US2532796A - Velocity modulation electronic valve - Google Patents

Velocity modulation electronic valve Download PDF

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Publication number
US2532796A
US2532796A US688153A US68815346A US2532796A US 2532796 A US2532796 A US 2532796A US 688153 A US688153 A US 688153A US 68815346 A US68815346 A US 68815346A US 2532796 A US2532796 A US 2532796A
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Prior art keywords
cavity resonators
electrons
resonators
space
cavity
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US688153A
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English (en)
Inventor
Warnecke Robert
Lortie Marthe
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Thales SA
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CSF Compagnie Generale de Telegraphie sans Fil SA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/02—Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators
    • H01J25/10—Klystrons, i.e. tubes having two or more resonators, without reflection of the electron stream, and in which the stream is modulated mainly by velocity in the zone of the input resonator
    • H01J25/12—Klystrons, i.e. tubes having two or more resonators, without reflection of the electron stream, and in which the stream is modulated mainly by velocity in the zone of the input resonator with pencil-like electron stream in the axis of the resonators

Definitions

  • the resent invention relates to velocity modulation valves which comprise cavity resonators with space resonance and which are generally known by the name of klystrons.
  • the present invention has for its object to simplify and improve the construction of cavity resonators and provides for more flexible employment of such devices, particularly when the valves of this type are those which are required to operate on very short waves, for example centimetric waves.
  • valves of the klystron type may be briefly summarized as follows:
  • valves defined as having velocity modulation a beam of electrons of uniform velocity issuing from any cathode traverses a region where an oscillating electric field is produced parallel or inclined to the beam, the result of which is that according to their period of arrival in the said field, certain electrons areaccelerated and others are retarded.
  • valve then comprises a space free from a field such that in moving in the direction of the movement of the electrons it is possible to find a posi tion in the space where the more rapid electrons have caught up with the s ower electrons of the preceding cycle, with the result that the electrons pass this point not in a uniform flow but in a series of groups in which the density of charge is particularly high.
  • Figure 1 represents forms of known cavities of revolution used in klystrons over which the structure of our invention is a very substantial improvement
  • Fig. 2 diagrammatically illustrates the structure of our invention, illustrating the improvements thereof over heretofore known klystrons;
  • Fig. 3 diagrammatically illustrates the circuit arrangement of the cavity resonator system of our invention
  • Fig. 4 schematically illustrates the arrangement of the'electron discharge path through the cavity resonator of our invention
  • Fig. 5 schematically illustrates one method of controlling the electron discharge path through the cavity resonator of our invention
  • Fig. 6 schematically illustrates a modified method of controlling the electron discharge path through the cavity resonator; and Fig. 7 illustrates one form of assembly of the control system of our invention with a cavity resonator system.
  • the beam of cathode rays of constant velocity emitted by the cathode is sent through a pair of grids between which there exists an oscillating electric field the intensity of which is such that it causes the velocities of the electrons to vary by a slight (but appreciable) fraction from their initial value.
  • this first velocity modulation grid After the passage in this first velocity modulation grid the electrons emerge into a space free from any field where they continue their path without fresh alteration of velocity and collect together into separate groups in spaces where the electronic density is comparatively slight.
  • a second velocity modulation grid in which there is developed a field alternating in phase such that it collects the energy of the electrons.
  • the intensity of this field can be s'u ated 9 a Value such that it takes from the electrons much more energy than is necessary for collecting them.
  • the apparatus in its entirety then transforms the energy borrowed from the continuous source .of acceleration of the elec trons, into oscillating power and a considerable fraction of the energy of the beam can be transformed into utilizable energy by reason of the advantageous characteristics of the resonator and of the extremely efficient manner in which it is coupled with the beam.
  • the alternating fields grouping the electrons and collecting-energy are obtained due to the differences of high frequency potential developed between the side plates of the resonator.
  • an auto-oscil- .lator klystron is composed essentially of two conductive spaces traversed by an electronic beam; these cavity resonators are electrically closed and are coupled electrically in such manner that their oscillations are in a phase so that energy can be taken from the kinetic energy of .the beam in the outlet space.
  • Fig. 2 of the .drawings is a diagrammatic il- .lustration employing the usual symbols of a klystron oscillator; K is the cathode forming the source of electrons, G is a control grid of the usual type serving to control the size of the current penetrating into the high frequency part of the apparatus due to the polarization P.
  • E1 is the space resonator of electric elements C1 Ll R1, producing the variations of velocity in the electronic flux due to the difference of high frequency potential which appears between the side walls A and B.
  • T is the tube defining the space free from the field, in which, due to a varying length .l, the electrons arrive, at a point C, in groups of high density.
  • S is the resonator of electric elements C2 L2 R2, between the side walls .6 and D of which the electrons are slowed down.
  • A, B, and C are electrodes .in the form of grids placed in the path of the electrons, D is an electron collecting plate or a grid similar to the preceding one, V0 is the source of continuous current potential serving to accelerate the electronic fiux from the oathode, Ug is a difference of low frequency potential which can serve to modulate in density the inlet current, 1 is a coupling lineallowing a small amount of high energy being taken from the outlet resonator in order to control the arranging into groups; the transfer of energy takes place in the system represented by reason of an inductive coupling of the loops M1 and M2 with the magnetic field created by the induced current I1 and I2 in the walls of the resonators.
  • A is the aerial transferring the useful energy obtained due to the difference of potential induced in the loop H by the
  • This system can be represented at least approximately by Fig. '3 where corresponding usual elements of circuit are employed.
  • the correspondence is clearly shown by the di g am an according to such an image, it is possible to study the operation of the entire system as is done in the case of ordinary electron valves and in particular to draw up the equations of'the coupled circuits with the appropriate modification for the systems with space resonance.
  • Such an investigation shows the advantage there would be in being able, in operation, to modify certain of the constants of the circuits in order to use the resonators to the best advantage.
  • the klystron valves constructed up to the present' have as variable element only the distance s between the side walls of the resonators and this within a restricted range sufli cien't to tune them in frequency, but this modific t n alters :at the same time (and necessarily) the size of the space serving to control the gathering and the slowing down of the electrons.
  • an oscillator klystron constructed according to the principles of construction recognized up to the present is shown as an ordinary triode oscillator in which the construction would be such that it would not be possible to modify in any way the grid and anode circuits (except as regard a very slight variation of the natural-frequency) nor the coupling of these and in which the only variable would be the heating potential of the filament and the anodic potential, whereas it is obviously desirable to be able to vary among other factors the grid anode coupling, the anode-aerial coupling and possibly the relative phase of the grid and anode circuits.
  • the eifects of the diiferences of gathering and braking potentials can be kept at a sufliciently high value either by the rings A B being arranged on the outside of an insulating tube surrounding the electronic beam (Fig. 5) or by their being embedded in the lateral wall of this insulating tube (Fig. 6).
  • This observation permits of easily constructin 'klystron valves which then have cavity resonators arranged externally of the evacuated space in which the electrons are in movement. This constitutes the principal characteristic of the invention.
  • the rings forming a control electrode may be embedded in the glass of the evacuated space containing the beam, arranged in the interior or on the exterior of this space by any process, but in any manner so that they are provided in immediate contactwith the cavity resonator.
  • the insulating tube containing the electronic beam will be made in glass with very slight losses, in quartz, in ceramic material or any other materials suitable for the insulation at ultra-high frequency.
  • the constructor can make cavity resonators with a precision which is considerably greater than that which can be reasonably expected when the parts serve for example as constructional elements of the vacuum recipient.
  • the cavity resonators not having to be heated in order to be degassed may be constructed in a very exact manner permitting the realization of different apparatus as nearly alike as possible. This allows of constructing diiferent valves of the same type with very small variations in length of wave proper to the systems and thus renders the utilization more convenient for example when it is a question of making identical valves, for example transmitter and receiver, for a particular wave length.
  • efiect which comprises an oscillator klystron valve (Fig. 7).
  • the cavity resonators external of the evacuated space L, are capable of allowing all the regulations necessary for the best possible utilization of the valve; adjustment of the natural frequency variation of the distance of gathering, of the auto-excitation coupling, of the aerial coupling and modification of its own electric constants.
  • the apparatus comprises:
  • An evacuated space L containing: an electron emitting cathode K; a grid G of usual type, fixed on a concentration electrode and capable of serving for a low frequency modulation of the electronic beam emitted by the cathode; a metallic ring N embedded in the glass space L which constitutes the evacuated space and serving to define the continuous potential at the inlet of the valve and to impart to the electrons the suitable continuous velocity; a metallic anode P which forms the extension of the insulating tube.
  • the metallic part U can equally well be omitted in such manner that the anode P is no longer electrically connected to the cavity resonators and can be raised to a potential different from theirs, for example that of the cathode. In this case, the anode P can then be contained if so desired in the interior of the evacuated space;
  • the discs A, B, C, D which are the extensions of the side plates of the cavity resonators between which appears the high frequency potential difference which has for its effect to modulate the velocity for the beam in the gatherer and of permitting energy to be taken from the bunches of electrons in the collector;
  • the metallic tube T connected to the side plates B and C and which defines the drift space free form field.
  • J is the section of a continuous or subdivided magnetic coil intended to prevent the electrons from deviating from their normal trajectory.
  • the magnetic coil J may be formed as one continuous winding where the construction Of the cavity resonator permits synchronizing of the associated circuits. However, where there are a pair of cavity resonators, as shown in the drawing, it is more effective to divide the magnetic coil J into two parts as illustrated for synehroniz-ing the operation of the separated parts of thesystem- It can be seen that it is easy-with this mounting arrangement to vary all the magnitudes as desired.
  • the magnitude of the path between the cavity resonators or gathering space may be modified, the tube T being a telescopic tube.
  • the distances s1 and s2 between the grids of the gatherer and collector cavity resonators may be changed by pressing together on the chords XX and Z2.
  • the natural frequency of the cavity resonators E and S may be modified by closing together the cavity resonators along the diameters D by means of, for example, clamping collars J.
  • the length of the coupling line as also its electric con: stants can be easily varied in order to modify the phase of the oscillations of the inlet and :outlet cavity resonators.
  • the amount of the mutual inductions M1 and M2 can be regulated at will for example byrotating the coupling line about its symmetrical axis 523?.
  • a velocity modulation tube comprising an elongated cylindrical envelope having electrodes therein, a pair of cavity resonators concentrically surrounding said envelope, coupling means interconnecting said cavity resonators and concentrically surrounding said envelope, means adjusting the efiective length of said coupling and selecting the spatial relation of said cavity resonators, and means spaced from said elongated cylindrical envelope and disposed in substantially parallel relation thereto and interconnecting said cavity resonators.
  • a velocity modulation tube comprising an elongated cylindrical envelope having electrodes therein, a pair of cavity resonators concentrically surrounding said envelope, coupling means interconnecting sa'd cavity resonators and concentrically surrounding said envelope, means adjusting the effective length of said coupling and selecting the spatial relation of said cavity resonators, means spaced from said elongated cylindrical envelope and disposed in substantially parallel relation thereto and interconnecting said cavityresonature, and means carried by said resonators for establishing adjustable connection with certain of the electrodes in elongated cylindrical envelope.
  • a velocity modulation tube comprising in combination an elongated cylindrical envelope enclosing electrodes, a pairc-f substantially cylindrical members concentrically disposed about said envelope and establishing slidable electrical con nection with certain of the electrodes in said envelope, a cavity resonator connected with each of said cylindrical members and including a toroidal portion and a restricted radially disposed connecting portion, means adjustably interconnecting said cylindrical members, and means spaced from said cylindrical members and interconnecting the toroidal portions of said cavity resonators.
  • a velocity modulation tube comprising in combination an elongated cylindrical envelope enclosing electrodes, a pair of substantially cylindrical members concentrically disposed about said envelope and establishing slidable electrical connection with certain of the electrodes in said envelope, a cavity resonator connected with each of said cylindrical members and includin a toroidal portion and a restricted radially disposed connecting portion, means adjustably interconnecting said cylindrical members, means spaced from said cylindrical members and interconnecting the toroidal portions of said cavity resonators, and means encircling said cavity resonators for effecting deformation thereof for regulating the frequency of operation of said cavity resonators.

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US688153A 1940-12-18 1946-08-02 Velocity modulation electronic valve Expired - Lifetime US2532796A (en)

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FR972003T 1940-12-18

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CH (1) CH226105A (fr)
FR (1) FR972003A (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3011086A (en) * 1957-11-29 1961-11-28 Applied Radiation Corp Means for selecting electron beam energy

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2240183A (en) * 1937-07-14 1941-04-29 Gen Electric Electric discharge device
US2272165A (en) * 1938-03-01 1942-02-03 Univ Leland Stanford Junior High frequency electrical apparatus
US2304186A (en) * 1939-12-14 1942-12-08 Int Standard Electric Corp Velocity modulated tube
US2308523A (en) * 1940-02-17 1943-01-19 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electron discharge device
US2406370A (en) * 1938-07-08 1946-08-27 Univ Leland Stanford Junior Electronic oscillator-detector

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2240183A (en) * 1937-07-14 1941-04-29 Gen Electric Electric discharge device
US2272165A (en) * 1938-03-01 1942-02-03 Univ Leland Stanford Junior High frequency electrical apparatus
US2406370A (en) * 1938-07-08 1946-08-27 Univ Leland Stanford Junior Electronic oscillator-detector
US2304186A (en) * 1939-12-14 1942-12-08 Int Standard Electric Corp Velocity modulated tube
US2308523A (en) * 1940-02-17 1943-01-19 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electron discharge device

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3011086A (en) * 1957-11-29 1961-11-28 Applied Radiation Corp Means for selecting electron beam energy

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Publication number Publication date
CH226105A (fr) 1943-03-15
FR972003A (fr) 1951-01-24

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