US20180202000A1 - Exosomal microrna in serum as an indicator for the activation of brown and beige fat tissue (bat) - Google Patents

Exosomal microrna in serum as an indicator for the activation of brown and beige fat tissue (bat) Download PDF

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US20180202000A1
US20180202000A1 US15/752,792 US201615752792A US2018202000A1 US 20180202000 A1 US20180202000 A1 US 20180202000A1 US 201615752792 A US201615752792 A US 201615752792A US 2018202000 A1 US2018202000 A1 US 2018202000A1
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bat
mir
brown
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activation
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Alexander Pfeifer
Joschka BUYEL
Yong Chen
Wouter VAN MARKEN LICHTENBELT
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Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universitaet Bonn
Universiteit Maastricht
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    • C12Q2600/178—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use miRNA, siRNA or ncRNA

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to methods for detecting activation of a brown/beige fat cell or brown/beige adipose tissue (BAT) in a biological sample taken from a mammal to be diagnosed, comprising measuring the amount of miR-92 in said sample.
  • BAT brown/beige fat cell or brown/beige adipose tissue
  • the invention furthermore relates to diagnostic and clinical applications of the methods of the invention.
  • brown adipose tissue (Bartelt et al., 2011) is mainly controlled by the sympathetic nervous system (Cannon and Nedergaard, 2004; Kajimura and Saito, 2013; Pfeifer and Hoffmann, 2014; Rosen and Spiegelman, 2014).
  • Sympathetic nerves, as well as tissue-resident macrophages release norepinephrine (NE) that activates beta adrenergic receptors and induces production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate AMP (cAMP) which in turn activates protein kinase A and lipolysis (Cannon and Nedergaard, 2004).
  • NE norepinephrine
  • cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate AMP
  • inducible brown adipocytes with thermogenic potential also known as beige or brite (brown-like-in-white) adipocytes—have been identified in white adipose tissue (WAT) (Frontini and Cinti, 2010; Harms and Seale, 2013; Lo and Sun, 2013; Rosen and Spiegelman, 2014).
  • WAT white adipose tissue
  • the metabolically active fat depots in the neck and supraclavicular region of human adults contain both constitutive brown and inducible beige adipocytes (Jespersen et al., 2013; Sharp et al., 2012; Wu et al., 2012) with deeper neck depots possessing classical brown characteristics and more superficial depots expressing beige markers (Cypess et al., 2013).
  • Thermogenesis mediated by both brown and beige/brite adipocytes is dependent on the action of the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) (Shabalina et al., 2013), which uncouples mitochondrial ATP production and is stimulated by fatty acids that are liberated by lipolysis (Cannon and Nedergaard, 2004).
  • UCP-1 uncoupling protein 1
  • US 2013-331433 discloses a method of modulating respiratory chain uncoupling in a cell or thermogenesis in a tissue comprising contacting the cell or tissue with a miRNA agent that modulates activity of at least one mitochondrial uncoupler.
  • miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs, which regulate protein expression in a broad range of tissues including brown adipose tissue (Trajkovski and Lodish, 2013).
  • the miRNA expression patterns of brown adipocytes are significantly altered during differentiation and after cold-exposure (Chen et al., 2013; Trajkovski et al., 2012; Walden et al., 2009).
  • WO 2013/063519 discloses a method for evaluating a pancreatic cyst in a patient comprising measuring from a pancreatic cyst sample from the patient the level of expression of at least two of the following biomarker miRNAs: miR-24, miR-30a-3p, miR-92a, miR-18a, miR-342-3p, miR-99b, miR-106b, miR-142-3p, or miR-532-3.
  • miRNAs can be released into the blood, and it is known that alterations in the levels of circulating miRNAs can be used for diagnostic purposes (Cortez et al., 2011). The power of serum miRNAs as diagnostic tools has been clearly demonstrated for cancer (Brase et al., 2010; Rosenfeld et al., 2008). miRNAs can also be secreted via lipid-based carriers, such as exosomes, that provide a protective vesicle against degradation of transported miRNA by RNase (Cheng et al., 2014; Thery et al., 2002: van Niel et al., 2006).
  • WO 2014/201314 discloses a method of regulating Brown Adipose Tissue activation and differentiation in a subject, the method comprising contacting one or more cells in the subject with a composition comprising one or more exogenous miRNA-455, the cells being selected from the group consisting of brown adipose cells, white adipose cells and preadipocytes.
  • brown adipose tissue research Because of the fact that the major focus of brown adipose tissue research has been on pathways that regulate UCP-1-mediated energy expenditure to identify potential brown adipose tissue-centered therapies, diagnostic tools that allow for safe and easy assessment of brown adipose tissue in humans are lacking.
  • the method should also be useful in a high-throughput format. Further objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to the person of skill when studying the following more detailed specification of the present invention.
  • this object is solved by a method for detecting activation of a brown/beige fat cell or tissue (BAT) in a biological sample taken from a mammal to be diagnosed, comprising measuring the amount of miR-92 in said sample, wherein said amount is reduced in activated BAT when compared to non-activated BAT.
  • BAT brown/beige fat cell or tissue
  • miRNA-92a was also present in human serum exosomes and inversely correlated with BAT activity measured by 18 F-FDG positron emission tomography coupled with computer tomography (PET/CT).
  • PET/CT computer tomography
  • PET/CT in combination with the radioactive tracer 18 F-FDG is used.
  • the drawbacks of this method are that the patient is a) exposed to a radioactively labelled substance ( 18 F-FDG); b) has to undergo a CT-X-ray exam; and c) is exposed to 1-1.5 h of cold, in order to allow an uptake of the radioactively labelled glucose into metabolically active areas, such as the brown fat.
  • a radioactively labelled substance 18 F-FDG
  • b) has to undergo a CT-X-ray exam
  • c) is exposed to 1-1.5 h of cold, in order to allow an uptake of the radioactively labelled glucose into metabolically active areas, such as the brown fat.
  • metabolically active areas such as the brown fat.
  • the present invention overcomes all of the above problems, as the test is performed using a sample (e.g. serum), and does not need any cold exposure.
  • a sample e.g. serum
  • a second aspect of the present invention then relates to a method for detecting a patient suffering or likely to suffer from a disease related to BAT-activation, such as metabolic diseases, comprising measuring the amount of miR-92 in a biological sample taken from said patient to be diagnosed, wherein an amount of miR-92 that is the same or higher when compared to an activated BAT is indicative for a disease related to BAT-activation.
  • a disease related to BAT-activation such as metabolic diseases
  • a third aspect of the present invention then relates to a method for identifying a compound that promotes or reduces the activation of a brown/beige fat cell or tissue (BAT), comprising a) contacting a candidate compound with BAT in a biological sample, b) measuring the amount of miR-92 derived from said BAT, and c) identifying a compound that promotes or reduces the activation of BAT based on the amount of said miR-92 produced in response to said candidate compound.
  • BAT brown/beige fat cell or tissue
  • the methods as described herein can be performed in vitro and/or in vivo, either in a patient or test animal.
  • the sample to be used can be any suitable sample containing miR-92 derived from BAT, either directly from the cells or tissue or “indirectly” through the isolation of cellular components or excreted microvesicles, such as exosomes.
  • preferred is a method according to the present invention, wherein said sample is selected from a sample comprising fat cells, adipose tissue, blood, serum, a sample comprising exosomes, and a sample comprising exosomes derived from BAT.
  • the sample can be obtained from the same patient over a period of time (e.g. during the course of treatment) or from different patients (e.g. diseased vs. non-diseased) or even be pooled sample (e.g. from groups of patients).
  • the mammal to be examined can be any kind of mammal, such as a mouse, monkey, rat, human, dog, cat, cow, pig, horse, sheep, goat, and rabbit. Preferred are dog, cat, pig, and human.
  • the marker according to the invention is an indicator for the activity of BAT independently from cold-treatment.
  • a method according to the present invention wherein said activation/activity of said BAT is found independently from temperature (thermoneutrality).
  • the marker can also be induced by an extended exposure to cold, and, more interestingly, also by a short-term exposure to cold or a chemical substance, such as, for example, or CL-316,243 or other ⁇ -adrenergic agonists.
  • compounds can be identified having an effect on the activity of miR-92, in turn reflecting the activation of BAT (see below).
  • any suitable method for the detection of miR-92 can be used in the context of the present invention.
  • Preferred is a method according to the present invention, wherein said detection comprises at least one method selected from nucleic acid reverse transcription, amplification, and detection, preferably PCR, such as quantitative PCR (qPCR).
  • PCR quantitative PCR
  • numerous methods have been adopted for the detection and characterization of small RNAs, which is challenging due to their short length and low level of expression. These include molecular biology methods such as real-time RT-PCR, northern blotting, hybridization to microarrays, cloning and sequencing, as well as single cell miRNA detection by microscopy with in situ hybridization (ISH), including its fluorescent version (FISH). Resnick et al.
  • a marker indicating activation of BAT has a wide use in the field of these diseases, and thus a method according to the present invention is preferred, wherein said sample is derived from a patient suffering or likely to suffer from an obesity-related disease, diabetes and/or a cardiovascular disease, such as a stroke.
  • the invention provides a method as described herein for detecting a patient suffering or likely to suffer from a disease related to BAT-activation, comprising measuring the amount of miR-92 in a biological sample taken from said patient to be diagnosed, wherein an amount of miR-92 that is the same or higher when compared to an activated BAT is indicative for a disease related to BAT-activation.
  • a method according to the present invention wherein said sample is derived from a patient suffering or likely to suffer from a metabolic disease, such as an obesity-related disease, diabetes and/or a cardiovascular disease, such as a stroke.
  • the method according to the present invention further comprises a monitoring of the amount of said miR-92 in biological samples taken from said patient.
  • the sample(s) can be obtained from the same patient over a period of time (e.g. during the course of treatment) or from different patients (e.g. diseased vs. non-diseased) or even be pooled sample (e.g. from groups of patients).
  • Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for identifying a compound that promotes or reduces the activation of a brown/beige fat cell or tissue (BAT), comprising a) contacting a candidate compound with BAT in a biological sample, b) measuring the amount of miR-92 derived from said BAT, and c) identifying a compound that promotes or reduces the activation of BAT based on the amount of said miR-92 produced in response to said candidate compound.
  • Preferred is a method according to the present invention, wherein said amount of said miR-92 as produced is compared with miR-92 in a non-activated BAT or a BAT before the contacting step.
  • identifying Screening
  • a method for screening according to the present invention wherein said compound that promotes or reduces the activation of BAT based on the amount of said miR-92 produced in response to said candidate compound is present in a compound library, e.g. of “small molecules” or “bioactive small molecules” (usually defined as having a weight of less than 900 Daltons), a phage display library, or in a library of antibodies.
  • a compound library e.g. of “small molecules” or “bioactive small molecules” (usually defined as having a weight of less than 900 Daltons), a phage display library, or in a library of antibodies.
  • the assays to determine the activation of a brown/beige fat cells or tissue are described herein and consequently involve detecting the amount of the miR-92 produced in response to said candidate compound.
  • Another aspect of the present invention relates to the candidate compound as identified or screened according to the method according to the present invention, which constitutes a candidate for and/or a BAT activation agent.
  • This compound, according to the present invention can be formulated into a pharmaceutical composition in a method for producing a pharmaceutical composition, comprising a method for identifying as above, and formulating said agent together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, and/or stabilizer.
  • Acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine; preservatives (such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol; 3-pentanol; and m-cresol); low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, histidine,
  • compositions or formulation produced according to a method according to the present invention as above containing the compound as a diagnostic agent and/or therapeutic agent.
  • Said pharmaceutical composition or formulation further contains a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, and/or stabilizer.
  • Acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine; preservatives (such as octadecyl-dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol; 3-pentanol; and m-cresol); low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, histidine,
  • kits comprising a compound as identified according to the present invention, optionally together with additional auxiliary agents for performing a method according to the present invention as above.
  • the kit preferably contains the chemical substances, dyes, buffers, and the like that are required to perform the methods according to the present invention.
  • the kit can also contain protein chips or microarrays for the analysis, as well as manuals and software and machinery in order to display and interpret the results of the diagnosis.
  • Another important preferred aspect of the present invention relates to a method for treating a patient suffering or likely to suffer from a disease related to BAT-activation, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as identified according to the present invention, or a pharmaceutical composition or formulation according to the present invention to said patient.
  • Treatment refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures, wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) the targeted pathologic condition or disorder, in particular an obesity-related disease, diabetes and/or a cardiovascular disease, such as a stroke.
  • Those in need of treatment include those already with the disorder as well as those prone to have the disorder or those in whom the disorder is to be prevented.
  • the treatment can both include adjuvant treatments and first line treatments of treatment-naive patients, and can be combined with other anti-obesity strategies, such as chemotherapies.
  • said treatment in said patient is for the treatment of obesity and/or diabetes.
  • Another important preferred aspect of the present invention relates to a method for activating BAT in a patient suffering or likely to suffer from an obesity-related disease, diabetes and/or a cardiovascular disease, such as a stroke, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as identified according to the present invention, or a pharmaceutical composition or formulation according to the present invention to said patient.
  • FIG. 1 Brown adipocytes secrete exosomes.
  • A Upper lane: Expression of CD63-GFP fusion protein in murine brown adipocytes. Representative bright field (left) and fluorescence image (right) are shown, (Scale bar: 10 ⁇ m).
  • B Representative Western blot of exosome marker protein CD63 and Hsp70 expression in exosomes released from BAT (left panel) and in BAT of mice (right panel).
  • tissue was treated ex vivo with 10 ⁇ M norepinephrine (NE) or without NE (wt), protein isolation buffer sewed as vehicle control.
  • Western blotting of tubulin and cytochrome C (cytC) are shown as loading control and cellular marker.
  • C and D ELISA quantification of CD63-positive particles released from cells per mg protein before and after CAMP (200 ⁇ M) treatment (C) and released per mg tissue before and after cold exposure (4° C. for 7 days) (D).
  • exo exosomes
  • BA brown adipocytes
  • PRE brown pre-adipocytes
  • beige beige adipocytes
  • WA white adipocytes
  • FIG. 2 Venn diagram of miRNAs significantly up- or down-regulated in the different models.
  • A Venn diagram showing the overlap of commonly changed miRNAs in mice treated with CL-316,243 or exposed to 4° C. as well as in murine brown adipocytes treated with cAMP (200 ⁇ M).
  • B and C qPCR validation of changed miRNAs in exosomes released from brown adipocytes (B) and exosomes present in mouse serum (C). Data were normalized to U6 expression and presented as mean+/ ⁇ SEM (*p ⁇ 0.05, n ⁇ 3).
  • FIG. 3 Correlation of exosomal miR-92a in serum with BAT activity in humans.
  • a and B 18F-FDG PET/CT image of a subject with high (A) and low (B) BAT activity.
  • C57BL/6J wild type mice were purchased from Charles River Laboratories. Cold exposure was performed by housing 12 week old male mice at 4° C. for 7 days.
  • the ⁇ 3 -adrenergic agonist CL-316,243 (#1499, Tocris, Wiesbaden, GER, 0.2 mg/mL in 0.9 W/V % NaCl) was administered by subcutaneous injection (1 ⁇ g per g body weight) for 7 days.
  • Control-treated C57BL/6J mice received vehicle injections (0.9% NaCl) correspondingly. Blood collections were performed after 4 hours of fasting. Mice were anesthetized with a mix containing Ketamin (25 mg/mL)/Xylazin (0.2%) in 0.9% NaCl, and blood was withdrawn transcardially.
  • qPCRs of exosome-derived miRNAs were performed with TaqMan Rodent MicroRNA Array card A and card B (M444909, Life-technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.).
  • Mouse serum samples were pooled (3 mice per group) and 2 pools were analyzed per condition (cold, CL or wild type); for the analysis of brown adipocyte-derived exosomes, the supernatant of 6 wells from a 6-well plate was pooled from cells treated with 8-bromoadenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP; 200 ⁇ M) and untreated control cells.
  • cAMP 8-bromoadenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate
  • Data were analyzed with software RQ manager 1.2.1 and DataAssist v3.01 (Life-technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.).
  • Exosomal miRNAs that were deregulated more than 2-fold (compared to vehicle-injected mice) after CL-316,243-treatment or cold-exposure, as well as those miRNAs up- or down-regulated 2-fold after cAMP treatment (as compared to control cells), were considered for the Venn diagram analyses. Selected candidates were validated with TaqMan miRNA assay kit according to the manufacturer's instructions.
  • Interscapular brown pre-adipocytes were isolated from newborn mouse pups and differentiated in vitro with hormonal cocktail as previously described (Chen et al., 2013). Isolation and cultivation of primary white adipocytes was performed as described (Chen et al., 2013). 3T3-L1 (American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md.) were cultured as previously described (Mitschke et al., 2013). HepG2 were cultured in growth medium (DMEM with pyruvate 40% FBS, 1% P/S until fully confluent.
  • DMEM growth medium
  • C 2 C 12 myoblasts (CRL-1772, ATCC, Molsheim Cedex, FR) were grown in DMEM with pyruvate, 10% FBS, 1% P/S until 80% confluent.
  • C 2 C 12 myocytes were fully differentiated as follows: 120,000 cells were seeded per well in DMEM with pyruvate 10% FBS, 1% P/S until confluent then cultured for 7 days in DMEM without pyruvate, 2% Horse Serum, 1% P/S and 1% non-essential amino acids solution, NEAA (Cat. No. 11140-050, Life-Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.).
  • C57BL/6J wild type mice were purchased from Charles River Laboratories. Cold exposure was performed by housing 8 week old male mice at 18° C. for 7 days followed by 4° C. for 7 days. Blood was withdrawn transcardially after 4 hours fasting and subsequently sacrificing the mice. Organs (brain, liver, BAT, WATi, WATg and the soleus muscle) were obtained, washed in ice cold PBS and weighed. Tissues were incubated in 2 ml medium (DMEM with 2% Exo-FBS (#FBSHI-250A-1, System Biosciences, Mountain View, Calif.) 1% P/S) and chopped with scissors.
  • DMEM 2 ml medium
  • Exo-FBS #FBSHI-250A-1, System Biosciences, Mountain View, Calif.
  • P/S chopped with scissors.
  • the chopped tissue was centrifuged at 1,000 g for 5 minutes at RT and re-dissolved in medium and incubated for 30 minutes at 37° C., 5% CO 2 . After another medium exchange the tissues were incubated for 2 hours at 37° C., 5% CO 2 to release exosomes. The supernatant was then withdrawn and used for exosome isolation.
  • the exosomal samples used for qPCR and ELISA were adjusted to 1.65 mg and 16.5 mg tissue, respectively, to compare exosome/miR-92a release from various tissues. Isolation of exosome either from BA, BAT or serum was performed using exosome precipitation kit according to the manufacturer's instruction (#4478359 or #4478360, Lifetechnologies, Carlsbad, Calif.).
  • Exosomal RNAs were isolated according to the manufacturer's instructions (#4478545, Lifetechnologies, Carlsbad, Calif.). CD63 quantification was done with an ELISA-kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (#EXOEL-CD63A-1, System Biosciences, Mountain View, Calif.).
  • Proteins from exosomes, cells and tissues were extracted with RIPA-lysis buffer (150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 1% Nonidet P40, 0.25% Na-deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS) containing complete protease inhibitor cocktail (#04693116001, Roche, Basel, CH), 1 mM Na 3 VO 4 and 10 mM NaF.
  • Western blotting was performed with anti-CD63 (1:1,000), anti-Hsp70 (1:1,000), anti-CytoC (1:1,000) antibodies that were purchased from System Biosciences (#EXOAB, Mountain View, Calif.) or Santa Cruz (#sc-7159, Heidelberg, GER).
  • Anti- ⁇ -Tubulin (1:1,000) antibody was purchased from Upstate (#DLN-09993, Lake Placid, N.Y.) and served as loading control.
  • exosomes were incubated with 3.5% uranyl acetate and visualized with Philips CM10 electron microscope (Philips, Amsterdam, NL).
  • miRNA expression levels were determined in thermoneutral blood samples from 22 randomly selected young, healthy subjects (Table 1) from two previously published studies, in which cold-stimulated BAT activity was measured as described previously (Hanssen et al., 2015; van der Lans et al., 2013). Briefly, mean BAT activity (expressed as SUVmean) was determined in manually outlined regions of interest using a threshold of 1.5 SUV and Hounsfield units between ⁇ 10 and ⁇ 180 to define BAT. When supraclavicular fat tissue activity did not exceed the threshold of 1.5 SUV, fixed volumes of interest were used to quantify tissue activity (van der Lans et al., 2014).
  • the blood sample is centrifuged for 30 minutes at 2000 g at 4° C.
  • the serum is taken off, and exosomes are isolated using precipitation with 10% (v/v) total exosome isolation reagent (Invitrogen; Cat. No. 447.8360) for 30 minutes at 4° C., and centrifugation at 10000 g for 10 minutes.
  • the supernatant is discarded, and the pellet is dissolved in 200 ⁇ L PBS.
  • the RNA is isolated from the exosomes using a total exosome RNA and protein isolation kit (Invitrogen; Cat. No. 4478545) in accordance with the instructions as provided by the manufacturer.
  • RNA as obtained is eluted in 50 ⁇ L buffer, and 15 ng of the RNA are then reverse transcribed into cDNA in a reverse transcriptase reaction using specific primers (TaqMan MicroRNA Assay hsa-miR-92, Cat. No. 000430).
  • miR-92a is encoded on chromosome 14 (Chr.14: 115044927-115044508 [+]), and has the following sequence:
  • U6 snRNA served as an RNA-reference internal standard (TaqMan microRNA assays U6 snRNA; cat. no. 001973) with the sequence GTGCTCGCTTCGGCAGCACATATACTAAAATTGGAACGATACAGAGAAGATTAGC ATGGCCGCTGCGCAAGGATGACACGCAAATTCGTGAAGCGTTCCATATTTT (SEQ ID NO. 2).
  • Exosomal miRNA is given in Ct-values (Ct (cycle threshold) is a theoretical value indicating the start of the exponential growth of a curve).
  • Ct cycle threshold
  • the delta of the Ct-values of U6 and miR-92a is used in order to conclude on the BAT-activity in patients.
  • the activity in the BAT inversely correlates with the amount of miR-92a, especially in serum-exosomes.
  • miR-34c* directly correlates with the activity of brown/beige fat cell, whereas an inverse correlation was found for miR-92a.
  • the principle of detection is the same as for humans, the primer as used for miR-34c* was (TaqMan MicroRNA Assay mmu-miR-34c* cat. no. 002584).
  • the sequence is AAUCACUAACCACGAGCCAGG (SEQ ID No. 3) and is localized on chromosome 9: 51103034-51103110 [ ⁇ ].
  • U6 snRNA also served as a reference.
  • the inventors To detect exosomes in brown adipocytes, the inventors initially expressed a GFP fusion protein of the exosome marker (Thery et al., 2002) CD63 in murine brown adipocytes ( FIG. 1A ). Moreover, the culture medium of brown adipocytes was analyzed for the presence of secreted exosomes using electron microscopy ( FIG. 1A ) and Western blotting with antibodies against the common exosomal markers CD63 and Hsp70 ( FIG. 1B ). These data show that brown adipocytes release exosomes. Treatment of brown adipocytes with CAMP, which we used to mimic cold in vitro, resulted in a 4.7-fold increase of exosomes in the culture medium ( FIG.
  • FIG. 1D Considering the weight of the three adipose tissues, 87% of the total amount of exosomes is secreted from BAT under cold conditions, whereas exosomes from WATi and WATg make up only 11% and 2%, respectively.
  • miRNAs were profiled in exosomes isolated from serum of mice with activated BAT—either exposed to cold or treated with the ⁇ 3-adrenoreceptor agonist CL-316,243 (CL)—and compared to control mice as well as to miRNAs present in exosomes released from brown adipocytes treated with and without cAMP. Based on the expression profiles of the 192 miRNAs that were found in treated mice and brown adipocytes, respectively, the inventors computed an average linking hierarchical clustering. The resulting dendrogram shows a higher similarity of in vitro samples to each other compared to serum samples.
  • FIG. 2A Venn diagrams
  • 41 miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in both in vivo groups with 12 and 29 miRNAs that were up- and downregulated, respectively ( FIG. 2A ).
  • miRNAs Two miRNAs—miR-133a and miR-34c*—were differentially regulated in serum exosomes upon cold-exposure and CL treatment in vivo as well as in exosomes released by activated brown adipocytes in vitro ( FIG. 2A ).
  • the inventors focused on miR-133a and miR-34c* as well as on miR-92a as an additional miRNA candidate, because miR-92a exhibited the highest change in exosomes of cells treated with cAMP as compared to exosomes from untreated cells.
  • qPCR Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that miR-34c* and miR-92a were significantly up- and down-regulated, respectively, in the exosomes from cAMP treated brown adipocytes and from serum of mice with active BAT ( FIG. 2 , B and C). Although miR-133a was down-regulated in serum-derived exosomes of CL-treated mice, miR-133a expression was neither significantly altered in brown adipocyte-derived exosomes nor in any of the mouse models analyzed ( FIG. 2 , B and C).
  • miR-92a and miR-34c* were differentially expressed after cAMP treatment in the exosomes but not in the cells.
  • miR-34c* is differentially expressed during differentiation of murine brown adipocytes (Keller et al., 2011), miR-34c* was not detectable in human serum samples.
  • miR-92a levels in exosomes released from cAMP-stimulated brown adipocytes were reduced after 4 h, and a significant reduction was observed after 24 h.
  • the inventors quantified the amount of miR-92a in exosomes isolated from BAT, WATi, WATg, skeletal muscle, liver and brain, miR-92a was detectable in all tested samples. The highest abundance of miR-92a per exosome was released by WATi followed by WATg, BAT, liver brain and muscle.
  • Exosomal miR-92a Correlates with Human BAT Activity
  • miR-92a and miR-133a For the analysis of human exosomal miRNAs, the inventors focused on miR-92a and miR-133a, whereas miR-34c* was not detectable in human serum exosomes. Although miR-92a and miR-133a expression levels showed considerable inter-individual variation, their expression was not different between males and females and was not related to any other basal subject characteristics such as age, weight or Body-Mass-Index (BMI).
  • BMI Body-Mass-Index
  • BAT SUVmean was the only independent predictor of log 10 miR-92a. In addition, individual univariate analyses showed no relations between these other parameters and log 10 miR-92a.
  • Emsomes provide a protective and enriched source of miRNA for biomarker profiling compared to intracellular and cell-free blood. Journal of extracellular vesicles 3-23743.
  • Cypess A. M., et al. (2013). Anatomical localkation, gene expression profiling and functional characterization of aduk human neck brown fat. Nat Med 19, 635-639.
  • Adenosine activates brown adipo-se tissue and recruits beige adipocytes via A2A receptors. Nature 516, 395-399.
  • activated macrophages produce catecholamines to sustain adaptive thermogenesis. Nature 480, 104-108.
  • Prdml6 determines the thermogenic program of subcutaneous white adipose tissue in mice. J Clin Invest 121, 96-105.
  • Beige adipocytes are a distinct type of tbrmogenic fat cell in mouse and human. Cell 150,366-376.

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CN113069470A (zh) * 2020-01-06 2021-07-06 江苏省中医院 棕色脂肪细胞来源的外泌体的应用
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