US2304540A - Generating apparatus - Google Patents

Generating apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
US2304540A
US2304540A US332932A US33293240A US2304540A US 2304540 A US2304540 A US 2304540A US 332932 A US332932 A US 332932A US 33293240 A US33293240 A US 33293240A US 2304540 A US2304540 A US 2304540A
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United States
Prior art keywords
resonator
oscillations
layer
dielectric constant
channel
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Expired - Lifetime
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US332932A
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English (en)
Inventor
Cassen Benedict
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Westinghouse Electric Corp
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Westinghouse Electric Corp
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Publication date
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Priority to US332932A priority Critical patent/US2304540A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2304540A publication Critical patent/US2304540A/en
Priority to FR951645D priority patent/FR951645A/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/02—Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators
    • H01J25/10—Klystrons, i.e. tubes having two or more resonators, without reflection of the electron stream, and in which the stream is modulated mainly by velocity in the zone of the input resonator
    • H01J25/12—Klystrons, i.e. tubes having two or more resonators, without reflection of the electron stream, and in which the stream is modulated mainly by velocity in the zone of the input resonator with pencil-like electron stream in the axis of the resonators

Definitions

  • My invention relates to apparatus for generating high frequency electrical oscillations and has particular relation to the generation and transmission of oscillations having a wavelength of the order of several decimeters.
  • Another object of my invention is to provide' electrical oscillations of high frequency.
  • My invention arises from the realization that several dielectric materials may be arranged in layers in such manner that they transmit oscillations impinging thereon with inconsequential losses at the boundary surfaces.
  • High frequency radiant energy may thus be transferred without substantial loss to a low loss dielectric channel for transmission by interposing one or more layers of other dielectric material having properly selected properties.
  • Preferably a single layer of a low dielectric constant material having a thickness substantially equal to one-quarter of the wavelength of the oscillations in the material is interposed. In general, the thickness may be equal to any odd number of quarters of the wavelength. Because of the interference which exists at the boundary between the outside atmosphere and the low dielectric constant material, the reflected wave is substantially suppressed and the total energy impinging on the layer is transmitted through the high dielectric constant channel.
  • the portion reflected from the boundary is in such a case represented by the incident energy multiplied by the coefiicient-of reflection for the boundary or (I w-1 42- vk+1 i/ +-/k
  • the portion transmitted is measured by the coeflicient or any other odd number of quarter wavelengths A where n is an even integer, where A is the wavelength of the oscillations in air or 8.. vacuum.
  • the wave impinging on the dielectric lc from the air and .refiected may be counteracted by the wave returning from the inter-dielectric .layer if their amplitudes are equal.
  • the condition for equal amplitudes is that the coeflicient last derived shall be equal to the coefficient of reflection of the original wave. That is to say I 412-1 wit-412415 "4H via/E v11 irom'which it appears that The thickness of the incident layer is in such a case
  • the dielectric constant of the channel is K k +5 k 81
  • Materials having a dielectric constant 81 are not so frequently encountered as those havin a constant of the order of 9.
  • rutile .a crystal form of titanium dioxide, has a constant'of the order of 100 and it may be utilized with advantage in the present situation. Other materials such as water. have also been found to be useful.
  • titanium oxide When titanium oxide is used in the practice of my invention, it may be provided in the form of a powder and packed as tightly as the situation may require. The powdered rutile may also be properly treated and fired to form a compact solid.
  • I provide an arrangement for transmitting high frequency oscillations which comprises an incident layer of a low dielectric constant substance such as polysterene, a phenolic condensation product, compressed paper, artificial resin or other similar materials to which a channel comprising a container filled with finely divided or fired rutile is contiguous.
  • the channel may be bent in any desired form to direct the radiant energy as may be required.
  • a further layer of the low dielectric constant material may be provided to suppress reflection losses.
  • the thickness of the mate which is to function as an electrical resonator is filled with rutile or any other high dielectric constant material. Because of the effect of the dielectric. the hollow body may be smaller for a given wavelength and the attenuation is substantially decreased
  • the radiation of energy from the resonator is expedited by the interposition of a quarter wavelength layer of a suitable low dielectric constant material.
  • Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view showing an embodiment of my invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view showing a modification of my invention.
  • the apparatus shown in Fig. 1 comprises a hollow container 3, preferably composed of sheet metal which is highly evacuated. At one end of the container an emissive filament 5 is disposed.
  • the filament may be heated in the usual manner from a source 1 available, symbolically shown as a battery.
  • the filament 5 is enclosed within a metallic cap 9 having a small perforation H in its center.
  • the cap 9 is connected directly to ground and the filament is connected to the negative terminal of a power source it, preferably of the order of several thousand volts.
  • each resonator is a hollow doughnut shaped conductor, preferably composed of sheet metal and disposed with its axis of revolution along the line of the electron stream. In the regions of their surfaces which are in the path of the electron stream, the solid sheet metal is replaced by open work l9 so that the stream may pass through the resonators unimpeded.
  • the electron stream On being emitted from the second resonator II, the electron stream is disposed by a metal plate 2
  • the principles developed here are used to improve the operation, and the structure of a hollow body resonator.
  • a hollow conductor are, in turn, grounded.
  • The'resonators I5 and II are so dimensioned that for the mode of electromagnetic oscillation for which the electric field is parallel to the stream, the frequency of one is equal to that for the other. They are coupled together by a conductor 23 so that there is an interchange of the energy between them. Within the resonators, the coupling conductor 23 has the form of a loop so oriented as to be threaded by the magnetic field produced by the oscillations.
  • a sinusoidal component corresponding to the electrical oscillations existing within the resonator is impressed on the velocity of the electrons.
  • the modulation in the velocity causes the electrons to collect in clusters periodically and the second resonator I1 is so disposed as to absorb energy from the electrons as they pass through it.
  • a portion of the energy absorbed by the second resonator I1 is fed back to the first resonator l5 through the conductor 23 so that a short time after the operation is initiated subantenna 25 :tantial oscillations are built up.
  • Radiant energy may be derived from the second resonator l'l :hrough a suitable antenna 26 coupled thereto.
  • a hollow semi-sphere 21 of a material of low dielectric constant is disposed over the so as to receive its radiation.
  • the 21 is embedded ina mass of rutile within a metallic tube 3
  • the thickness of the wall of the semi-sphere is equal to one quarter of the semi-sphere 29 disposed wave length of the frequency of the radiant energy in the material of which the semi-sphere is composed, i. e., to
  • the dielectric constant of the ma.- terial is the dielectric constant of the ma.- terial and A the wavelength in air or a vacuum.
  • another layer 33 of the same thickness of the low dielectric constant material may be disposed adjacent to the rutile mass.
  • the dielectric constant of the semi-sphere 21 is so selected with reference to the constant of the rutilethat the reflection at the boundary surfaces is suppressed.
  • the radiant energy generated in the container 3 may thus be guided in any desired manner and emitted at any given point.
  • Fig. 2 an eflicient generator of oscillations in accordance with my invention is provided.
  • the structure shown in this view is to a large extent similar to that shown in Fig. 1.
  • the resonators 35 and 31 are in this casefilled with rutile 39 so that they may be substantially smaller, while at the same time, they operate with substantially greater efliciency.
  • the derivation of radiation from the energy absorbing resonator 31 is carried out in a somewhat more convenient manner than in the Fig. l modification.
  • a rutile 43 extends from the radiating resonator and the energy is transmitted through the tube ii and through a greater wavelength layer 45 if low dielectric constant material disposed in its end, which is properly selected to suppress :eflection losses. As shown, the energy from the resonator is emitted in the air.
  • the :ube ll may have any length and any form desired and may thus be used in the same manner is the rutile channel in Fig. 1.
  • resonators disclosed in Figs. 1 and 2 may be provided with the usual additional electrodes and grids as taught in the cathode-ray art. Since .he specific structure of the latter elements does iot primarily concern the present invention, it 12.5 not been disclosed in detail.
  • a generator of high frequency electrical oscillations having an output element, a layer of dielectric material having a dielectric constant of the order of cooperative with said element to receive said oscillations and a channel of a dielectric'material having a dielectric constant of the order of 100 contiguous o said layer said layer being dimensioned so that 75 tube 4
  • a generator of high frequency electrical oscillations having an output element, a layer of dielectric material having a diflerent dielectric constant than said element and cooperative with said element to receive said oscillations and a channel of a dielectric material having a dielectric constant of the order of ten times the dielectric constant of said layer contiguous to said layer, said layer being dimensioned so that said oscillations are passed efliciently from said layer to said channel.
  • a generator of high frequency electrical oscillations having an output element, a layer of dielectric material having a thickness substantially equal to where n is an even integer and i. is the wavelength or said oscillations in said material, cooperative with said element to receive said oscillations and a channel of a dielectric material having a dielectric constant of the order of ten times the dielectric constant of said layer contiguous to said layer so that said oscillations pass from said layer to said channel.
  • a generator of high frequency electrical oscillations having an output element, a layer of dielectric material having a low dielectric constant and a thickness substantially equal to where n is an even integer and A is the wavelength of said oscillations cooperative with said element to receive said oscillations and a channel of rutile contiguous to said layer so that said oscillations pass from said layer to said channel.
  • a generator of high fre- -quency electrical oscillations having an output Where n is an even integer and A is the wavelength of said oscillations in said material cooperative with said element to receive said oscillations and a channel of rutile contiguous to said layer so that said oscillations pass from said layer to said channel.
  • a first resonator comprising a hollow conductor substantially filled with a material having a dielectric constant of the order of 100
  • a second resonator comprising a hollow conductor substantially filled with a material having a dielectric constant of the order of 100 tuned to the same frequency as said first resonator and so spaced from said first resonator as to receive said stream of electrical charges and absorb energy in communication with said second resonator to derive energy therefrom.
  • a first resonator comprising a hollow conductor, substantially filled with rutile
  • a second resonator comprising a hollow conductor substantially filled with rutile tuned to the same from said first resonator as to receive said stream of electrical charges and absorb energy therefrom
  • a first resonator comprising a hollow conductor substantially filled with a material having a dielectric constant of the order of 100
  • a second resonator comprising a hollow conductor substantially filled with a material having a dielectric constant of the order of 100 .tuned to the same frequency as said first resonator and so spaced from saidfirst resonator as to receive said stream of electrical charges and absorb energy therefrom
  • a first resonator comprising a hollow conductor substantially filled with a material having a dielectric constant of the order of 100
  • a second resonator comprising a hollow conductor substantially filled with a material having a dielectric constant of the order of 100 tuned to the same frequency as said first resonator.
  • a layer of dielectric material having a thickness substantially equal to where n is an even integer and A is the wavelength of said oscillations in said material, cooperative with said element to receive said oscillations and a channel of a dielectric material having a higher dielectric constant contiguous to said layer so that said oscillations pass from' a substantially higher dielectric constant than 5 the material of said layer, contiguous to said layer so that said oscillations pass from said layer to said channel, the dielectric constants of said layer and said channel and the thickness a of said layer being so selected that boundary refiection losses are suppressed.

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US332932A 1940-05-02 1940-05-02 Generating apparatus Expired - Lifetime US2304540A (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US332932A US2304540A (en) 1940-05-02 1940-05-02 Generating apparatus
FR951645D FR951645A (fr) 1940-05-02 1947-08-07 Appareil générateur d'oscillations électriques

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US332932A US2304540A (en) 1940-05-02 1940-05-02 Generating apparatus

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US2304540A true US2304540A (en) 1942-12-08

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Cited By (29)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2421273A (en) * 1943-02-25 1947-05-27 Gen Electric Ultra high frequency electric discharge device
US2423426A (en) * 1943-11-13 1947-07-01 Sylvania Electric Prod Ultra high frequency tube of the resonator type
US2425336A (en) * 1942-12-17 1947-08-12 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Microwave directive antenna
US2428001A (en) * 1944-08-31 1947-09-23 Ernest A Tubbs Output cable for signal generators
US2438873A (en) * 1944-05-24 1948-03-30 Sylvania Electric Prod Ultra high frequency switching device
US2460401A (en) * 1941-11-28 1949-02-01 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Directive microwave radio antenna
US2473446A (en) * 1945-11-06 1949-06-14 Henry J Riblet Antenna
US2509196A (en) * 1942-09-01 1950-05-23 Emi Ltd Electric wave guide
US2591695A (en) * 1943-01-06 1952-04-08 Sperry Corp High-frequency radiator apparatus and resonator
US2594971A (en) * 1940-02-06 1952-04-29 Gen Electric Barrier nonreflectant to incident electromagnetic waves
US2596190A (en) * 1947-09-05 1952-05-13 Wiley Carl Atwood Dielectric horn
US2600186A (en) * 1945-10-03 1952-06-10 Jr Alfredo Banos Cavity resonator
US2611101A (en) * 1947-04-15 1952-09-16 Wallauschek Richard Traeling wave amplifier tube
US2611869A (en) * 1944-04-21 1952-09-23 Int Standard Electric Corp Aerial system
US2617934A (en) * 1945-05-02 1952-11-11 Edward B Mcmillan Antenna housing
US2636148A (en) * 1950-10-02 1953-04-21 John E Gorham Modified traveling wave tube
US2661441A (en) * 1947-12-31 1953-12-01 Bell Telephone Labor Inc High-frequency amplifier
US2679019A (en) * 1947-12-02 1954-05-18 Rca Corp High-frequency electron discharge device
US2704830A (en) * 1950-03-01 1955-03-22 Rca Corp Tuning means for dielectric filled cavity resonators
US2749438A (en) * 1952-08-21 1956-06-05 Gen Electric Resonator structure
US2761139A (en) * 1946-05-31 1956-08-28 Robert E Dillon Antenna
US2793315A (en) * 1952-10-01 1957-05-21 Hughes Aircraft Co Resistive-inductive wall amplifier tube
US2796550A (en) * 1951-07-03 1957-06-18 Kazan Benjamin Travelling walve amplifier
US2802136A (en) * 1947-01-25 1957-08-06 Rca Corp High frequency device
US2814298A (en) * 1953-11-18 1957-11-26 Raytheon Mfg Co Impedance matching pad for microwave heating and method of use
US2846614A (en) * 1954-11-19 1958-08-05 Philips Corp Klystron tube
US2890422A (en) * 1953-01-26 1959-06-09 Allen Bradley Co Electrically resonant dielectric body
US2944183A (en) * 1957-01-25 1960-07-05 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Internal cavity reflex klystron tuned by a tightly coupled external cavity
US3474211A (en) * 1967-01-11 1969-10-21 Joel Henri Auguste Soulier Device for the diffusion and distribution of high frequency energy in a resonant cavity for preheating and baking of non-metallic materials and the like

Cited By (29)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2594971A (en) * 1940-02-06 1952-04-29 Gen Electric Barrier nonreflectant to incident electromagnetic waves
US2460401A (en) * 1941-11-28 1949-02-01 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Directive microwave radio antenna
US2509196A (en) * 1942-09-01 1950-05-23 Emi Ltd Electric wave guide
US2425336A (en) * 1942-12-17 1947-08-12 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Microwave directive antenna
US2591695A (en) * 1943-01-06 1952-04-08 Sperry Corp High-frequency radiator apparatus and resonator
US2421273A (en) * 1943-02-25 1947-05-27 Gen Electric Ultra high frequency electric discharge device
US2423426A (en) * 1943-11-13 1947-07-01 Sylvania Electric Prod Ultra high frequency tube of the resonator type
US2611869A (en) * 1944-04-21 1952-09-23 Int Standard Electric Corp Aerial system
US2438873A (en) * 1944-05-24 1948-03-30 Sylvania Electric Prod Ultra high frequency switching device
US2428001A (en) * 1944-08-31 1947-09-23 Ernest A Tubbs Output cable for signal generators
US2617934A (en) * 1945-05-02 1952-11-11 Edward B Mcmillan Antenna housing
US2600186A (en) * 1945-10-03 1952-06-10 Jr Alfredo Banos Cavity resonator
US2473446A (en) * 1945-11-06 1949-06-14 Henry J Riblet Antenna
US2761139A (en) * 1946-05-31 1956-08-28 Robert E Dillon Antenna
US2802136A (en) * 1947-01-25 1957-08-06 Rca Corp High frequency device
US2611101A (en) * 1947-04-15 1952-09-16 Wallauschek Richard Traeling wave amplifier tube
US2596190A (en) * 1947-09-05 1952-05-13 Wiley Carl Atwood Dielectric horn
US2679019A (en) * 1947-12-02 1954-05-18 Rca Corp High-frequency electron discharge device
US2661441A (en) * 1947-12-31 1953-12-01 Bell Telephone Labor Inc High-frequency amplifier
US2704830A (en) * 1950-03-01 1955-03-22 Rca Corp Tuning means for dielectric filled cavity resonators
US2636148A (en) * 1950-10-02 1953-04-21 John E Gorham Modified traveling wave tube
US2796550A (en) * 1951-07-03 1957-06-18 Kazan Benjamin Travelling walve amplifier
US2749438A (en) * 1952-08-21 1956-06-05 Gen Electric Resonator structure
US2793315A (en) * 1952-10-01 1957-05-21 Hughes Aircraft Co Resistive-inductive wall amplifier tube
US2890422A (en) * 1953-01-26 1959-06-09 Allen Bradley Co Electrically resonant dielectric body
US2814298A (en) * 1953-11-18 1957-11-26 Raytheon Mfg Co Impedance matching pad for microwave heating and method of use
US2846614A (en) * 1954-11-19 1958-08-05 Philips Corp Klystron tube
US2944183A (en) * 1957-01-25 1960-07-05 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Internal cavity reflex klystron tuned by a tightly coupled external cavity
US3474211A (en) * 1967-01-11 1969-10-21 Joel Henri Auguste Soulier Device for the diffusion and distribution of high frequency energy in a resonant cavity for preheating and baking of non-metallic materials and the like

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR951645A (fr) 1949-10-31

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