US2434253A - Directive centimetric antenna - Google Patents

Directive centimetric antenna Download PDF

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Publication number
US2434253A
US2434253A US499453A US49945343A US2434253A US 2434253 A US2434253 A US 2434253A US 499453 A US499453 A US 499453A US 49945343 A US49945343 A US 49945343A US 2434253 A US2434253 A US 2434253A
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United States
Prior art keywords
antenna
guide
directive
reflector
lobe
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Expired - Lifetime
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US499453A
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English (en)
Inventor
Alfred C Beck
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AT&T Corp
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Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc
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Priority to US499453A priority Critical patent/US2434253A/en
Priority to FR947320D priority patent/FR947320A/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2434253A publication Critical patent/US2434253A/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/12—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system using mechanical relative movement between primary active elements and secondary devices of antennas or antenna systems
    • H01Q3/16—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system using mechanical relative movement between primary active elements and secondary devices of antennas or antenna systems for varying relative position of primary active element and a reflecting device
    • H01Q3/18—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system using mechanical relative movement between primary active elements and secondary devices of antennas or antenna systems for varying relative position of primary active element and a reflecting device wherein the primary active element is movable and the reflecting device is fixed

Definitions

  • This invention relates to directive radio systems and particularly to directive antennas especially adapted for use in centimetric radar systems.
  • centimetric and decimetric waves having a wavelength, respectively, of one to ten centimeters and ten to one hundred centimeters are now being used in radio directional and ranging (radar) systems.
  • radar radio directional and ranging
  • the conventional prior art dipole-parabolic reflector antennas used with longer wavelengths are not satisfactory, and it appears advantageous to obtain for use with microwaves more antennas.
  • the linear broadside slot antenna of a leaky wave guide of the first kind is aligned with the focal line of a parabolic reflector, the slot antenna and the focal line having equal lengths.
  • a linear broadside slot antenna is positioned parallel to the focal line of a parabolic reflector and oscillated through a given angle for the purpose of obtaining a sweeping lobe.
  • the focal line of a cylindrical parabolic reflector is positioned parallel to, and included between, two linear aperture wave guide antennas, and a transceiver is connected alternately to the antennas whereby lobe switching is secured.
  • Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a directive antenna constructed in accordance with the invention and Fig. 2 illustrates the measured directive characteristic for the antenna of Fig. 1;
  • Fig. 3 is a perspective view of another directive antenna of the invention and Fig. 4 illustrates the measured directive characteristic for the embodiment of Fig. 3;
  • Fig. 5 is a perspective view and Fig. 6 a diagrammatic sectional view of a lobe switching 'sweeping antenna of the invention and Figs. 11
  • Fig. 13 is a perspective view of a different em-- bodiment of the invention for securing lobe sweeping action.
  • reference numerals l and 2 denote, respectively, a transceiver and a coaxial line connected thereto, the line having an outer conductor 3 and an inner conductor 4.
  • Numeral 5 designates a V leaky wave guide antenna comprising the branch wave guides or legs 6 and l and the stem or main wave guide section '8.
  • Each branch guide contains a longitudinal slot antenna 9.
  • the two slot antennas face each other and form an angle having a value, for example, 20 degrees, dependent upon the phase velocity in guides 6 and l and such that maximum action occurs along the bisector of the aforesaid angle.
  • the branch guides 6 and l and the main guide 8 are each equipped with a reflective transverse end wall ID.
  • the inner conductor 4 of line 2 projects into the stem section 8 in a direction parallel to the a wall of section 8 so that the main guide 8 and the branch guides 6 and l transmit and receive H11 waves polarized horizontally, that is, in a direction aligned with the transverse or shorter dimension of each of slots 9.
  • the structure constitutes the well-known prior art V leaky pipe antenna.
  • triangular metallic shield members II and I2 are provided, each member being attached to corresponding b walls of the two branch guides 6 and l.
  • the two members II and I2 form a linear aperture antenna l3 having a longitudinal axis I l perpendicular to bisector l0 and a transverse dimension or width l 5 greater than the width of either of slots 9.
  • the members II and [2 function to transform the two narrow slot antennas 9, each angularly related to bisector I0, into a wide aperture antenna I3 perpendicularly related to bisector I0.
  • centimetric waves generated in the transceiver I are supplied over line 2 to the guide section 8 and thence to the two legs 6 and I, the wavelets conveyed in wave guide branches 6 and 1 and delivered to the slot antennas 9 being horizontally polarized as shown by arrows I6.
  • the wavelets emitted through the two slot antennas 9 combine in phase, by reason of the critical angle between the slots *9, for the direction I! which is aligned with the bisector of the angle formed by the slot antennas '3.
  • maximum action occurs in the direction N.
  • the triangular members I I and I2 function to prevent side radiation and in general .to produce. maximum action in direction II.
  • the reciprocal operation obtains, as is well known, and echo waves reflected by a distant target are collected by the aperture antenna I3.
  • curves I8 .and I9 illustrate, respectively, the magnetic plane and electric plane directive characteristics for the system of Fig.. 1. It will be observed that the maximum lobe 20 of the magnetic plane characteristic is relatively narrow, that is, about 7 degrees wide at the half power point corresponding to 0.7 On the power square root scale. Also, beginning at points 2
  • Fig. 3 illustrates a structure comprising a cylindrical parabolic reflector having its line focus energized by the antenna of Fig. 1.
  • reference numeral 23 denotes a cylindrical parabolic reflector and numeral 24 designates the line focus of reflector 23.
  • a V leaky guide antenna equipped with triangular shields II and I2, as illustrated by Fig. 1, is Positioned so that the longitudinal axis I4 of linear aperture antenna I3 is aligned with the focal line 24.
  • the reflector 23 and the focal line 24 have a length equal approximately to the length of the aperture antenna I3.
  • Numerals 25 and 26 denote sectoral end shields each extending between an extremity 21 (Fig. 1) of the aperture antenna I3 and the associated extremity 28 of the reflector 23.
  • Fig. 3 microwaves emitted by the aperture antenna I3 energize the entire line focus 24 of reflector 23 and, in the electric plane, an exceedingly sharp directive lobe 29, Fig. 4, is secured.
  • the parabolic reflector functions to receive the echo waves and to energize the aperture antenna I3 throughout its length.
  • the directive characteristic is similar to the magnetic plane directive characteristic for the system of Fig. 1.
  • denote the measured magnetic plane directive characteristics of the structure of Fig. 3 with and without the end-pieces 25 and 26, respectively.
  • the lobe switching antenna of Figs. 5 and 6 comprises a cylindrical parabolic reflector 23, such as used in the system of Fig. 3, and two V-shaped directive antennas 5 each equipped with triangular shield members II and I2, as illustrated by Fig. 1.
  • Therectangular apertureantennas I3 and the focal line 24 of the parabolic reflector are parallel to each other and the focal line 24 is included between the two aperture antennas I3.
  • the transceiver I is connected by coaxial line 2 to a main wave guide section '31 and to a wave guide switch 38 of the type disclosed in my Patent 2,409,183 granted on October 15, 1946.
  • the switch 38 comprises two detuning chambers 39, a partition 43, a rotatable vane 4I, two near-end orifices 42 facing guide section 3] and two far-end orifices 42 facing guide sections 8.
  • One of the far-end orifices 42 connects the left chamber 39 to section 8 of the left-hand antenna 5 and the other orifice 42 connects the right chamber 39 to section 8 of the right-hand antenna 5.
  • the vane is continuously driven by means of a motor (not shown).
  • Fig. 5 the pulse energy generated in transceiver I is supplied over line 2, guide section 3.1 and switch 38 alternately to the two antennas 5. Since one aperture antenna I3 is positioned on the left side, and the other on the right side, of theiocal line 24, the direction of maximum radiant action is switched between two paths making equal angles with the axis 35' of the reflector 23.
  • Fig. 6 with the left aperture I3 connected by switch 38 to the transceiver I, maximum transmitting and receiv-- ing radiant action occurs in the right or minus direction 43 and with the right aperture connected by switch 38 to transceiver I maximum transmitting and receiving action occurs in the plus direction 44, these directions making equal angles with the axis 36 of the reflector.
  • Fig. 6 with the left aperture I3 connected by switch 38 to the transceiver I, maximum transmitting and receiv-- ing radiant action occurs in the right or minus direction 43 and with the right aperture connected by switch 38 to transceiver I maximum transmitting and receiving action occurs in the plus direction 44,
  • the directive characteristic 45 for the system comprising the reflector 23 and the left aperture I3 is substantially the same as the directive characteristic 46 for the system comprising the reflector 23 and the right aperture I3. Moreover, each directive characteristic is highly satisfactory since the nulls 41 are deep and since the minor lobes148 are relatively small.
  • the curves 45 and 46 illustrate separate and distinct charac teristics and not different positions of the same characteristic. Stated briefly, the directive characteristic does not move gradually from the position shown by curve 45 to that shown by curve 46 but is switched or jumped from one position to the other.
  • echo pulses having the same intensity are received by both antennas, the intensity being 0.8 as indicated by reference numeral 49 onthe vertical field scale, Fig. 7.
  • a lobe sweeping antenna'reference numeral 50 denotes a leaky wave guide of the first kind having a pair of transverse end reflective walls I0, .a longitudinal slot antenna 5
  • the guide 50 is positioned so that the slot antenna 5
  • the guide 50 is connected to the transceiver by a coaxial line 2 having a rotatable junction or coupling 52 such as disclosed in my copending application mentioned above.
  • a shaft 53 is attached to the bottom of guide 5
  • the coupler 54 functions to oscillate shaft 53 and slot antenna 5
  • the mean position for guide 50 is denoted by reference numeral 56.
  • Figs. 8 and 9 pulsed centimetric waves supplied over line 2 from transceiver l are emitted through the slot antenna 5
  • the wavelets collected by reflector 23 are supplied to the linear slot antenna 5
  • maximum radiation is in the left or minus direction 51 and the major lobe of the directive characteristic has the position denoted by numeral 58.
  • rotates to the left, the direction of maximum action moves toward the right.
  • the direction of action is aligned with the reflector axis 36.
  • maximum action occurs in the right or plus direction 59, the position of the major lobe of the directive characteristic being denoted by reference numeral 60.
  • the major lobe peaks 6
  • the lobe sweeping system illustrated by Fig. 10 differs from that of Fig. 8 primarily in that the line 2 is connected to the mid-point 64 of the leaky guide and the leaky wave guide 5
  • the lobe sweeping action is accomplished by means of an auxiliary metallic reflector or vane .65 having the two parallel reflector surfaces 66 and 61.
  • numerals H3 denote end reflective wall members.
  • the length of guide 50 of Fig. 10 is twice that of the guide 50 of Fig. 8.
  • the shaft 53 associated with motor 55 extends longitudinally through vane 65 and, in operation, the vane is continuously rotated.
  • the rotatable vane 65 is included between the slot antenna 5
  • centimetric energy is supplied to and received from the slot antenna 5
  • the reflective or mirror side 66 faces the slot antenna 5
  • the image slot antenna is on the axis 36 as shown by reference numeral 69, and with the transverse axis parallel to the axis 36 the image antenna is absent, that is, the vane functions as if removed.
  • curves 12 and 13 denote, respectively, the measured electric (horizontal) and magnetic (vertical) plane directive characteristics for a structure constructed in accordance with Fig. 10, substantially, except that the vane 65 is omitted.
  • maximum action for the system without vane 65 occurs in a direction aligned with the parabolic axis 36.
  • the magnetic plane characteristic comprises substantially only a .single lobe in view of the directive action of the slot antenna 5
  • Fig. 12 illustrates the measured lobe-sweeping characteristic of a system constructed in accordance with Fig. 10 and including a rotating vane.
  • the maximum lobe 14 is at the left of axis 36 when the reflective side 66, or 61, of vanes 65 is oriented so that the image antenna is at the right of axis 36 and in the position denoted by numeral 10.
  • the reflective side 66, or 61 is positioned so that the image antenna is at the left of axis 3'5 and in the position denoted by numeral H
  • the maximum lobe 15 is at the right of axis 36.
  • the lobe sweeping antenna is fundamentally the same as that of Fig. 10, except that a corner reflector 16 of the type disclosed in Patent 2,270,314 to J. D. Kraus, issued January 20, 1942, is used instead of a parabolic reflector and a four-sided auxiliary plane reflector 11 is employed instead of a two-sided vane.
  • the rotating quadrilateral reflector 11 extends paral lel to the corner reflector and is included between the slot 5
  • the maximum transmitting lobe for the entire system makes one complete right-to-left sweep during a quarter-revolution of reflector 11, that is, one sweep for each of the reflective sides 18.
  • a lobe sweeping antenna comprising a rectangular wave guide having a longitudinal slot antenna, a transceiver connected to said guide, and means for moving said guide about a longitudinal guide axis.
  • a lobe sweeping antenna comprising a rectangular wave guide having a longitudinal slot antenna, a transceiver connected to said guide,
  • a triangular wave comprising :two zangularly related wave guideshaving longitudinalslotsfa'cing each other and connectedto la -transceiver,-apair of triangu- 18.1";Sid815hi61d members each extendingbetween a pair of correspondent sides ,of'saidguidea-said shield members forming a -linear aperture antenna extending perpendicular to :the bisector of the:angle.between SSJdwSlOtS.
  • a wave guide antenna in accordance 'with claim .4, :azcylindrical parabolic reflector having a alength substantially equal-to the length o'fsaid aperture antenna .and a focal line aligned with said .iinear iaperture antenna, and:-a pair of endlshield members each extending ibetween correspondent extremities of said aperture antenna ;and.rsaid :reflector.
  • A'lobe'sweeping antenna system comprising a hollow reflector, a waveguide having a longitudinal slot antenna extending parallel 'to and facing said reflectonatransceiver connected to said guide, a linear reflective vanepositioned parallel toand includedbetween said slot antenna and said reflector, and means 'for rotating said vane.
  • a lobe sweeping antennasystem in'accordance with-claim 12 said vane having two refleeting surfaces.
  • a linear wave guide comprising apair'of transverse end reflective walls anda side wall extending therebetween, said side .wall containing-a slot antenna, the longitudinal dimension of said guide being equal to a half wavelength -or a multiple thereof, as measured in the guide, said wavelength being dependent upon a'transverse dimension of the guide, and a 'translation device connected to said guide, Wherebysaid longitudinal dimension is dependent upon said transverse dimension and the phase velocity-oi said guide. and maximum transmitting orreceiving actionoccurs in a'directionrperpenicular to said side wall.
  • a cylindricalzparabolicreflector having a focal line
  • a linear rectangular wave guide comprising a side wall containing a slot antenna, apairof transverse end reflective wall connected to the extremities of said side wall and spaced-a distance equal to a wavelength as measured in the guide, and a translation device connected to the mid-pointof said guide.

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  • Aerials With Secondary Devices (AREA)
  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
US499453A 1943-08-21 1943-08-21 Directive centimetric antenna Expired - Lifetime US2434253A (en)

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US499453A US2434253A (en) 1943-08-21 1943-08-21 Directive centimetric antenna
FR947320D FR947320A (fr) 1943-08-21 1947-05-29 Antenne à effet directif

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Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2483575A (en) * 1944-07-26 1949-10-04 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Directional microwave antenna
US2534451A (en) * 1946-05-31 1950-12-19 Radio Industrie Sa Directional aerial
US2545472A (en) * 1944-07-31 1951-03-20 Kline Morris Radio system
US2568560A (en) * 1946-12-27 1951-09-18 Rca Corp Slotted prismatic antenna
US2594871A (en) * 1945-07-09 1952-04-29 Us Sec War Antenna
US2597391A (en) * 1946-04-30 1952-05-20 Us Sec War Antenna
US2611867A (en) * 1946-08-31 1952-09-23 Alford Andrew Slotted winged cylindrical antenna
US2632851A (en) * 1944-03-23 1953-03-24 Roland J Lees Electromagnetic radiating or receiving apparatus
US2633533A (en) * 1945-08-01 1953-03-31 Charles V Robinson Scanning antenna
US2664508A (en) * 1945-07-09 1953-12-29 Sichak William Antenna
US2664560A (en) * 1949-12-01 1953-12-29 Sperry Corp Radio aid to navigation
US2678393A (en) * 1950-09-30 1954-05-11 Raytheon Mfg Co Radar scanning system
US2690508A (en) * 1947-01-10 1954-09-28 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Directive antenna system
US2694147A (en) * 1946-08-21 1954-11-09 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Scanning antenna system
US2705754A (en) * 1945-01-24 1955-04-05 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Directive antenna systems
US2777122A (en) * 1950-10-04 1957-01-08 Bendix Aviat Corp Radar scanning system
US2804614A (en) * 1951-02-23 1957-08-27 Luis W Alvarez Suppressed side-lobe radio receiving system
US2981946A (en) * 1947-09-30 1961-04-25 Rca Corp Antenna feed system
US3040310A (en) * 1951-07-23 1962-06-19 Gen Electric Radar tracking and antenna systems
US3242496A (en) * 1948-08-06 1966-03-22 Sperry Rand Corp Scanning antenna system
US4779097A (en) * 1985-09-30 1988-10-18 The Boeing Company Segmented phased array antenna system with mechanically movable segments

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB358859A (en) * 1930-03-30 1931-10-15 Telefunken Gmbh Improvements in or relating to directional radio transmitting systems
US1931980A (en) * 1931-12-16 1933-10-24 Int Communications Lab Inc Direction finding system with microrays
US2002181A (en) * 1930-10-29 1935-05-21 Telefunken Gmbh Transmitter
US2206923A (en) * 1934-09-12 1940-07-09 American Telephone & Telegraph Short wave radio system
US2402622A (en) * 1940-11-26 1946-06-25 Univ Leland Stanford Junior Radiating electromagnetic wave guide

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB358859A (en) * 1930-03-30 1931-10-15 Telefunken Gmbh Improvements in or relating to directional radio transmitting systems
US2002181A (en) * 1930-10-29 1935-05-21 Telefunken Gmbh Transmitter
US1931980A (en) * 1931-12-16 1933-10-24 Int Communications Lab Inc Direction finding system with microrays
US2206923A (en) * 1934-09-12 1940-07-09 American Telephone & Telegraph Short wave radio system
US2402622A (en) * 1940-11-26 1946-06-25 Univ Leland Stanford Junior Radiating electromagnetic wave guide

Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2632851A (en) * 1944-03-23 1953-03-24 Roland J Lees Electromagnetic radiating or receiving apparatus
US2483575A (en) * 1944-07-26 1949-10-04 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Directional microwave antenna
US2545472A (en) * 1944-07-31 1951-03-20 Kline Morris Radio system
US2705754A (en) * 1945-01-24 1955-04-05 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Directive antenna systems
US2594871A (en) * 1945-07-09 1952-04-29 Us Sec War Antenna
US2664508A (en) * 1945-07-09 1953-12-29 Sichak William Antenna
US2633533A (en) * 1945-08-01 1953-03-31 Charles V Robinson Scanning antenna
US2597391A (en) * 1946-04-30 1952-05-20 Us Sec War Antenna
US2534451A (en) * 1946-05-31 1950-12-19 Radio Industrie Sa Directional aerial
US2694147A (en) * 1946-08-21 1954-11-09 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Scanning antenna system
US2611867A (en) * 1946-08-31 1952-09-23 Alford Andrew Slotted winged cylindrical antenna
US2568560A (en) * 1946-12-27 1951-09-18 Rca Corp Slotted prismatic antenna
US2690508A (en) * 1947-01-10 1954-09-28 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Directive antenna system
US2981946A (en) * 1947-09-30 1961-04-25 Rca Corp Antenna feed system
US3242496A (en) * 1948-08-06 1966-03-22 Sperry Rand Corp Scanning antenna system
US2664560A (en) * 1949-12-01 1953-12-29 Sperry Corp Radio aid to navigation
US2678393A (en) * 1950-09-30 1954-05-11 Raytheon Mfg Co Radar scanning system
US2777122A (en) * 1950-10-04 1957-01-08 Bendix Aviat Corp Radar scanning system
US2804614A (en) * 1951-02-23 1957-08-27 Luis W Alvarez Suppressed side-lobe radio receiving system
US3040310A (en) * 1951-07-23 1962-06-19 Gen Electric Radar tracking and antenna systems
US4779097A (en) * 1985-09-30 1988-10-18 The Boeing Company Segmented phased array antenna system with mechanically movable segments

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Publication number Publication date
FR947320A (fr) 1949-06-29

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