Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
  • C08G18/48—Polyethers
  • C08G18/4825—Polyethers containing two hydroxy groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/08—Processes
  • C08G18/16—Catalysts
  • C08G18/18—Catalysts containing secondary or tertiary amines or salts thereof
  • C08G18/1841—Catalysts containing secondary or tertiary amines or salts thereof having carbonyl groups which may be linked to one or more nitrogen or oxygen atoms
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C41/00—Shaping by coating a mould, core or other substrate, i.e. by depositing material and stripping-off the shaped article; Apparatus therefor
  • B29C41/003—Shaping by coating a mould, core or other substrate, i.e. by depositing material and stripping-off the shaped article; Apparatus therefor characterised by the choice of material
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C44/00—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles
  • B29C44/02—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles for articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
  • B29C44/10—Applying counter-pressure during expanding
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
  • B29C45/0001—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor characterised by the choice of material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/08—Processes
  • C08G18/16—Catalysts
  • C08G18/18—Catalysts containing secondary or tertiary amines or salts thereof
  • C08G18/1825—Catalysts containing secondary or tertiary amines or salts thereof having hydroxy or primary amino groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/30—Low-molecular-weight compounds
  • C08G18/32—Polyhydroxy compounds; Polyamines; Hydroxyamines
  • C08G18/3203—Polyhydroxy compounds
  • C08G18/3206—Polyhydroxy compounds aliphatic
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
  • C08G18/48—Polyethers
  • C08G18/4804—Two or more polyethers of different physical or chemical nature
  • C08G18/4816—Two or more polyethers of different physical or chemical nature mixtures of two or more polyetherpolyols having at least three hydroxy groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
  • C08G18/48—Polyethers
  • C08G18/4829—Polyethers containing at least three hydroxy groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
  • C08G18/48—Polyethers
  • C08G18/4833—Polyethers containing oxyethylene units
  • C08G18/4837—Polyethers containing oxyethylene units and other oxyalkylene units
  • C08G18/4841—Polyethers containing oxyethylene units and other oxyalkylene units containing oxyethylene end groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
  • C08G18/48—Polyethers
  • C08G18/4833—Polyethers containing oxyethylene units
  • C08G18/4837—Polyethers containing oxyethylene units and other oxyalkylene units
  • C08G18/4845—Polyethers containing oxyethylene units and other oxyalkylene units containing oxypropylene or higher oxyalkylene end groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
  • C08G18/48—Polyethers
  • C08G18/4833—Polyethers containing oxyethylene units
  • C08G18/4837—Polyethers containing oxyethylene units and other oxyalkylene units
  • C08G18/485—Polyethers containing oxyethylene units and other oxyalkylene units containing mixed oxyethylene-oxypropylene or oxyethylene-higher oxyalkylene end groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
  • C08G18/48—Polyethers
  • C08G18/4854—Polyethers containing oxyalkylene groups having four carbon atoms in the alkylene group
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/65—Low-molecular-weight compounds having active hydrogen with high-molecular-weight compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/66—Compounds of groups C08G18/42, C08G18/48, or C08G18/52
  • C08G18/6666—Compounds of group C08G18/48 or C08G18/52
  • C08G18/667—Compounds of group C08G18/48 or C08G18/52 with compounds of group C08G18/32 or polyamines of C08G18/38
  • C08G18/6674—Compounds of group C08G18/48 or C08G18/52 with compounds of group C08G18/32 or polyamines of C08G18/38 with compounds of group C08G18/3203
  • C08G18/6677—Compounds of group C08G18/48 or C08G18/52 with compounds of group C08G18/32 or polyamines of C08G18/38 with compounds of group C08G18/3203 having at least three hydroxy groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/70—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the isocyanates or isothiocyanates used
  • C08G18/72—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates
  • C08G18/74—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic
  • C08G18/76—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic aromatic
  • C08G18/7657—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic aromatic containing two or more aromatic rings
  • C08G18/7664—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic aromatic containing two or more aromatic rings containing alkylene polyphenyl groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
  • C08J9/0004—Use of compounding ingredients, the chemical constitution of which is unknown, broadly defined, or irrelevant
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
  • C08J9/04—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
  • C08J9/12—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent
  • C08J9/122—Hydrogen, oxygen, CO2, nitrogen or noble gases
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
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  • C08J9/12—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent
  • C08J9/14—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent organic
  • C08J9/141—Hydrocarbons
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
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  • C08J9/14—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent organic
  • C08J9/142—Compounds containing oxygen but no halogen atom
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
  • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
  • F16L59/00—Thermal insulation in general
  • F16L59/02—Shape or form of insulating materials, with or without coverings integral with the insulating materials
  • F16L59/028—Compositions for or methods of fixing a thermally insulating material
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F25D23/00—General constructional features
  • F25D23/06—Walls
  • F25D23/062—Walls defining a cabinet
  • F25D23/064—Walls defining a cabinet formed by moulding, e.g. moulding in situ
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B29K2075/00—Use of PU, i.e. polyureas or polyurethanes or derivatives thereof, as moulding material
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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• • C08G2101/0025—
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  • C08G2110/0058—≥50 and <150kg/m3
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  • C08G2330/00—Thermal insulation material
  • C08G2330/50—Evacuated open-celled polymer material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
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  • C08J2201/00—Foams characterised by the foaming process
  • C08J2201/02—Foams characterised by the foaming process characterised by mechanical pre- or post-treatments
  • C08J2201/022—Foams characterised by the foaming process characterised by mechanical pre- or post-treatments premixing or pre-blending a part of the components of a foamable composition, e.g. premixing the polyol with the blowing agent, surfactant and catalyst and only adding the isocyanate at the time of foaming
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J2203/00—Foams characterized by the expanding agent
  • C08J2203/06—CO2, N2 or noble gases
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J2203/00—Foams characterized by the expanding agent
  • C08J2203/08—Supercritical fluid
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J2203/00—Foams characterized by the expanding agent
  • C08J2203/12—Organic compounds only containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms, e.g. ketone or alcohol
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J2205/00—Foams characterised by their properties
  • C08J2205/04—Foams characterised by their properties characterised by the foam pores
  • C08J2205/044—Micropores, i.e. average diameter being between 0,1 micrometer and 0,1 millimeter
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J2205/00—Foams characterised by their properties
  • C08J2205/04—Foams characterised by their properties characterised by the foam pores
  • C08J2205/05—Open cells, i.e. more than 50% of the pores are open
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J2205/00—Foams characterised by their properties
  • C08J2205/10—Rigid foams
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J2207/00—Foams characterised by their intended use
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J2375/00—Characterised by the use of polyureas or polyurethanes; Derivatives of such polymers
  • C08J2375/04—Polyurethanes
  • C08J2375/08—Polyurethanes from polyethers

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for producing a rigid open-celled polyurethane foam.
• the foams may also contain isocyanurate groups (PIR).
• PUR/PIR foam is to be understood as meaning not only rigid foams comprising substantially urethane groups but also rigid foams containing both urethane groups and isocyanurate groups.
• VIP vacuum insulation panels
• Foam quality has a decisive influence on the insulation properties of foams used for vacuum insulation: on the one hand a very small cell size and very homogeneous cell sizes are advantageous and on the other hand a high proportion of open cells is advantageous to allow the foam to be readily evacuated.
• EP-A 498 628 A discloses the production of rigid open-celled foams by way of a thermally activated blowing agent. This process has the disadvantage that the foam cells are opened merely where a minimum temperature is exceeded in the course of the foam process and the obtained foams therefore do not exhibit a uniformly high open-cell content over the entire foam-filled volume.
• DE-A 43 03 809 describes a process for producing rigid foams having an elevated open-cell content where the cell-opening effect of a liquid polyolefin addition is utilized. This process has the disadvantage of a narrow scope of application and also that inexact metering of the polyolefin addition rapidly leads to cell coarsening.
• U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,250,579 and 5,312,846 disclose the cell-opening effect of substances having a surface tension of less than 23 mJ/m 2 .
• these substances have the disadvantage that they contain organically bonded halogen.
• U.S. Pat. No. 5,889,067 discloses a process for producing an open-celled rigid polyurethane foam which comprises the production of the rigid polyurethane foam from polyol with a liquid blowing agent selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, hydrofluoroalkanes, perfluoroalkanes, mixtures of these blowing agents with one another or with water by addition of a monohydric fatty alcohol which has a good solubility in the hydrocarbons and serves as a cell-opener and of a foam stabilizer which forms a very small cell in the presence of an isocyanate trimer catalyst and an organic isocyanate.
• the resulting open-celled rigid polyurethane foam has a cell size of less than about 95 ⁇ m and is suitable for example for use as a core material in a vacuum insulation panel.
• EP 905 159 A and EP 905 158 A disclose processes for producing open-celled rigid polyurethane foams which preferably employ water in combination with hydrocarbons or hydrofluorocarbons as a blowing agent.
• the polyol formulations are said to contain 0.1-80% by weight of polyester alcohols which are preferably reaction products of ricinoleic acid and/or castor oil and/or tall oil fatty acid with polyfunctional alcohols. These components are said to act as emulsifiers for non-halogenated blowing agents.
• the claimed polyols are used to produce both open-celled and closed-celled foams, wherein the open-cell content is dependent on the presence of additives known as cell openers.
• EP 2 072 548 A describes a process for producing open-celled rigid PUR/PIR foams having an isocyanate index in the range between 150-400 by reaction of polyisocyanates with polyols having a functionality in the range from 2.5 to 5.5 and a hydroxyl number in the range of 200-400 mg KOH/g in the presence of a blowing agent mixture of water and at least one physical blowing agent is.
• the open-cell content of the foams in the examples is obtained primarily with high proportions of cell-opening substances.
• a polyol component also containing a blowing agent is reacted with an isocyanate.
• the reaction of isocyanate with water forms carbon dioxide, which also acts as a blowing agent. It is also known to add CO 2 to the polyol component or to the reaction mixture as a blowing agent.
• This patent application relates to a process for producing slabstock polyurethane foam, wherein a carbon dioxide-containing polyurethane reactive mixture is suddenly decompressed from a pressure above the equilibrium solution pressure of the carbon dioxide to standard pressure.
• the liquid polyurethane reactive mixture is foamed by the liberation of dissolved carbon dioxide and the foamed mixture is applied to a substrate and subsequently cured to afford slabstock foam.
• the carbon dioxide is initially fully dissolved in the reactive mixture or at least one of the components polyol and isocyanate at a pressure substantially above the equilibrium solution pressure.
• the pressure is reduced to a pressure close to the equilibrium solution pressure, wherein the pressure is temporarily reduced below the equilibrium solution pressure to liberate small amounts of the carbon dioxide by forming a bubble microdispersion, the components are optionally mixed and the sudden pressure reduction to standard pressure is performed before the liberated carbon dioxide fully redissolves.
• the sudden pressure reduction to standard pressure is performed before the liberated carbon dioxide fully redissolves.
• WO 2011/054868 A and WO 2011/054873 A disclose production processes for fine-celled urethane-containing foams using CO 2 as a supercritical blowing agent.
• the production of a microemulsion from the polyol phase and supercritical CO 2 is decisive for the success of the process in both cases.
• Said microemulsion is to be established through the use of suitable surfactant components.
• surfactant components there is no indication of how this process is used to produce foams having predominantly open cells.
• WO 2015/109488 A likewise describes a production process for urethane-containing foams using CO 2 as a supercritical blowing agent.
• the production process is a multistage process, wherein the polyol component must initially be saturated with CO 2 under supercritical conditions before the reaction mixture is subsequently subjected to pressures of at least 100 bar.
• the produced foams are said to have small cell sizes and a high porosity.
• foams having a high open-cell content are found only when using propylene oxide-based polyethers and when using two very specific cell-opening surfactants in a particular ratio.
• the process provides foams having densities >>100 kg/m 3 .
• the total duration for the multistage process (saturation, reaction, curing) in the reactor is >>1 h during which time supercritical conditions must be maintained.
• the present invention has for its object to provide a polyol formulation for a reaction mixture with which a very fine-celled, open-celled urethane-containing rigid foam (rigid PUR/PIR foam) may be produced in a simple process.
• a process for producing very fine-celled, urethane-containing rigid foams having a high open-cell content which overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art shall also be provided.
• a very high open-cell content combined with a small cell size is of interest for certain applications where this foam property makes it possible to reduce the thermal conductivity of the foam by application of negative pressure.
• the present invention provides a polyol formulation P) suitable for producing open-celled rigid PUR/PIR foams having an apparent density of 25-300 kg/m 3 , preferably 30-200 kg/m 3 , particularly preferably 40-130 kg/m 3 , an open-cell content of >70%, in particular >90%, very particularly preferably ⁇ 94%, and having an average cell diameter of ⁇ 180 ⁇ m, in particular ⁇ 160 ⁇ m and very particularly preferably ⁇ 100 ⁇ m containing
• the present invention also provides the foam-forming reaction mixture R) produced with the polyol formulation P) according to the invention and further comprising at least one polyisocyanate component B).
• the invention further provides a process for producing rigid PUR/PIR foams having an apparent density of 25-300 kg/m 3 , preferably 30-200 kg/m 3 , particularly preferably 40-130 kg/m 3 , an open-cell content of >70%, in particular >90%, very particularly preferably ⁇ 94%, and having an average cell diameter of 180 ⁇ m, in particular ⁇ 160 ⁇ m and very particularly preferably ⁇ 100 ⁇ m comprising the steps of
• the isocyanate index (also known as the index) is to be understood as meaning the quotient of the actually employed amount of substance [mol] of isocyanate groups and the actually employed amount of substance [mol] of isocyanate-reactive groups, multiplied by 100:
• the “functionality” or “f” of a component mixture is to be understood as meaning the respective number-average functionality of the mixture to which the indication refers.
• the functionality of the polyol component A1) is to be understood as meaning the number-average functionality of the mixture of the polyols present in the component A1 based on all isocyanate-reactive functions present.
• molar weight or “molar mass” or “M n ” is in each case to be understood as meaning the number-weighted average molar mass.
• the OH number (also known as hydroxyl number) specifies the OH number of said polyol.
• Reported OH numbers for mixtures relate to the number-average OH number of the mixture calculated from the OH numbers of the individual components in their respective molar proportions.
• the OH number specifies the amount of potassium hydroxide in milligrams which is equivalent in an acetylation to the acetic acid quantity bound by one gram of substance. In the context of the present invention said number is determined according to the standard DIN 53240-2 (as at November 2007).
• the isocyanate-reactive component A) contains at least one polyol component A1) selected from the group consisting of polyether polyols, polyester polyols, polyether ester polyols, polycarbonate polyols and polyether polycarbonate polyols.
• the proportion of primary OH functions based on the total number of terminal OH functions of all polyols employed in the component A) is at least 30%, preferably at least 35%, especially preferably at least 38%.
• the polyol component A1) has the further feature that it has a functionality f of >2.5, preferably ⁇ 2.6- ⁇ 6.5 and particularly preferably ⁇ 2.8- ⁇ 6.1. Polyol formulations in which the polyol component A1) has a functionality in these ranges provide an optimal viscosity increase until decompression of the counterpressure during injection and allow faster demolding of the foams.
• the polyol component A1) preferably has a hydroxyl number of 280-600 mg KOH/g, particularly preferably of 300-580 mg KOH/g and especially preferably of 350-540 mg KOH/g. This has a particularly advantageous effect on the mechanical properties of the foams.
• a polyether polyol may also be a mixture of different polyether polyols, this also applying analogously to the other polyols recited here.
• polyether polyols employable according to the invention are the polyether polyols employable in polyurethane synthesis and known to those skilled in the art.
• polyether polyols are for example polytetramethylene glycol polyethers such as are obtainable by polymerization of tetrahydrofuran by cationic ring opening.
• suitable polyether polyols are addition products of styrene oxide, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide and/or epichlorohydrin onto di- or polyfunctional starter molecules.
• the addition of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide is especially preferred.
• Suitable starter molecules are for example water, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, butyl diglycol, glycerol, diethylene glycol, trimethylolpropane, propylene glycol, pentaerythritol, sorbitol, sucrose, ethylenediamine, toluenediamine, triethanolamine, bisphenols, in particular 4,4′-methylenebisphenol, 4,4′-(1-methylethylidene)bisphenol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol and low molecular weight hydroxyl-containing esters of such polyols with dicarboxylic acids and oligoethers of such polyols.
• the isocyanate-reactive component A) contains at least 50% by weight, preferably at least 60% by weight, especially preferably at least 70% by weight, of polyether polyol.
• the component A1) consists of polyether polyol to an extent of 100% by weight.
• Employable polyether ester polyols are compounds containing ether groups, ester groups and OH groups.
• Organic dicarboxylic acids having up to 12 carbon atoms are suitable for producing the polyether ester polyols, preferably aliphatic dicarboxylic acids having ⁇ 4 to ⁇ 6 carbon atoms or aromatic dicarboxylic acids used singly or in admixture. Examples include suberic acid, azelaic acid, decanedicarboxylic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, phthalic acid, pimelic acid and sebacic acid and in particular glutaric acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, adipic acid, phthalic acid, terephthalic acid and isoterephthalic acid.
• organic dicarboxylic acids are derivatives of these acids, for example their anhydrides and also their esters and monoesters with low molecular weight monofunctional alcohols having ⁇ 1 to ⁇ 4 carbon atoms.
• the use of proportions of the abovementioned bio-based starting materials, in particular of fatty acids/fatty acid derivatives (oleic acid, soybean oil etc.), is likewise possible and can have advantages, for example in respect of storage stability of the polyol formulation, dimensional stability, fire characteristics and compressive strength of the foams.
• Polyether polyols obtained by alkoxylation of starter molecules such as polyhydric alcohols are a further component used for producing polyether ester polyols.
• the starter molecules are at least difunctional, but may optionally also contain proportions of higher-functional, in particular trifunctional, starter molecules.
• Starter molecules include for example diols having number-average molecular weights Mn of preferably ⁇ 18 g/mol to ⁇ 400 g/mol, preferably of ⁇ 62 g/mol to ⁇ 200 g/mol, such as 1,2-ethanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentenediol, 1,5-pentanediol, neopentyl glycol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,10-decanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol, 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol, 2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2-butene-1
• diols compounds having >2 Zerewitinoff-active hydrogens in particular having number-average functionalities of >2 to ⁇ 8, in particular of ⁇ 3 to ⁇ 6, may also be co-used as starter molecules for producing the polyethers, for example 1,1,1-trimethylolpropane, triethanolamine, glycerol, sorbitan and pentaerythritol and also triol- or tetraol-started polyethylene oxide polyols having average molar masses Mn of preferably ⁇ 62 g/mol to ⁇ 400 g/mol, in particular of ⁇ 92 g/mol to ⁇ 200 g/mol.
• Polyether ester polyols may also be produced by alkoxylation, in particular by ethoxylation and/or propoxylation, of reaction products obtained by the reaction of organic dicarboxylic acids and their derivatives and components with Zerewitinoff-active hydrogens, in particular diols and polyols.
• Derivatives of these acids include, for example, their anhydrides, for example phthalic anhydride.
• Suitable polyester polyols are inter alia polycondensates of di- and also tri- and tetraols and di- and also tri- and tetracarboxylic acids or hydroxycarboxylic acids or lactones. Also employable instead of the free polycarboxylic acids are the corresponding polycarboxylic anhydrides or corresponding polycarboxylic esters of lower alcohols to prepare the polyesters.
• diols examples include ethylene glycol, butylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyalkylene glycols such as polyethylene glycols and also 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol and isomers, neopentyl glycol or neopentyl glycol hydroxypivalate.
• polyalkylene glycols such as polyethylene glycols and also 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol and isomers, neopentyl glycol or neopentyl glycol hydroxypivalate.
• polyols such as trimethylolpropane, glycerol, erythritol, pentaerythritol, trimethylolbenzene or trishydroxyethyl isocyanurate.
• polycarboxylic acids examples include phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, tetrahydrophthalic acid, hexahydrophthalic acid, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, adipic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, glutaric acid, tetrachlorophthalic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, malonic acid, suberic acid, succinic acid, 2-methylsuccinic acid, 3,3-diethylglutaric acid, 2,2-dimethylsuccinic acid, dodecanedioic acid, endomethylenetetrahydrophthalic acid, dimer fatty acid, trimer fatty acid, citric acid, or trimellitic acid. It is also possible to use the corresponding anhydrides as an acid source.
• Hydroxycarboxylic acids that may be co-used as co-reactants in the production of a polyester polyol having terminal hydroxyl groups include for example hydroxycaproic acid, hydroxybutyric acid, hydroxydecanoic acid, hydroxystearic acid and the like.
• Suitable lactones include caprolactone, butyrolactone and homologs.
• Suitable compounds for producing the polyester polyols also include in particular bio-based starting materials and/or derivatives thereof, for example castor oil, polyhydroxy fatty acids, ricinoleic acid, hydroxyl-modified oils, grapeseed oil, black cumin oil, pumpkin kernel oil, borage seed oil, soybean oil, wheat germ oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower kernel oil, peanut oil, apricot kernel oil, pistachio oil, almond oil, olive oil, macadamia nut oil, avocado oil, sea buckthorn oil, sesame oil, hemp oil, hazelnut oil, primula oil, wild rose oil, safflower oil, walnut oil, fatty acids, hydroxyl-modified fatty acids and epoxidized fatty acids and fatty acid esters, for example based on myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, vaccenic acid, petroselic acid, gadoleic acid, erucic acid, nervonic acid, linoleic
• Polycarbonate polyols that may be used are hydroxyl-containing polycarbonates, for example polycarbonate diols. These are obtainable by reaction of carbonic acid derivatives, such as diphenyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate or phosgene, with polyols, preferably diols, or by copolymerization of alkylene oxides, for example propylene oxide, with CO 2 .
• carbonic acid derivatives such as diphenyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate or phosgene
• diols examples include ethylene glycol, 1,2- and 1,3-propanediol, 1,3- and 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,8-octanediol, neopentyl glycol, 1,4-bishydroxymethylcyclohexane, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane-1,3-diol, dipropylene glycol, polypropylene glycols, dibutylene glycol, polybutylene glycols, bisphenol A, and lactone-modified diols of the abovementioned type.
• polyether-polycarbonate diols obtainable for example by copolymerization of alkylene oxides, such as for example propylene oxide, with CO 2 .
• polyester and polyether polyols by glycolysis of suitable polymer recyclates.
• Suitable polyether-polycarbonate polyols and the production thereof are described for example in EP 2910585 A, [0024]-[0041]. Examples of polycarbonate polyols and production thereof may be found inter alia in EP 1359177 A. Production of suitable polyether ester polyols is described inter alia in WO 2010/043624 A and in EP 1 923 417 A.
• Polyether polyols, polyethercarbonate polyols and polyether ester polyols having a high proportion of primary OH functions are obtained when the alkylene oxides used for alkoxylation comprise a high proportion of ethylene oxide.
• the molar proportion of ethylene oxide structures based on the entirety of the alkylene oxide structures present in the polyols of the component A1 is at least 50 mol %.
• the use of 100 mol % of ethylene oxide is likewise a preferred embodiment.
• the isocyanate-reactive component A) may further contain low molecular weight isocyanate-reactive compounds A2), in particular di- or trifunctional amines and alcohols, particularly preferably diols and/or triols having molar masses M n of less than 400 g/mol, preferably of 60 to 300 g/mol, for example triethanolamine, diethylene glycol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, may be employed.
• low molecular weight isocyanate-reactive compounds A2 in particular di- or trifunctional amines and alcohols, particularly preferably diols and/or triols having molar masses M n of less than 400 g/mol, preferably of 60 to 300 g/mol, for example triethanolamine, diethylene glycol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, may be employed.
• low molecular weight isocyanate-reactive compounds are used for producing the rigid polyurethane foams, for example as chain extenders and/or crosslinking agents, and these do not also fall under the definition of component A1), they are advantageously employed in an amount of up to 5% by weight based on the total weight of the component A).
• component A) may contain further isocyanate-reactive compounds A3), for example graft polyols, polyamines, polyamino alcohols and polythiols. It will be appreciated that the described isocyanate-reactive components also comprise compounds having mixed functionalities.
• a preferred isocyanate-reactive component A) consists to an extent of at least 65% by weight, in particular at least 80% by weight and very particularly preferably to an extent of at least 90% by weight of the polyol component A 1 ) which has a hydroxyl number between 280 to 600 mg KOH/g and a functionality of ⁇ 2.8 to ⁇ 6.0, and the proportion of primary OH functions in the component A) is at least 35% (based on all terminal OH functions in the component A).
• the polyol formulation P) optionally contains assistant and additive substances E).
• the assistant and additive substances contain no cell-opening compounds.
• the reaction mixture contains no cell-opening compounds, in particular no cell-opening compounds based on polybutadiene.
• Further assistant and additive substances E) that may be employed in the process according to the invention are the customary assistant and additive substances known from the prior art and to the person skilled in the art. These include for example surface-active substances, stabilizers, in particular foam stabilizers, cell regulators, fillers, dyes, pigments, flame retardants, antistats, antihydrolysis agents and/or fungistatic and bacteriostatic substances.
• Employable stabilizers are saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons such as paraffins, fatty alcohols and esters, for example esters of carboxylic acids.
• the component A) preferably contains in total not more than 3% by weight of stabilizers.
• surfactants for example alkoxylated alkanols such as ethers of linear or branched alkanols having ⁇ 6 to ⁇ 30 carbon atoms with polyalkylene glycols having >5 to ⁇ 100 alkylene oxide units, alkoxylated alkylphenols, alkoxylated fatty acids, carboxylic esters of an alkoxylated sorbitan (especially Polysorbate 80), fatty acid esters, polyalkyleneamines, alkyl sulfates, phosphatidylinositols, fluorinated surfactants, surfactants comprising polysiloxane groups and/or bis(2-ethyl-1-hexyl) sulfosuccinate.
• Fluorinated surfactants may be perfluorinated or partially fluorinated. Examples thereof are partially fluorinated ethoxylated alkanols or carboxylic acids.
• the component A) preferably contains a total of not more than 5% by weight of surfactants, especially preferably not more than 3% by weight, more preferably less than 2% by weight and especially preferably not more than 1.6% by weight of surfactants based on the total weight of the component A).
• Catalysts D are employed for the production of the rigid PUR/PIR foam.
• catalysts D) are compounds which accelerate the reaction of hydroxyl group-containing/isocyanate-reactive group-containing compounds of the components with the isocyanate groups of the component B.
• the catalysts D) contain D1) at least one catalytically active amine compound having functional groups which comprise Zerewitinoff-active hydrogens and can therefore react with isocyanate (so-called “incorporable catalysts”).
• employable incorporable catalysts are bis(dimethylaminopropyl)urea, bis(N,N-dimethylaminoethoxyethyl)carbamate, dimethylaminopropylurea, N,N,N-trimethyl-N-hydroxyethylbis(aminopropyl ether), N,N,N-trimethyl-N-hydroxyethylbis(aminoethyl ether), diethylethanolamine, bis(N,N-dimethyl-3-aminopropyl)amine, dimethylaminopropylamine, 3-dimethyaminopropyl-N,N-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine, dimethyl-2-(2-aminoethoxyethanol) and (1,3
• the catalysts D1) are employed in an amount of ⁇ 0.01% to ⁇ 2% by weight based on the total weight of the component A).
• salts such as for example tin (II) acetate, tin (II) octoate, tin (II) ethy
• the catalysts D) are generally employed in an amount from 0.001 to 5% by weight, in particular from 0.05 to 2.5% by weight, based on the weight of the component A. It is particularly preferable when the catalysts D) contain both incorporable catalysts D1) and non-incorporable catalysts D2). It is especially preferable when incorporable amine compounds and catalytically active salts are employed in combination.
• the catalysts D1) and D2) are preferably employed in a molar ratio D1/D2 of 0.1 to 16.3, particularly preferably of 0.3 to 10 and very particularly preferably of 0.8 to 6.0. It is preferable when the catalyst component D) contains as the catalytically active compound D1) an amine compound incorporable into the polyurethane and also the non-catalytically active compound D2) which is a catalytically active salt not incorporable into the polyurethane and the molar ratio of D1/D2 is 0.1 to 16.3, particularly preferably from 0.3 to 10 and very particularly preferably from 0.8 to 6.0.
• 3-(dimethylamino)propylurea and potassium acetate are employed in a molar ratio D1/D2 of 0.1 to 6.0, particularly preferably of 0.3 to 10 and very particularly preferably of 0.8 to 6.0.
• the preferred catalyst ratios/catalysts particularly advantageously bring about a defined viscosity increase.
• Blowing agents may be distinguished into chemical and physical blowing agents.
• At least formic acid which belongs to the group of chemical blowing agents is employed as blowing agent C). It is preferable when the formic acid is employed in an amount of 0.5-6% by weight, particularly preferably of 0.5% to 4% by weight, based on the total amount of compounds having isocyanate-reactive hydrogen atoms in the foam-forming reaction mixture R).
• Formic acid is often employed in common in a mixture with water. If a formic acid/water mixture is employed a ratio of formic acid:water ⁇ 0.5 is particularly preferred.
• other chemical blowing agents can also be added.
• blowing agent component C) may further comprise physical blowing agents.
• physical blowing agents are to be understood as meaning compounds which on account of their physical properties are volatile and unreactive toward the isocyanate component.
• the physical blowing agents are selected from hydrocarbons (for example n-pentane, isopentane, cyclopentane, butane, isobutane, propane), ethers (for example methylal), halogenated ethers, perfluorinated and partially fluorinated hydrocarbons having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, for example perfluorohexane, HFC 245fa (1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane), HFC 365mfc (1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane), HFC 134a or mixtures thereof are used, and also (hydro)fluorinated olefins, for example HFO 1233zd(E) (trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene) or HFO 1336mzz(Z) (cis-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene) or additives such as FA 188 from hydrocarbons (
• a preferred embodiment employs as blowing agent component C) formic acid and a pentane isomer or a mixture of different pentane isomers, in particular a mixture of cyclopentane and isopentane, as blowing agent component C).
• the formic acid or the formic acid/water mixture is mixed with the further components (A, D, E) of the polyol formulation P) before the optional addition of physical blowing agents and the reaction with the isocyanate component. It is preferable to establish a concentration of 0.5-6 parts of formic acid in 100 parts of polyol formulation P).
• the blowing agent component C) is altogether employed in an amount sufficient to achieve a dimensionally stable foam matrix and the desired apparent density. This is generally 0.5-30 parts by weight of blowing agent based on 100 parts by weight of the component A.
• the proportion of formic acid in the total blowing agent component C) preferably contains 20-100% by weight, particularly preferably 60-100% by weight and very particularly preferably 80-95% by weight based on the total weight of the blowing agent component C).
• a further preferred embodiment employs not only the formic acid and optionally water but also as a further blowing agent component a physical blowing agent which is in the supercritical or near critical state.
• This physical blowing agent may be selected from the group comprising linear, branched or cyclic C1- to C6-hydrocarbons, linear, branched or cyclic C1- to C6-hydrofluorocarbons, N 2 , O 2 , argon and/or CO 2 .
• CO 2 in the supercritical or near critical state is especially preferred.
• Conditions are near-critical in the context of the present invention when the following condition is satisfied: (T c ⁇ T)/T ⁇ 0.4 and/or (p c ⁇ p)/p ⁇ 0.4.
• T is the temperature prevailing in the process
• T c is the critical temperature of the blowing agent or blowing agent mixture
• p is the pressure prevailing in the process
• pc is the critical pressure for the blowing agent or blowing agent mixture.
• Conditions are preferably near-critical when: (T c ⁇ T)/T ⁇ 0.3 and/or (p c ⁇ p)/p ⁇ 0.3 and particularly preferably (T c ⁇ T)/T ⁇ 0.2 and/or (p c ⁇ p)/p ⁇ 0.2.
• Particularly suitable conditions for performing the process according to the invention when using CO 2 are pressures and temperatures above the critical point of CO 2 , i.e. ⁇ 73.7 bar and ⁇ 30.9° C., preferably between 74 bar and 350 bar and between 31° C. and 100° C., particularly preferably between 75 bar and 200 bar and between 32° C. and 60° C.
• the content of blowing agent component C) is for example ⁇ 2% by weight to ⁇ 20% by weight based on the total weight of the mixture.
• Preferred proportions are ⁇ 5% by weight to ⁇ 15% by weight and particularly preferred proportions are ⁇ 6% by weight to ⁇ 11% by weight.
• blowing agents in particular selected from the blowing agents specified as preferred hereinabove.
• these preferably contain more than 60% by weight of carbon dioxide, particularly preferably more than 75% by weight, in one embodiment.
• the proportion of blowing agent component C) at least containing formic acid in the mixture of the components A), C), D) and E) is generally ⁇ 1% by weight to ⁇ 30% by weight, preferably ⁇ 10% by weight to ⁇ 20% by weight; the proportion of the blowing agent in the foam-forming reaction mixture R) is 0.5% by weight to 15% by weight, preferably 5% by weight to 10% by weight.
• the component B) is a polyisocyanate, i.e. an isocyanate having an NCO functionality of ⁇ 2.
• suitable polyisocyanates include 1,4-butylene diisocyanate, 1,5-pentane diisocyanate, 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), 2,2,4- and/or 2,4,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, the isomeric bis(4,4′-isocyanatocyclohexyl)methanes or their mixtures of any desired isomer content, 1,4-cyclohexylene diisocyanate, 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate, 2,4- and/or 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate (TDI), 1,5-naphthylene diisocyanate, 2,2′-and/or 2,4′- and/or 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and
• isocyanate component B Preferably employed as the isocyanate component B) are mixtures of the isomers of diphenylmethane diisocyanate (“monomeric MDI”, “mMDI” for short) and oligomers thereof (“oligomeric MDI”). Mixtures of monomeric MDI and oligomeric MDI are generally described as “polymeric MDI” (pMDI).
• the oligomers of MDI are higher-nuclear polyphenylpolymethylene polyisocyanates, i.e.
• isocyanate component B are mixtures of mMDI and/or pMDI comprising at most up to 20% by weight, more preferably at most 10% by weight, of further aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and especially aromatic polyisocyanates known for the production of polyurethanes, very particularly TDI.
• modified diisocyanates having a uretdione, isocyanurate, urethane, carbodiimide, uretonimine, allophanate, biuret, amide, iminooxadiazinedione and/or oxadiazinetrione structure and also unmodified polyisocyanate having more than 2 NCO groups per molecule, for example 4-isocyanatomethyl-1,8-octane diisocyanate (nonane triisocyanate) or triphenylmethane 4,4′,4′′-triisocyanate.
• NCO prepolymers are also employable instead of or in addition to the abovementioned polyisocyanates as the organic isocyanate component B).
• the prepolymers are producible by reaction of one or more polyisocyanates with one or more polyols corresponding to the polyols described under the components A1) and A2).
• the isocyanate may be a prepolymer obtainable by reacting an isocyanate having an NCO functionality of ⁇ 2 and polyols having a molecular weight of ⁇ 62 g/mol to ⁇ 8000 g/mol and OH functionalities of ⁇ 1.5 to ⁇ 6.
• the NCO content is preferably from ⁇ 29.0% by weight to ⁇ 32.0% by weight and preferably has a viscosity at 25° C. of ⁇ 80 mPas to ⁇ 2000 mPas, particularly preferably of ⁇ 100 mPas to ⁇ 800 mPas (dynamic viscosity determined according to DIN 53019 at 25° C.).
• the number of NCO groups in the polyisocyanate component B) and the number of isocyanate-reactive groups in the component A) may be in a numerical ratio to one another of ⁇ 50:100 to ⁇ 500:100 for example.
• the rigid polyurethane foams are produced generally by reacting the components A) and B) in amounts such that the isocyanate index in the formulation is 80-150, preferably 90-130, particularly preferably 95-110. In this range urethane groups are preferably formed. In another preferred embodiment the isocyanate index is 150-400. In this range the foams comprise a high proportion of isocyanurate functions which bring about for example an inherent flame retardancy of the foams.
• the invention further provides a process for producing rigid PUR/PIR foams having an apparent density of 25-300 kg/m 3 , preferably 30-200 kg/m 3 , particularly preferably 40-130 kg/m 3 , an open-cell content of >70%, in particular >90%, very particularly preferably ⁇ 94%, and having an average cell diameter of 180 ⁇ m, in particular ⁇ 160 ⁇ m and very particularly preferably ⁇ 100 comprising the steps of
• step i) of the process according to the invention the foam-forming reaction mixture R) is produced from the components A)-E).
• the mixture comprising the components A), D), E) may be initially charged for example in a vessel together with the formic acid or the formic acid/water mixture, then optionally mixed with the further blowing agent components C) and admixed with the polyisocyanate B).
• the mixing of the components may also be effected in a mixing head.
• the mixing, in particular with optionally present physical blowing agent components C) and with B) may be effected under pressure.
• the components A), D), E) and C) are mixed with the component B) in a high-pressure mixing head.
• the reaction of the components is preferably carried out under conditions supercritical for CO 2 .
• suitable pressures in the mixing head and/or in the discharge conduit/the discharge conduits for producing the polyurethane foam are for example in the range from ⁇ 73.7 bar to ⁇ 350 bar and preferably in the range from ⁇ 75 bar to ⁇ 200 bar.
• Suitable temperatures are for example ⁇ 30.9° C. to ⁇ 100° C. and preferably ⁇ 32° C. to ⁇ 60° C. At such pressures supercritical conditions for the employed blowing agent may be maintained.
• the residence time of the mixture in the mixing head under supercritical conditions for the blowing agent is ⁇ 0 seconds to ⁇ 20 seconds, preferably from ⁇ 0.1 seconds to ⁇ 10 seconds and particularly preferably from ⁇ 0.5 seconds to ⁇ 5 seconds. This has the result that the mixture can polymerize under supercritical conditions.
• step ii) of the process according to the invention the inventive foam-forming reaction mixture R) composed of the components A)-E) is introduced into a mold.
• the mold is a closed mold, wherein the counterpressure in the mold during injection is 2-90 bar, preferably 2-80 bar, particularly preferably 5 - 40 bar.
• the counterpressure is achieved by pressurizing the mold with gas (compressed air or nitrogen) either directly and/or via a floating seal, which divides the pressurized space into a gas space and a reaction space, and is established, held and finally decompressed via a proportional valve.
• gas compressed air or nitrogen
• step iii) of the process the reaction mixture is foamed.
• step iii) is as follows:
• step ii) the pressure in the mold is kept constant for a period 1 which is preferably 1-40 seconds, particularly preferably 5-20 seconds and very particularly preferably 8-17 seconds, wherein the viscosity of the reaction mixture initially increases without foaming It has been found that holding the pressure for the preferred period results in particularly advantageous viscosity ranges of the mixture for this reaction section.
• the mold is decompressed.
• the releasing of the pressure from the mold is carried out over a period 2 at a pressure release rate of 1-90 bar/s, preferably 1-80 bar/s, particularly preferably 2-70 bar/s.
• the releasing may be effected in particular via a proportional valve.
• the reaction mixture is foamed over period 2. An excessively fast releasing has a negative effect on cell stability and excessively slow releasing has a negative effect on the foaming reaction.
• step iv) of the process the rigid PUR/PIR foam is demolded.
• the proportion of all primary OH functions present in the isocyanate-reactive component A) based on the total number of terminal OH functions in the component A) is at least 30% and the blowing agent component C) contains formic acid,
• step iii) holding the pressure in the mold for a period 1 of 1-40 s after termination of step ii) and subsequently releasing the pressure from the mold over a period 2 at a pressure release rate of 1-90 bar/s,
• the present invention further provides a rigid PUR/PIR foam obtainable or obtained by the process according to the invention.
• the process according to the invention makes it possible to obtain rigid PUR/PIR foams having an apparent density of 25-300 kg/m 3 , preferably 30-200 kg/m 3 , particularly preferably 40-130 kg/m 3 , which simultaneously have many open and particularly small cells. It is thus possible to produce rigid foams having an open-cell content of >70%, in particular >90%, very particularly preferably ⁇ 94%, where the cells exhibit an average diameter of 180 ⁇ m, in particular ⁇ 160 ⁇ m and very particularly preferably ⁇ 100 ⁇ m. In a particularly preferred embodiment the cells have an average cell size ⁇ 90 ⁇ m and an open-cell content of >94%.
• the foams have good mechanical properties, for example good compressive strengths.
• the PUR/PIR foams according to the invention make it possible in preferable fashion to produce foamed moldings and composite systems containing these moldings.
• the composite systems are often delimited both on the top surface and on the bottom surface by decorative layers.
• Suitable decorative layers include inter alia metals, plastics, wood and paper.
• Suitable fields of application of such discontinuously produced PUR/PIR composite systems include in particular industrial insulation of appliances such as refrigerators, chest freezers, fridge-freezers and boilers, cool containers and coolboxes and also of pipes.
• PUR/PIR foams in these fields is known per se to those skilled in the art and has already been described on many occasions.
• the PUR/PIR foams according to the invention are exceptionally suitable for these purposes since on account of their fine-cell content they feature low coefficients of thermal conductivity which can be still further enhanced by application of a vacuum.
• the invention further relates to a refrigerator, a freezer or a fridge-freezer comprising a rigid PUR/PIR foam obtainable according to the invention, wherein the provided mold is in particular a housing part of the refrigerator, the freezer or the fridge-freezer.
• the invention shall be more particularly elucidated with reference to the examples and comparative examples which follow.
• Determination of open-cell content Determination of the volume fraction of open and closed cells (ISO 4590:2002); German version EN ISO 4590:2003
• Determination of cell size Optical microscopy evaluation via VHX 5000 optical microscope; the test specimen to be measured is analyzed at 3 different points in each case over a circular region having a diameter of 5 mm. The resolution is chosen such that the selected region captures around 100 cells. 100 cells are then measured and the smallest and largest cell diameter as well as the average cell diameter are calculated.
• the specified proportion of primary OH functions in [%] in table 1 relates to the proportion of primary OH functions based on the total number of OH functions in the mixture of the polyols present in the formulation.
• Polyol 1 Polyether polyol based on trimethylolpropane and propylene oxide having a hydroxyl number of 800 mg KOH/g, a functionality of 3 and a viscosity of 6100 mPas at 25° C.
• Polyol 2 Polyether polyol based on trimethylolpropane and ethylene oxide having a hydroxyl number of 550 mg KOH/g, a functionality of 3 and a viscosity of 505 mPas at 25° C.
• Polyol 3 Polyether polyol based on trimethylolpropane and propylene oxide having a hydroxyl number of 550 mg KOH/g, a functionality of 3 and a viscosity of 1800 mPas at 25° C.
• Polyol 4 Polyether polyol based on 1,2-propanediol and propylene oxide having a hydroxyl number of 56 mg KOH/g, a functionality of 2 and a viscosity of 310 mPas at 25° C.
• Polyol 5 Polyether polyol based on 1,2-propanediol and propylene oxide having a hydroxyl number of 112 mg KOH/g, a functionality of 2 and a viscosity of 140 mPas at 25° C.
• Polyol 6 Polyether polyol based on glycerol and propylene oxide having a hydroxyl number of 231 mg KOH/g, a functionality of 3 and a viscosity of 350 mPas at 20° C.
• Polyol 7 Polyether polyol based on glycerol and saccharose and propylene oxide having a hydroxyl number of 470 mg KOH/g and a functionality of 4.9
• Polyol 8 Polyether polyol based on propylene glycol and propylene oxide having a hydroxyl number of 260 mg KOH/g and a functionality of 2
• Potassium acetate/DEG Catalyst, 25% potassium acetate in diethylene glycol (Covestro)
• Dabco NE1070 Catalyst, about 60% 3-(dimethylamino)propylurea in diethylene glycol (Air Products)
• Polycat 58 Catalyst (Air Products)
• Potassium acetate/EG Catalyst, 25% potassium acetate in ethylene glycol c-/i-Pentane mixture: Mixture of cyclopentane and isopentane in a 70:30 weight ratio, physical blowing agent
• Formic acid Blowing agent, 95% formic acid
• Isocyanate 1 Mixture of monomeric and polymeric MDI having a viscosity of about 290 m Pa*s at 20° C. (Desmodur 44V20L, Covestro)
• Isocyanate 2 Mixture of monomeric and polymeric MDI having a viscosity of about 1070 m Pa*s at 20° C. (Desmodur 44V70L, Covestro)
• Example 1 shows that the specified formulation makes it possible to produce very fine-celled rigid foams having a high proportion of open cells.
• the average cell sizes of the inventive example are markedly smaller than in the comparative examples where no formic acid was used.
• Example 1 further shows that even with a polyol formulation without cell-opening substances (Ortegol) foams having a higher open-cell content and a finer cell structure are obtainable when formic acid is employed as a blowing agent.
• a polyol formulation without cell-opening substances Ortegol

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