  • any embodiment of any of the present medical devices, perfusion systems, and kits may consist of or consist essentially of—rather than comprise/include/contain/have—the described features and/or steps.
  • the term “consisting of” or “consisting essentially of” may be substituted for any of the open-ended linking verbs recited above, in order to change the scope of a given claim from what it would otherwise be using the open-ended linking verb.
  • FIG. 1 Survival plots for male (left) and female (right) mice, comparing control mice to those fed enalapril, CAPE or rapamycin pooling across the three test sites. Enalapril and CAPE were added to the diet at 4 months of age, and rapamycin at 20 months. P-values were calculated by the log-rank test.
  • FIG. 2 Survival plots for male and female mice, comparing control mice to those fed rapamycin in the diet starting at 600 days of age, pooling across the three test sites. P values were calculated by the log-rank test. Four percent of the control mice and three percent of rapamycin-assigned mice were removed from the experiment for technical reasons. Only five animals (three controls, two rapamycin) were removed after the start of rapamycin treatment at 600 days. Thus, there was no significant differences between groups in censoring.
  • FIG. 3 Survival of control and rapamycin-treated mice for males and females for each of the three test sites separately. P values represent results of log-rank calculations. Vertical lines at age 600 days indicate the age at which the mice were first exposed to rapamycin.
  • FIG. 4A , 4 B, 4 C Characterization of mice receiving rapamycin from 270 days of age.
  • A Survival plots for male and female mice, comparing control mice to rapamycin-treated mice of a separate (Cohort 2006) population, in which mice were treated with rapamycin from 270 days of age. Because at the time of the interim analysis all live mice were between 800 and 995 days of age, only limited information about the shape of the survival curve at ages above 900 days, and the apparent change in slope at the oldest ages (>990 days) reflects this experimental uncertainty. P values were calculated by the log-rank test.
  • FIG. 5 Reduced P-rpS6(Ser240/244) in White Adipose Tissue.
  • FIG. 6 Reduced P-rpS6(Ser240/244) in Liver.
  • FIG. 7 No detectable effects on P-rpS6(Ser240/244) in brain.
  • FIG. 8 Increase in 4E-BP1 in male white adipose tissue.
  • FIG. 9 No detectable effect on 4E-BP1 in liver.
  • FIG. 10 Akt activation in male white adipose tissue.
  • FIG. 11 Akt activation in male liver.
  • FIG. 12 Akt activation in brain.
  • FIG. 13 Stability of rapamycin in food.
  • FIG. 14 Encapsulation of rapamycin improves stability in laboratory chow. Rapamycin was added to commercially prepared lab chow at 7 ppm and the food was then assayed for rapamycin content. Rapamycin levels are less than expected, suggested that rapamycin degraded during preparation or storage of the food (open bar). Microencapsulation of the rapamycin reduced degradation (shaded bar).
  • FIG. 15 Rapamycin is detectable in whole blood after feeding diet containing encapsulated or unencapsulated rapamycin. Encapsulated and unencapsulated rapamycin (7 ppm) was fed to mice for 3 weeks and the blood assayed for rapamycin levels. Encapsulation resulted in significantly higher blood levels of rapamycin than observed using unencapsulated rapamycin.
  • FIG. 16 Microencapsulation.
  • FIG. 17 Levels of rapamycin in blood.
  • FIG. 18 Reduced mTOR signaling in calorie-restricted mice.
  • FIG. 19 No effect of rapamycin on body weight.
  • FIG. 20 Rapamycin attenuates age-related decline in general locomotor activity.
  • FIG. 21 No significant effect on adiposity in mice fed rapamycin from 9 months of age.
  • FIG. 22 Effect of caloric restriction on lifespan.
  • FIG. 23 Visceral fat pad P-Ser473 Akt analysis: 20 months of treatment.
  • FIG. 24 Gastrocnemius muscle P-Ser473 Akt analysis.
  • FIG. 25 No difference in body weight with or without rapamycin in mice on a high fat diet 12 weeks of feeding.
  • FIG. 26 Rapamycin causes glucose intolerance in HET3 mice fed a high fat diet.
  • FIG. 27 Effects of increasing dietary fat or calories on rapamycin effects on glucose metabolism.
  • FIG. 28A , 28 B, 28 C, 28 D Rapamycin abrogates memory deficits in the 3 ⁇ Tg-AD and the hAPP(J20) mouse models of AD.
  • genotype had roughly the same effect at all times during training B and D
  • Data are mean ⁇ SEM.
  • a and B Representative Western blots from proteins extracted from brains of 3 ⁇ Tg-AD and hAPP(J20) mice, respectively.
  • C, D, and E Quantitative analyses of APP, C99 and C83 (normalized to ⁇ -actin levels) show that rapamycin had no significant effect on APP processing in both transgenic lines.
  • H and I Representative microphotographs depicting CA1 pyramidal neurons of the 3 ⁇ Tg-AD mice stained with an anti-As42 antibody. Statistical evaluations were conducted using a two-tailed unpaired Student's t test.
  • a and B Representative microphotographs of CA1 pyramidal neurons stained with the anti-tau antibody AT270, which recognizes tau phosphorylated at Thr181, clearly indicate a decrease in AT270 immunoreactivity in mice treated with rapamycin.
  • C and D Higher magnification views of panels A and B respectively.
  • E and F Serial sections to those shown above were stained with the conformational-specific antitau antibody, MC1.
  • FIG. 31A , 31 B, 31 C, 31 D, 31 E, 31 F Rapamycin administration increases autophagy in brain of hAPP(J20) and 3 ⁇ Tg-AD mice.
  • A Representative Western blots of proteins extracted from brains of 3 ⁇ Tg-AD mice.
  • E and F Representative epifluorescent images of hippocampal CA1 in brain of control-fed (E) and rapamycin-fed (F) hAPP(J20) mice stained with an anti-LC3 antibody. A marked increase in LC3-specific immunoreactivity was observed in CA1 projections following rapamycin administration. Insets, z-stacks of confocal images from the same region. Representative 2D sections across the volumes are shown.
  • FIG. 32A , 32 B Akt activation in visceral fat of rapamycin-treated UM-HET3 male mice treated for 5 weeks.
  • FIG. 33 Reduction of Akt activation in visceral fat of rapamycin-treated UM-HET3 male mice treated for 20 months with rapa. Female data are also shown. Antibodies used are shown to the left of each blot (P-Akt is specific for Ser 473). Data were quantified and shown as graphs below the immunoblots.
  • FIG. 34 Short term versus long term treatment with rapamycin in gastrocnemius muscle. Shown are graphs of quantified intensity values P-473Ser Akt/Akt ratios. A) Five week treatment. B) Twenty month treatment. Note that females show a significant increase in Ser473 phosphorylation in females treated for 5 weeks with rapamycin, with the same trend in males. In 20 month treatment, there is no increase in Akt phosphorylation in females or males.
  • FIG. 35 Immunoblot assay of S6K1 in liver tumors from rapamycin (R)-treated and control (C) mice in cohort 3. These mice were on rapa chow for 20 months.
  • P-Thr(389)p70 is the signal from phosphorylation-dependent antibody and p70 is the signal from the phosphorylation-independent antibody.
  • FIG. 36A , 36 B Rapamycin decreases phosphorylation of p70 kinase.
  • A Quantitative analysis of p-P70 immunoreactivity in blots of hippocampal lysates from control- or rapamycin-treated mice show that rapamycin decreases phosphorylation of p70 kinase consistent with inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin.
  • b Representative Western blot from proteins extracted from hippocampi of control- or rapamycin-treated hAPP(J20) mice (also known as PDAPP mice). Statistical evaluations were conducted using a two-tailed unpaired Student's t test.
  • the present invention takes advantage of the recognition that microencapsulation of an inhibitor of mTOR improves the stability of the inhibitor, which thus improves the efficacy of the inhibitor in reducing cell aging, organism longevity, and age-related diseases of aging.
  • the inventors have developed a microencapsulation procedure which improves the fraction of rapamycin that survives food preparation by 3 to 4-fold. Mice consuming food with microencapsulated rapamycin has blood concentrations approximately 10 fold higher than those that ate non-encapsulated rapamycin-containing food. Microencapsulation of rapamycin made this test financially feasible, as the estimated costs for non-encapsulated rapamycin for the test was extremely high.
  • mice in the rapamycin group showed greater survival than controls (p ⁇ 0001, males and p ⁇ 0.0007, females).
  • any inhibitor of mTOR is contemplated for inclusion in the present microcapsules and methods.
  • the inhibitor of mTOR is rapamycin or an analog of rapamycin.
  • Rapamycin also known as sirolimus and marketed under the trade name Rapamune®
  • the molecular formula of rapamycin is C.sub.51H.sub.79NO.sub.13.
  • the chemical name is (3S,6R,7E,9R,10R,12R,14S,15E,17E,19E,21S,23S,26R,27R,34aS)-9,10,12,13,14,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,32,33,34,34a-hexadecahydro-9,27-dihydroxy-3-[(1R)-2-[(1S,3R,4R)-4-hydroxy-3-methoxycyclohexyl]-1-methylethyl]-10,21-dimethoxy-6,8,12,14,20,26-hexamethyl-23,27-epoxy-3H-pyrido[2,1-c][1,4]oxaazacyclohentria-contine-1,5,11,28,29(4H,6H,31H)-pentone.
  • Rapamycin binds to a member of the FK binding protein (FKBP) family, FKBP 12.
  • FKBP FK binding protein
  • the rapamycin/FKBP 12 complex binds to the protein kinase mTOR to block the activity of signal transduction pathways.
  • the mTOR signaling network includes multiple tumor suppressor genes, including PTEN, LKB1, TSC1, and TSC2, and multiple proto-oncogenes including PI3K, Akt, and eEF4E, mTOR signaling plays a central role in cell survival and proliferation. Binding of the rapamycin/FKBP complex to mTOR causes arrest of the cell cycle in the G1 phase (Janus et al., 2005).
  • mTOR inhibitors also include rapamycin analogs.
  • Many rapamycin analogs are known in the art.
  • Non-limiting examples of analogs of rapamycin include, but are not limited to, everolimus, tacrolimus, CCI-779, ABT-578, AP-23675, AP-23573, AP-23841, 7-epi-rapamycin, 7-thiomethyl-rapamycin, 7-epi-trimethoxyphenyl-rapamycin, 7-epi-thiomethyl-rapamycin, 7-demethoxy-rapamycin, 32-demethoxy-rapamycin, 2-desmethyl-rapamycin, prerapamycin, temsirolimus, and 42-O-(2-hydroxy)ethyl rapamycin.
  • rapamycin oximes U.S. Pat. No. 5,446,048
  • rapamycin aminoesters U.S. Pat. No. 5,130,307
  • rapamycin dialdehydes U.S. Pat. No. 6,680,330
  • rapamycin 29-enols U.S. Pat. No. 6,677,357
  • O-alkylated rapamycin derivatives U.S. Pat. No. 6,440,990
  • water soluble rapamycin esters U.S. Pat. No. 5,955,457
  • alkylated rapamycin derivatives U.S. Pat. No.
  • rapamycin amidino carbamates U.S. Pat. No. 5,637,590
  • biotin esters of rapamycin U.S. Pat. No. 5,504,091
  • carbamates of rapamycin U.S. Pat. No. 5,567,709
  • rapamycin hydroxyesters U.S. Pat. No. 5,362,7108
  • rapamycin 42-sulfonates and 42-(N-carbalkoxy)sulfamates U.S. Pat. No. 5,346,893
  • rapamycin oxepane isomers U.S. Pat. No. 5,344,833
  • imidazolidyl rapamycin derivatives U.S.
  • Rapamycin or a rapamycin analog can be obtained from any source known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the source may be a commercial source, or natural source.
  • Rapamycin or a rapamycin analog may be chemically synthesized using any technique known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Non-limiting examples of information concerning rapamycin synthesis can be found in Schwecke et al., 1995; Gregory et al., 2004; Gregory et al., 2006; Graziani, 2009.
  • the microcapsules of the present invention can be prepared using any method known to those of ordinary skill in the field. Any method known to those of ordinary skill in the art can be used to obtain the core.
  • the core is then coated using any method known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the coating is an enteric coating. Some examples of coating are discussed below.
  • applying an enteric coating involves use of a spinning disk atomizer, other methods may include pan coating, air-suspension coating, centrifugal extrusion, vibrational nozzle, spray-drying, interfacial polymerization, in situ polymerization, matrix polymerization.
  • the core as used herein refers to that portion of the microcapsule that includes the active agent, where the active agent is encased in a coating. Active agents have been discussed above and elsewhere in this specification.
  • the core may include any number of additional therapeutic agents, or any number of additional adjunct ingredients.
  • the core may further include at least one of an absorption enhanced, a binder, a hardness enhancing agent, optionally a disintegrant and another excipient.
  • binders include povidone (PVP: polyvinyl pyrrolidone), low molecular weight HPC (hydroxypropyl cellulose), low molecular weight HPMC (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose), low molecular weight carboxy methyl cellulose, ethylcellulose, gelatin polyethylene oxide, acacia, dextrin, magnesium aluminum silicate, starch, and polymethacrylates.
  • the core may include a stabilizer such as at least one of butyl hydroxyanisole, ascorbic acid and citric acid.
  • the core may include a disintegrant selected from the group consisting of croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone (cross-linked polyvinyl pyrolidone) sodium carboxymethyl starch (sodium starch glycolate), cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Croscarmellose), pregelatinized starch (starch 1500), microcrystalline starch, water insoluble starch, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, magnesium aluminum silicate and a combination thereof.
  • the core may include a filler such as filler such as monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose, starch, lactitol, lactose, a suitable inorganic calcium salt, sucrose, or a combination thereof.
  • a filler such as monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose, starch, lactitol, lactose, a suitable inorganic calcium salt, sucrose, or a combination thereof.
  • the core may include an antioxidant that is selected from the group consisting of 4,4 (2,3 dimethyl tetramethylene dipyrochatechol), Tocopherol-rich extract (natural vitamin E), .alpha.-tocopherol (synthetic Vitamin E), .beta.-tocopherol, .gamma.-tocopherol, .delta.-tocopherol, Butylhydroxinon, Butyl hydroxyanisole (BHA), Butyl hydroxytoluene (BHT), Propyl Gallate, Octyl gallate, Dodecyl Gallate, Tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), Fumaric acid, Malic acid, Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), Sodium ascorbate, Calcium ascorbate, Potassium ascorbate, Ascorbyl palmitate, Ascorbyl stearate, Citric acid, Sodium lactate, Potassium lactate, Calcium lactate, Magnesium lactate, Anoxo
  • the core may include a chelating agent such as antioxidants, dipotassium edentate, disodium edentate, edetate calcium disodium, edetic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, maltol, sodium edentate, trisodium edetate.
  • a chelating agent such as antioxidants, dipotassium edentate, disodium edentate, edetate calcium disodium, edetic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, maltol, sodium edentate, trisodium edetate.
  • the core may include a lubricant such as stearate salts; stearic acid, corola oil, glyceryl palmitostearate, hydrogenated vegetable oil, magnesium oxide, mineral oil, poloxamer, polyethylene glycole, polyvinyl alcohol, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, talc, sodium stearyl fumarate, compritol (glycerol behenate), and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) or a combination ther
  • a preferred embodiment of the formulation according to the present invention preferably features a core which contains a hydrophilic, swellable, hydrogel-forming material, covered by a coating which includes a water insoluble polymer and hydrophilic water permeable agent, through which water enters the core.
  • the swellable hydrogel-forming material in the core then swells and bursts the coating, after which the core more preferably disintegrates slowly or otherwise releases the active ingredient.
  • Another optional but preferred embodiment relates to a release-controlling core with an slow-erodible dry coating.
  • the coating may be an enteric coating, a coating that prevents release and absorption of active ingredients until they reach the intestine.
  • enteric refers to the small intestine, and therefore enteric coatings facilitate delivery of agents to the small intestine. Some enteric coatings facilitate delivery of agents to the colon.
  • the enteric coating is a EUDRAGIT® coating.
  • Eudragit coatings include Eudragit L100-44 (for delivery to the duodenum), Eudragit L 30 D-55 (for delivery to the duodenum), Eudragit L 100 (for delivery to the jejunum), Eudragit S100 (for delivery to the ileum), and Eudragit FS 30D (for colon delivery).
  • Other coatings include Eudragit RS, Eudragit RL, ethylcellulose, and polyvinyl acetate.
  • Benefits include pH-dependent drug release, protection of active agents sensitive to gastric fluid, protection of gastric mucosa from active agents, increase in drug effectiveness, good storage stability, and GI and colon targeting.
  • enteric coating components include cellulose acetate pthalate, methyl acrylate-methacrylic acid copolymers, cellulose acetate succinate, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose phthalate, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, methyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid copolymers, sodium alginate, and stearic acid.
  • the coating may include suitable hydrophilic gelling polymers including but not limited to cellulosic polymers, such as methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, and the like; vinyl polymers, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, and the like; acrylic polymers and copolymers, such as acrylic acid polymer, methacrylic acid copolymers, ethyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymers, natural and synthetic gums, such as guar gum, arabic gum, xanthan gum, gelatin, collagen, proteins, polysaccharides, such as pectin, pectic acid, alginic acid, sodium alginate, polyaminoacids, polyalcohols, polyglycols; and the like; and mixtures thereof. Any other coating agent known to those of ordinary skill in the art is contemplated for inclusion in the coatings of the microcapsules set forth here
  • the coating may optionally comprises a plastisizer, such as dibutyl sebacate, polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol, dibutyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, triethyl citrate, tributyl citrate, acetylated monoglyceride, acetyl tributyl citrate, triacetin, dimethyl phthalate, benzyl benzoate, butyl and/or glycol esters of fatty acids, refined mineral oils, oleic acid, castor oil, corn oil, camphor, glycerol and sorbitol or a combination thereof.
  • the coating may optionally include a gum.
  • Non-limiting examples of gums include homopolysaccharides such as locust bean gum, galactans, mannans, vegetable gums such as alginates, gum karaya, pectin, agar, tragacanth, accacia, carrageenan, tragacanth, chitosan, agar, alginic acid, other polysaccharide gums (e.g., hydrocolloids), acacia catechu, salai guggal, indian bodellum, copaiba gum, asafetida, cambi gum, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, mastic gum, benzoin gum, sandarac, gambier gum, butea frondosa (Flame of Forest Gum), myrrh, konjak mannan, guar gum, welan gum, gellan gum, tara gum, locust bean gum, carageenan gum, glucomannan, galactan gum, sodium alginate,
  • Treatment and “treating” as used herein refer to administration or application of a therapeutic agent to a subject or performance of a procedure or modality on a subject for the purpose of obtaining a therapeutic benefit of a disease or health-related condition.
  • the microcapsules of the present invention may be administered to a subject for the purpose of treating a neurodegenerative disease in a subject. Treating as used herein refers to cure of all signs and symptoms of the disease, or reduction in the severity of signs or symptoms of a disease.
  • therapeutic benefit refers to anything that promotes or enhances the well-being of the subject with respect to the medical treatment of this condition. This includes, but is not limited to, a reduction in the frequency or severity of the signs or symptoms of a disease. For example, administering microcapsules of the present invention to reduce the signs and symptoms of a neurodegenerative disease.
  • prevention and “preventing” are used according to their ordinary and plain meaning to mean “acting before” or such an act.
  • those terms refer to administration or application of an agent, drug, or remedy to a subject or performance of a procedure or modality on a subject for the purpose of blocking the onset of a disease or health-related condition.
  • the methods of the invention may be used to treat or prevent age-related diseases, conditions, or disorders.
  • age-related diseases, conditions, or disorders include insulin resistance (i.e., impaired glucose tolerance), benign prostatic hyperplasia, hearing loss, osteoporosis, age-related macular degeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, a skin disease, aging skin, or cancer.
  • the age-related disease, condition, or disorder is a skin disease.
  • skin diseases for which the methods of the invention may be used include seborreic keratosis, actinic keratosis, keloid, psoriasis, and Kaposi's sarcoma.
  • Non-limiting examples of neurodegenerative diseases include Alzheimer disease; epilepsy; Huntington's Disease; Parkinson's Disease; stroke; spinal cord injury; traumatic brain injury; Lewy body dementia; Pick's disease; Niewmann-Pick disease; amyloid angiopathy; cerebral amyloid angiopathy; systemic amyloidosis; hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis of the Dutch type; inclusion body myositis; mild cognitive impairment; Down's syndrome; and neuromuscular disorders including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis, and muscular dystrophies including Duchenne dystrophy, Becker muscular dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral (Landouzy-Dejerine) muscular dystrophy, and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD). Also included is neurodegenerative disease due to stroke, head trauma, spinal injury, or other injuries to the brain, peripheral nervous, central nervous, or neuromuscular system.
  • ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
  • the age-related disease, condition, or disorder is an aging skin condition.
  • aging skin conditions for which the methods of the invention may be used include age-related spots, pigment spots, wrinkles, photo-aged skin, or angiogenic spots.
  • the inhibitor of TOR is administered to extend an individual's healthy life span.
  • the methods of the invention may be used to inhibit cellular or organismal events.
  • the cellular event being inhibited is cell aging.
  • the cellular event being inhibited is cell hypertrophy.
  • the cellular event being inhibited is organism aging.
  • age-related diseases for which mTOR involvement has been demonstrated include the following: benign prostatic hyperplasia, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), benign prostatic hypertrophy, benign enlargement of the prostrate (BEP), metabolic syndrome including insulin resistance and its complications, obesity (especially abdominal obesity), elevated blood pressure, thrombosis, hypertension and atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and osteoporosis.
  • BPH benign prostatic hyperplasia
  • BEP benign prostatic hypertrophy
  • metabolic syndrome including insulin resistance and its complications, obesity (especially abdominal obesity), elevated blood pressure, thrombosis, hypertension and atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and osteoporosis.
  • the mTOR pathway has been shown to be involved with Alzheimer's disease by increasing Tau protein synthesis (Li et al., 2005).
  • Tau protein synthesis Li et al., 2005
  • a correlation between activated mTOR in blood lymphocytes and memory and cognitive decline has been established in individuals suffering from Alzheimer's disease (Paccalin
  • non-limiting examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, brain cancer, liver cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer, renal cancer, skin cancer, head and neck cancer, bone cancer, esophageal cancer, bladder cancer, uterine cancer, lymphatic cancer, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, testicular cancer, lymphoma, or leukemia.
  • cancers include squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenoma, adenocarcinoma, linitis plastica, insulinoma, glucagonoma, gastrinoma, vipoma, cholangiocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, carcinoid tumor, prolactinoma, oncocytoma, hurthle cell adenoma, renal cell carcinoma, endometrioid adenoma, cystadenoma, pseudomyxoma peritonei, Warthin's tumor, thymoma, thecoma, granulosa cell tumor, arrhenoblastoma, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor, paraganglioma, pheochromocytoma, glomus tumor, melanoma, soft tissue sarcoma, desmoplastic small round cell tumor, fibroma, fibrosarcoma, myx
  • the hyperproliferative lesion is a disease that can affect the mouth of a subject.
  • diseases include leukoplakia, squamous cell hyperplastic lesions, premalignant epithelial lesions, intraepithelial neoplastic lesions, focal epithelial hyperplasia, and squamous carcinoma lesion.
  • microcapsules of the present invention can be applied in the treatment of any disease for with use of an inhibitor of mTOR is contemplated.
  • the following U.S. patents disclose various properties and uses of rapamycin and are herein incorporated by reference.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,100,899 discloses inhibition of transplant rejection by rapamycin;
  • U.S. Pat. No. 3,993,749 discloses rapamycin antifungal properties;
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,885,171 discloses antitumor activity of rapamycin against lymphatic leukemia, colon and mammary cancers, melanocarcinoma and ependymoblastoma;
  • 5,206,018 discloses rapamycin treatment of malignant mammary and skin carcinomas, and central nervous system neoplasms;
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,401,653 discloses the use of rapamycin in combination with picibanil in the treatment of tumors;
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,078,999 discloses a method of treating systemic lupus erythematosus with rapamycin;
  • 5,080,899 discloses a method of treating pulmonary inflammation with rapamycin that is useful in the symptomatic relief of diseases in which pulmonary inflammation is a component, i.e., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, bronchitis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome;
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,670,355 discloses the use of rapamycin in treating cardiovascular, cerebral vascular, or peripheral vascular disease;
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,561,138 discloses the use of rapamycin in treating immune related anemia;
  • 5,288,711 discloses a method of preventing or treating hyperproliferative vascular disease including intimal smooth muscle cell hyperplasia, restenosis, and vascular occlusion with rapamycin; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,321,009 discloses the use of rapamycin in treating insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.
  • any disease which may be ameliorated, treated, cured or prevented by administration of rapamycin or a rapamycin derivative may be treated by administration of the microcapsules described herein.
  • Non-limiting examples of such diseases include—organ or tissue transplant rejection, graft-versus-host disease, autoimmune disease and inflammatory conditions, arthritis (for example rheumatoid arthritis, arthritis chronica progrediente and arthritis deformans) and rheumatic diseases, autoimmune diseases, autoimmune hematological disorders, systemic lupus erythematosus, sclerodoma, Wegener granulamatosis, dermatomyositis, chronic active hepatitis, myasthenia gravis, psoriasis, Steven-Johnson syndrome, idiopathic sprue, autoimmune inflammatory bowel disease (including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease), endocrine opthalmopathy, Graves disease, sarcoidosis, multiple sclerosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, juvenile diabetes uveitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, vernal keratoconjunctivitis,
  • Certain embodiments of the methods set forth herein pertain to methods of preventing a disease or health-related condition in a subject. Preventive strategies are of key importance in medicine today.
  • the quantity of pharmaceutical composition to be administered depends on the subject to be treated, the state of the subject, the nature of the disease to be prevented and the protection desired. Precise amounts of the therapeutic composition also depend on the judgment of the practitioner and are peculiar to each individual. For example, the frequency of application of the composition can be once a day, twice a day, once a week, twice a week, or once a month. Duration of treatment may range from one month to one year or longer. Again, the precise preventive regimen will be highly dependent on the subject, the nature of the risk factor, and the judgment of the practitioner.
  • Certain of the methods set forth herein pertain to methods involving the administration of a composition comprising the microcapsules of the present invention.
  • “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, surfactants, antioxidants, preservatives (e.g., antibacterial agents, antifungal agents), isotonic agents, absorption delaying agents, salts, preservatives, drugs, drug stabilizers, gels, binders, excipients, disintegration agents, lubricants, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, dyes, such like materials and combinations thereof, as would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art (Remington's, 1990). Except insofar as any conventional carrier is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic or pharmaceutical compositions is contemplated.
  • the compositions used in the present invention may comprise different types of carriers depending on whether it is to be administered in solid, liquid or aerosol form, and whether it need to be sterile for such routes of administration as injection.
  • the formulation may vary depending upon the route of administration.
  • parenteral administration in an aqueous solution for example, the solution should be suitably buffered if necessary and the liquid diluent first rendered isotonic with sufficient saline or glucose.
  • sterile aqueous media which can be employed will be known to those of skill in the art in light of the present disclosure.
  • pharmaceutical composition includes at least about 0.1% by weight of the active compound. In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition includes about 2% to about 75% of the weight of the composition, or between about 25% to about 60% by weight of the composition, for example, and any range derivable therein.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may comprise various antioxidants to retard oxidation of one or more component. Additionally, the prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about by preservatives such as various antibacterial and antifungal agents, including but not limited to parabens (e.g., methylparabens, propylparabens), chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal or combinations thereof.
  • preservatives such as various antibacterial and antifungal agents, including but not limited to parabens (e.g., methylparabens, propylparabens), chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal or combinations thereof.
  • parabens e.g., methylparabens, propylparabens
  • chlorobutanol phenol
  • sorbic acid thimerosal or combinations thereof.
  • the composition must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage, and preserved against the contaminating
  • microcapsules can be administered to the subject using any method known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • a pharmaceutically effective amount of the composition may be administered in a composition including an aqueous media that is administered intravenously, intracerebrally, intracranially, intrathecally, into the substantia nigra or the region of the substantia nigra, intradermally, intraarterially, intraperitoneally, intralesionally, intratracheally, intranasally, topically, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, orally, topically, locally, inhalation (e.g., aerosol inhalation), injection, infusion, continuous infusion, localized perfusion bathing target cells directly, via a catheter, via a lavage, in cremes, in lipid compositions (e.g., liposomes), or by other method or any combination of the forgoing as would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art (Remington's, 1990).
  • the composition is administered to a subject using a drug delivery device.
  • a drug delivery device Any drug delivery device is contemplated for use in delivering a pharmaceutically effective amount of the inhibitor of mTOR.
  • a pharmaceutically effective amount of an inhibitor of mTOR is determined based on the intended goal.
  • the quantity to be administered depends on the subject to be treated, the state of the subject, the protection desired, and the route of administration. Precise amounts of the therapeutic agent also depend on the judgment of the practitioner and are peculiar to each individual.
  • rapamycin or rapamycin analog to be administered will depend upon the disease to be treated, the length of duration desired and the bioavailability profile of the implant, and the site of administration. Generally, the effective amount will be within the discretion and wisdom of the patient's attending physician. Guidelines for administration include dose ranges of from about 0.01 mg to about 500 mg of rapamycin or rapamycin analog.
  • a dose of the inhibitor of mTOR may be about 0.0001 milligrams to about 1.0 milligrams, or about 0.001 milligrams to about 0.1 milligrams, or about 0.1 milligrams to about 1.0 milligrams, or even about 10 milligrams per dose or so. Multiple doses can also be administered.
  • a dose is at least about 0.0001 milligrams.
  • a dose is at least about 0.001 milligrams.
  • a dose is at least 0.01 milligrams.
  • a dose is at least about 0.1 milligrams.
  • a dose may be at least 1.0 milligrams.
  • a dose may be at least 10 milligrams.
  • a dose is at least 100 milligrams or higher.
  • a dose may also comprise from about 1 microgram/kg/body weight, about 5 microgram/kg/body weight, about 10 microgram/kg/body weight, about 50 microgram/kg/body weight, about 100 microgram/kg/body weight, about 200 microgram/kg/body weight, about 350 microgram/kg/body weight, about 500 microgram/kg/body weight, about 1 milligram/kg/body weight, about 5 milligram/kg/body weight, about 10 milligram/kg/body weight, about 50 milligram/kg/body weight, about 100 milligram/kg/body weight, about 200 milligram/kg/body weight, about 350 milligram/kg/body weight, about 500 milligram/kg/body weight, to about 1000 mg/kg/body weight or more per administration, and any range derivable therein.
  • a range of about 5 mg/kg/body weight to about 100 mg/kg/body weight, about 5 microgram/kg/body weight to about 500 milligram/kg/body weight, etc. can be administered, based on the numbers described above.
  • the dose can be repeated as needed as determined by those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • a single dose is contemplated.
  • two or more doses are contemplated.
  • the time interval between doses can be any time interval as determined by those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the time interval between doses may be about 1 hour to about 2 hours, about 2 hours to about 6 hours, about 6 hours to about 10 hours, about 10 hours to about 24 hours, about 1 day to about 2 days, about 1 week to about 2 weeks, or longer, or any time interval derivable within any of these recited ranges.
  • Certain embodiments of the present invention provide for the administration or application of one or more secondary forms of therapies.
  • the type of therapy is dependent upon the type of disease that is being treated or prevented.
  • the secondary form of therapy may be administration of one or more secondary pharmacological agents that can be applied in the treatment or prevention of a disease associated with aging, including any of the diseases set forth above.
  • the secondary therapy is a pharmacological agent, it may be administered prior to, concurrently, or following administration of the inhibitor of mTOR.
  • the interval between the inhibitor of mTOR and the secondary therapy may be any interval as determined by those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the interval may be minutes to weeks.
  • the agents are separately administered, one would generally ensure that a significant period of time did not expire between the time of each delivery, such that each therapeutic agent would still be able to exert an advantageously combined effect on the subject.
  • the interval between therapeutic agents may be about 12 h to about 24 h of each other and, more preferably, within about 6 hours to about 12 h of each other.
  • the timing of administration of a secondary therapeutic agent is determined based on the response of the subject to the inhibitor of mTOR.
  • mice were produced at each of the three test sites by mating CB6F1 females with C3D2F1 males to produce a genetically heterogeneous population. Details of the methods used for health monitoring were provided previously (Miller et al., 2007); in brief, each of the three colonies was evaluated four times each year for infectious agents, including pinworm. All such tests were negative throughout the entire study period. Each test site enrolled approximately equal numbers of 19-21 day-old weanlings each month over a six month period, housing 3 males or 4 females/cage.
  • Each site used diets that the manufacturer claimed were based on the NIH-31 standard for breeding cages and the period between weaning and the initiation of experimental diets, as follows: For breeding cages, UM used Purina 5008, UT used Teklad 7912, and TJL used Purina 5K52. For weanlings prior to 4 months of age, UM used Purina 5008, UT used Teklad 7912, and TJL used Purina 5LG6. Starting when 4 months old, mice in the Control, Enalapril, and CAPE groups received Purina 5LG6 at all three sites, without additives (control group) or with the test agent.
  • mice in the Rapa group remained on the weanling diet until they began to receive rapamycin, in Purina 5LG6, at 600 days of age.
  • Separate cohorts of control and rapamycin-treated mice were established in the same way one year later, again at each test site, but with rapamycin initiated at 270 days rather than at 600 days of age. Additional husbandry details, including accounts of tests for T cell subset distribution and activity administered to a subset of each group, are provided elsewhere (Nadon et al., 2008).
  • the principal endpoint was age at death (for mice found dead at daily inspections) or age at euthanasia (for mice deemed unlikely to survive for more than an additional 48 h).
  • mice Removal of mice from the longevity population.
  • the Cohort 2005 study population distributed almost equally among the three test sites, consisted initially of 1960 mice, of which 674 were assigned to the control group and 317 to 328 to each of the four treatment groups. Of these, 51 mice were removed from the study because of fighting (31 mice), accidental death (such as chip implantation or cage flooding; 13 mice), or because of technical error (error in gender assignment or diet selection; 7 mice).
  • For survival analyses mice were treated as alive at the date of their removal from the protocol, and lost to follow-up thereafter. These censored mice were not included in calculations of median longevity.
  • mice were examined at least daily for signs of ill health, and were euthanized for humane reasons if they were so severely moribund that they were considered, by an experienced technician, unlikely to survive for more than an additional 48 hrs.
  • a mouse was considered severely moribund if it exhibited more than one of the following clinical signs: (a) inability to eat or to drink; (b) severe lethargy, as indicated by a lack of response such as a reluctance to move when gently prodded with a forceps; (c) severe balance or gait disturbance; (d) rapid weight loss over a period of one week or more; or (e) a severely ulcerated or bleeding tumor.
  • the age at which a moribund mouse was euthanized was taken as the best available estimate of its natural lifespan. Mice found dead were also noted at each daily inspection. Bodies were saved for later analysis, to be reported elsewhere.
  • TestDiet, Inc. prepared batches of Purina 5LG6 food containing each of the test substances, as well as control diet batches, at intervals of approximately 120 days, and shipped each batch of food at the same time to each of the three test sites.
  • Enalapril was purchased from Sigma (catalogue E6888-5G) and used at 120 mg per kg food; on the assumption that the average mouse weighs 30 gm and consumes 5 gm of food/day, this dose supplies 20 mg enalapril per kg body weight/day.
  • CAPE i.e.
  • caffeic acid phenethyl ester was purchased from Cayman (Ann Arbor, Mich.; Catalogue 70750), and used at either of two doses: the high dose was 300 mg/kg food (50 mg/kg body weight/day), and the low dose was 30 mg/kg food (5 mg/kg body weight/day).
  • Enalapril was tested because in aged humans and in rodent models of hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and congestive heart failure, it has been reported to improve many of these conditions.
  • CAPE was tested because this agent has been reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory capabilities, as well as specific toxicity to transformed and tumor cells. Lifespans of mice given enalapril or CAPE are compared with controls and those given rapamycin in FIG. 1 .
  • Rapamycin was purchased from LC Labs (Woburn, Mass.). The rapamycin was microencapsulated by Southwest Research Institute (San Antonio, Tex.), using a spinning disk atomization coating process with the enteric coating material Eudragit S100 ((Röhm Pharma, Germany). This methacrylate polymer is stable at pH levels below 7 and thus protects the rapamycin from the acidic conditions of the stomach; the protective coating dissolves in the small intestine, permitting absorption of the active agent. This thermoplastic coating material increased the fraction of rapamycin that survived the food preparation process by 3 to 4-fold. Because the coating material is water soluble only in non-acidic conditions, the encapsulated rapamycin is released in the small intestine rather than in the stomach.
  • encapsulated rapamycin led to blood concentrations approximately 10-fold higher than achieved by equivalent doses of non-encapsulated rapamycin.
  • the encapsulated rapamycin was administered at 14 mg/kg food (2.24 mg of rapamycin per kg body weight/day). Encapsulated rapamycin was then incorporated into 5LG6 mouse chow and distributed to all three test sites.
  • Rapamycin was obtained from LC Laboratories (Woburn, Mass.). 32-desmethoxyrapamycin (32-RPM) was obtained from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, Mo.). HPLC grade methanol and acetonitrile were purchased from Fisher (Fair Lawn, N.J.). All other reagents were purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, Mo.). Milli-Q water was used for preparation of all solutions.
  • the HPLC system consisted of a Waters 510 HPLC pump, Waters 717 autosampler, Waters 2487 UV detector, and Waters Empower chromatographic software (Waters, Milford, Mass.).
  • the HPLC analytical column was a Grace Alltima C18 (4.6 ⁇ 150 mm, 5 micron) purchased from Alltech (Deerfield, Ill.).
  • the mobile phase was 64% (v/v) acetonitrile, and 36% water.
  • the flow rate of the mobile phase was 1.5 ml/min and the wavelength of absorbance was 278 nm.
  • the temperature of the HPLC analytical column was maintained at 70° C. during the chromatographic runs using an Eppendorf CH-30 column heater. Rapamycin and 32-RPM powder were dissolved in methanol at a concentration of 1 mg/ml and stored in aliquots at ⁇ 80° C.
  • a working stock solution was prepared each day from the methanol stock solutions at a concentration of 1 ⁇ g/ml and used to spike the calibrators.
  • Calibrator samples were prepared daily by spiking either whole blood or mouse food with stock solutions to achieve final concentrations of 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 100, and 200 ng/ml.
  • Rapamycin was quantified in mouse blood using HPLC with UV detection. Briefly, 0.5 mL of calibrators and unknown samples were mixed with 75 ⁇ L of 1.0 ⁇ g/mL 32-desmethoxy rapamycin (internal standard), 1.0 mL ZnSO4 (50 g/L) and 1.0 mL of acetone. The samples were vortexed vigorously for 20 sec, then centrifuged at 2600 g at 23° C. temperature for 5 min (subsequent centrifugations were performed under the same conditions). Supernatants were transferred to clean test tubes, then 200 ⁇ L of 100 mM NaOH was added, followed by vortexing.
  • the ratio of the peak area of rapamycin to that of the internal standard (response ratio) for each unknown sample was compared against a linear regression of calibrator response ratios to quantify rapamycin.
  • the concentration of rapamycin was expressed as ng/mL whole blood.
  • Rapamycin content of mouse chow was verified using HPLC with UV detection. Briefly, 100 mg of chow for spiked calibrators and unknown samples were crushed with a mortar and pestle, then vortexed vigorously with 20 ⁇ L of 100 ⁇ g/mL 32-RPM (internal standard) and 0.5 mL methanol. The samples were then mechanically shaken for 10 min. Next, 0.5 mL of Millipore water was added and the samples were vortexed vigorously for 20 sec. The samples were centrifuged for 10 min and then 40 ⁇ L were injected into the HPLC.
  • the ratio of the peak area of rapamycin to that of the internal standard was compared against a linear regression of calibrator response ratios at rapamycin concentrations of 0, 2, 4, 8, 10, and 20 ng/mg of food to quantify rapamycin.
  • the concentration of rapamycin in food was expressed as ng/mg food (parts per million).
  • Rapamycin effectiveness To assay for the status of an mTORC1 downstream effector, phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (Ser240/244), a substrate of S6 kinase 1, was measured in visceral adipose tissue lysates in mice fed an encapsulated rapamycin diet for 420 days or a control diet with empty microcapsules.
  • Tissues were dissected and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen for storage at ⁇ 80° C., ground into powder under liquid nitrogen and dissolved in 10 volumes of buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 120 mM NaCl, 1% NP-40, 1 mM EDTA, 50 mM NaF, 40 mM 2-glycerophosphate, 0.1 mM Na orthovanadate (pH 10), 1 mM benzamidine, and 1 ⁇ Complete protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche). After sonication and microcentrifugation, lysates were quantified, 30. 40 ⁇ g of soluble protein from each extract was loaded on a 4-12% gradient PAGE and electrophoresed overnight at 5V.
  • buffer 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 120 mM NaCl, 1% NP-40, 1 mM EDTA, 50 mM NaF, 40 mM 2-glycerophosphate, 0.1 mM Na orthovana
  • mice at each of three collaborating research sites median and maximum life-span of mice were extended by feeding encapsulated rapamycin starting at 600 days of age ( FIG. 2 ).
  • the data set was analyzed with 2% (38 of 1,901) of mice still alive.
  • a log-rank test rejected the null hypothesis that treatment and control groups did not differ (P ⁇ 0.0001); mice fed rapamycin were longer lived than controls (P ⁇ 0.0001) in both males and females.
  • mean lifespan the effect sizes were 9% for males and 13% for females in the pooled data set.
  • life expectancy at 600 days the age of first exposure to rapamycin
  • Mice treated with other agents enalapril and CAPE (caffeic acid phenethyl ester) evaluated in parallel did not differ from controls at the doses used ( FIG. 1 ).
  • Rapamycin-fed and control mice were then compared separately for each combination of site and gender. Rapamycin had a consistent benefit, compared with controls, with P values ranging from 0.03 to 0.0001 ( FIG. 3 ).
  • Female mice at all three sites had improved survival after rapamycin feeding ( FIG. 3 ).
  • Mean lifespan increases for females were 15%, 16% and 7% (TJL, UM and UT, respectively), and life expectancy at 600 days increased by 45%, 48% and 22% for females at the three sites.
  • Median lifespan estimates of control females were consistent across sites (881-895 days), and were similar to values noted in Cohort 2004, which ranged from 858 to 909 days (Miller et al., 2007).
  • Control mice at UT and UM differed from those fed rapamycin not only in exposure to rapamycin from 600 days of age but also in specific formulation of the mouse chows (all based on the NIH-31 standard) used between weaning and 600 days.
  • rapamycin group at UT and at UM, might reflect differences in nutritional or health status between control and rapamycin groups before 600 days, rather than solely the effects of rapamycin.
  • mice TABLE 1
  • the 95% confidence interval for controls goes up to 1,136 days, and the estimate for 90th percentile survival for the rapamycin-treated mice is 1,245 days.
  • the 90th percentile survival for rapamycin-treated mice (1,245) is substantially above that for controls (1,094).
  • the 90th percentile age for rapamycin-treated mice is higher than the upper limit for the corresponding control group, showing that rapamycin increases the age for 90 th percentile survival.
  • Cause of death was inferred, where possible, based on gross evaluation, followed by histopathologic examination of a standard set of tissues from each mouse by an experienced veterinary pathologist. Tumors were deemed the cause of death based on tumor type, size, number, and distribution. Cause of death for mice with inflammatory or degenerative lesions was based on the location and severity of the lesions and the likelihood that such lesions were severe enough to cause morbidity and mortality. Many animals had small, localized tumors and various degenerative lesions, which were deemed unlikely to have contributed to their death. Autolysis precluded diagnosis in 29 cases, and the cause of death could not be determined in three other cases as indicated.
  • mice A separate group of mice was used to evaluate the effects of encapsulated rapamycin initiated at 270 days of age ( FIG. 4A ).
  • P 0.0002 for males and P ⁇ 0.0001 for females.
  • the beneficial effect of rapamycin for females was significant at each site (P ⁇ 0.005); for males, the effect was significant (P ⁇ 0.025) at UM and UT, but not at TJL.
  • Rapamycin seems to reduce mid-life mortality risk when started at 270 days of age, but additional data are needed to provide an accurate estimate of effect size, and to evaluate effects on maximal longevity.
  • FIG. 4B shows that rapamycin feeding reduced the levels of phosphorylated rpS6 4-5-fold when fed from 270 to about 800 days of age. Blood levels of rapamycin in the treated mice were equivalent in males and females, between 60 and 70 ng/ml.
  • rpS6 ribosomal protein subunit S6
  • WAT white adipose tissue
  • Phosphorylated-rpS6 is greatly reduced, becoming barely detectable in rapamycin-fed mice, relative to total rpS6 ( FIG. 5 ). While most of the control mice have a robust signal for phosphorylated rpS6, some have very little of this modification. Importantly, all mice fed rapamycin have very little phosphorylated rpS6.
  • FIG. 6 shows immunoblot assays of rpS6 phosphorylation in liver. Quantification of the ratio of phosphorylated rpS6 to total rpS6 protein at this dose of rapamycin (see graphs for females, males and both) is more pronounced in males than females, the latter of which reach statistical significance in this assay. Analysis of combined male and female phosphorylated rpS6 showed significantly lower levels in treated mice. Our conclusion for S6 kinase 1 activity in liver is that both sexes are responding at this dose of rapamycin, with males being more responsive.
  • FIG. 7 shows an analysis of S6K1 activity in the brain from rapamycin treated and untreated UM-Het3 mice.
  • the effect on mTOR/S6K1 as measured by this assay is much less pronounced in brain compared to WAT and liver. Since rapamycin readily crosses the blood brain barrier (Pong and Zaleska, 2003), this response is interesting and could be biomedically relevant.
  • 4E-BP1 a repressor of cap-dependent translation
  • Phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 inhibits its repressor function.
  • Rapamycin inhibits mTORC1-mediated phosphorylation of 4E-BP1.
  • Analysis of 4E-BP1 in WAT in UM-Het3 mice chronically treated with rapamycin revealed that the ratio of phosphorylated 4E-BP1 was no different in a combined analysis of males and females ( FIG. 8 ).
  • FIG. 9 shows immunoblot assays of 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in liver from mice chronically treated with rapamycin. Again, consistent with cell-based experiments, there was no statistical difference in the ratio 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in males or females, in fact phosphorylation increased modestly in the five females assayed in this experiment. Since ⁇ -actin was not assayed in these experiments, 4E-BP1 levels were not analyzed.
  • 4E-BP2 is the dominant form of 4E-BP proteins expressed in the brain (Banko et al., 2005).
  • the immunological reagents used above are specific for 4E-BP1, thus an analysis of these translation repressors in the brain is pending development of 4E-BP2-specific antibodies.
  • FIG. 11 shows immunoassay data for Akt activation in liver of UM-Het3 mice consuming food that contains rapamycin. As documented in WAT above, we observe a significant increase in Akt phosphorylation in male, but not female, liver.
  • FIG. 12 shows immunoassay data for Akt activation in brain of UM-Het3 mice consuming food that contains rapamycin. Interestingly, there appears to be a significant increase in Akt phosphorylation in the rapamycin-treated mice, both males and females.
  • Akt activation was observed in male, but not female WAT and liver. Brain Akt was elevated by rapamycin in both male and females. Thus, there appears to be organ- and sex-specific responses to the level of rapamycin tested, which is again consistent with cell-based analyses of rapamycin effects. Based on these results, it is concluded that dietary rapamycin is having the expected biological effects on target organs tested.
  • Rapamycin was sent to the Southwest Research Institute (San Antonio) for microencapsulation by dissolving the rapamycin in an organic solvent containing a dissolved enteric coating, Eudragit S100. This polymer is stable at pH levels below 7, as discussed in Example 1. Samples of encapsulated and unencapsulated rapamycin were incorporated into commercial mouse chow at a concentration of 0.7, 7, and 70 ppm and the levels of rapamycin in the food were assayed ( FIG. 13-14 ).
  • the encapsulated rapamycin survived the process of incorporation into the chow better than the unencapsulated rapamycin, as demonstrated by the 3-fold higher concentration of rapamycin detected in the diet made with encapsulated rapamycin than in the diet made with unencapsulated rapamycin.
  • Diets made from encapsulated and unencapsulated rapamycin were fed to mice for 4-5 weeks and concentrations of rapamycin in 200 ⁇ l of whole blood samples were determined using HPLC with UV detection.
  • the average blood level observed after feeding the encapsulated rapamycin was greater than 25 ng/ml, which compares favorably with therapeutic levels in human treatment protocols of at least 12 ng/ml ( FIG. 15 ).
  • mice fed the diet prepared with unencapsulated rapamycin had less than 2.5 ng/ml, which is the detection limit of the assay.
  • the dose was increased to 14 ppm in the diet for the longevity studies of Example 1.
  • the derivation and characterization of the 3 ⁇ Tg-AD and hAPP(J20) mice have been described elsewhere (Hsia et al., 1999; Mucke et al., 2000; Oddo et al., 2003).
  • the hAPP(J20) mice were maintained by heterozygous crossed with C57BL/6J mice (Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, Me.). The hAPP(J20) mice were heterozygous with respect to the transgene. Non-Tg littermates were used as controls. The 3 ⁇ Tg-AD mice were homozygous for the APP and tau transgenes and for the M146V mutation knocked into the PS1 gene.
  • Rapamycin treatment Mice were fed chow containing either microencapsulated rapamycin at 2.24 mg/kg or a control diet as described in Example 1. For the duration of the treatment, all mice were given ad libitum access to rapamycin or control food and water.
  • MWM cognitive weighting
  • MFM Morris water maze
  • All animals showed no deficiencies in swimming abilities, directional swimming or climbing onto a cued platform during pre-training and had no sensorimotor deficits as determined with a battery of neurobehavioral tasks performed prior to testing. All groups were assessed for swimming ability with a straight water alley (15 by 200 cm) containing a submerged (1 cm) 12 ⁇ 12 cm platform 2 days before testing.
  • the procedure described by Morris et al., 2006 was followed as described (Galvan et al., 2006; Galvan et al., 2008).
  • mice were given a series of six trials, one hour apart in a light-colored tank filled with opaque water whitened by the addition of non-toxic paint at a temperature of 24.0 ⁇ 1.0° C.
  • animals were trained to find a 12 ⁇ 12-cm submerged platform (1 cm below water surface) that was marked with a colored pole that served as a landmark and which was placed in different quadrants of the pool. The animals were lowered into the pool facing the pool wall and were released at different locations in each trial. Each animal was given a maximum of 60 seconds to find the submerged platform. If it did not find the platform in that time, the animal was gently guided to it.
  • the animal was removed and placed in a dry cage. Twenty minutes later, each animal was given a second trial, using a different release position. This process was repeated a total of 6 times for each mouse, with each trial about 20 minutes apart.
  • the water tank was surrounded by opaque dark panels at approximately 30 cm from the edge of the pool.
  • Four rectangular drawings with geometric designs in black and white were evenly spaced on the panels to serve as distal cues. The animals were trained to find the submerged platform by swimming 6 times every day for 2 days following the same procedure described for the cued training above. These 6 trials were then followed by a probe trial for which the platform was removed from the pool.
  • the location of the platform (14 cm in diameter) was kept constant for each mouse during training and was 1.5 cm beneath the surface of the water, which was maintained at 25° C. throughout the duration of the testing.
  • the mice received four trials a day that were alternated among four pseudorandom starting points with a 25-second intertribal interval. If a mouse failed to find the platform within 60 seconds, it was guided to the platform by the researcher and kept there for 10 seconds.
  • Probe trials were conducted twenty-four hours after the last training trial. During the probe trials, the platform was removed and mice were free to swim in the tank for sixty seconds.
  • the training and probe trials were recorded by a video camera mounted on the ceiling and data were analyzed using the EthoVisioXT tracking system.
  • 3 ⁇ Tg-AD mice were sacrificed by CO2 asphyxiation. The brains were extracted and cut in-half sagitally and tissue was processed as described (Oddo et al., 2008). The hAPP(J20) mice were euthanized by isoflurane overdose. Hemibrains were flash frozen. One hemibrain was homogeneized in liquid N2 while the other was used in immunohistochemical determinations. For Western blot analyses, proteins from both hAPP(J20) and 3 ⁇ Tg-AD soluble fractions were resolved by SDS/PAGE (Invitrogen, Temecula, Calif.) under reducing conditions and transferred to a nitrocellulose or PVDF membrane.
  • the membrane was incubated in a 5% solution of non-fat milk or in 5% BSA for 1 hour at 20° C. After overnight incubation at 4° C. with the appropriate primary antibody, the blots were washed in Tween 20-TBS (T-TBS) (0.02% Tween 20, 100 mM Tris pH 7.5; 150 nM NaCl) for 20 minutes and incubated at 20° C. with secondary antibody. The blots were then washed in T-TBS 3 times for 20 minutes each and then incubated for 5 minutes with Super Signal (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.), washed again and exposed to film.
  • T-TBS Tween 20-TBS
  • a ⁇ 40 and A ⁇ 42 levels were measured from the soluble and insoluble fractions using a sandwich ELISA protocol as described previously (Oddo et al., 2005).
  • a ⁇ 40 and A ⁇ 42 in hAPP(J20) mice were quantitated in guanidine homogenates of Tg hAPP(J20) hemibrains as described (Galvan et al., 2006) using specific ELISA assays (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.).
  • the z-stacks of confocal images were processed using LSM Viewer software (Zeiss). A ⁇ and tau immunohistochemistry was performed in 50 ⁇ m thick sections obtained using a vibratome slicing system and standard protocols. Images were obtained with a digital Zeiss camera and analyzed with ImageJ.
  • rapamycin prevents or delays age-associated disease such as AD.
  • a rapamycin-supplemented diet which was identical to the diet that extended lifespan in mice (as set forth in Example 1), or a control chow was fed to the 3 ⁇ Tg-AD and hAPP(J20) mice. Functional and biochemical outcomes in two independent laboratories at separate locations were measured.
  • the 3 ⁇ Tg-AD and hAPP(J20) mice and the appropriate non-transgenic controls were treated for 10 and 12 weeks starting at 6.5 and 7 months of age, respectively.
  • learning and memory were tested using the Morris water maze (MWM). Significant deficits in learning and memory were observed in control-fed Tg animals ( FIG.
  • Rapamycin-fed Tg mice showed improved learning and memory ( FIG. 28 ). Remarkably, in the rapamycin-fed Tg mice, retention of the former location of the escape platform was restored to levels indistinguishable from those of non-Tg mice in both mouse models ( FIG. 28B , 28 D). Taken together, these data indicate that rapamycin treatment can ameliorate learning deficits and abolish memory impairments in two independent mouse models of AD.
  • mice were euthanized and their brains were isolated and processed for neuropathological or biochemical evaluation.
  • APP processing by Western blots was analyzed.
  • the levels of full-length APP from transgenic mice on the rapamycin or control diet using 22C11 (an N-terminal specific APP antibody) was first measured. It was found that APP steady-state levels were not significantly altered by rapamycin administration ( FIG. 29A , 29 C).
  • protein extracts were probed with a C terminal-specific APP antibody.
  • LC3-II light chain 3 II
  • LC3-II light chain 3 II
  • a decrease in A ⁇ levels may also contribute to the observed amelioration in tau pathology in 3 ⁇ Tg-AD mice because it has been shown that lowering A ⁇ reduces tau pathology (Oddo et al., 2008; Oddo et al., 2006; Oddo et al., 2004). These data are consistent with a recent report in transgenic mice showing that decreasing autophagy increases A ⁇ levels while increasing autophagy decreases A ⁇ levels (Pickford et al., 2008). These results, obtained from two independent laboratories, show that rapamycin has a robust protective effect on the development of AD-like neuropathology and rescues the loss of memory in two very different transgenic mouse models of AD. These data show that rapamycin, at a dose that extended lifespan in mice, increases autophagy and reduces AD pathology.
  • cancer primarily strikes people with a median age of 68 (Edwards et al., 2002), elderly individuals are at greater risk for this disease. In light of this demographic, it is significant that chronic treatment with rapamycin beginning at 20 months of age (60 in human years) extended the life span in the genetically heterogenous mice tested; the primary cause of death was cancer as set forth in Example 1. Thus technology for the prevention of clinically manifested cancer in this population is a goal of cancer research worldwide.
  • FIG. 32 shows immunoblot assays of visceral fat dissected from mice consuming food with rapamycin for 5 weeks. There was a significant induction in Akt Ser473 phosphorylation in response to this relatively short treatment.
  • FIG. 35 shows immunoassay data from these two tumors, which indicate that chronic enteric rapamycin is significantly repressing the phosphorylation of Thr389 by mTORC1.
  • inhibition of this mTORC1 effector strongly suggests that delayed onset of or less severe cancer is a major mechanism of extended lifespan in mice consuming rapamycin chow. This is also consistent with tumor responses to in calorically and growth factor (dwarf mice) restricted mice.
  • these data strongly support the concept that prevention of cancer presentation in moderately elderly people by enterically-delivered rapamycin is feasible.
  • microcapsules, methods, and kits disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the microcapsules, methods, and kits of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents which are both chemically and physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

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CN102292078A (zh) 2011-12-21
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US20220023230A1 (en) 2022-01-27
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ES2645692T3 (es) 2017-12-07
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US20200054576A1 (en) 2020-02-20
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