US2546484A - Circuit for periodic introduction of electrons into an electron accelerator - Google Patents

Circuit for periodic introduction of electrons into an electron accelerator Download PDF

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Publication number
US2546484A
US2546484A US50868A US5086848A US2546484A US 2546484 A US2546484 A US 2546484A US 50868 A US50868 A US 50868A US 5086848 A US5086848 A US 5086848A US 2546484 A US2546484 A US 2546484A
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voltage
circuit
transformer
winding
electron
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US50868A
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English (en)
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Wideroe Rolf
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BBC Brown Boveri AG Germany
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Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H11/00—Magnetic induction accelerators, e.g. betatrons

Definitions

  • This invention relates to'devices for accelerating a stream of charged particles such as electrons and the like and more particularly to an improved circuit arrangement by which the electron stream is introduced into the device at the proper instant relative to the forces under which the stream is accelerated.
  • the circuit is especially suited to electron accelerators of the betatron type (these are also known as ray transformers) and will be described in its relation thereto.
  • betatron type of accelerator where electron acceleration takes place along a circular orbit in an evacuated toroidal tube under the combined action of inducing and guiding magnetic fields, satisfactory operation requires the electron stream to be introduced periodically into the tube from an electron injector or gun at or near the instant when the magnetic field starts to build up from its zero value. Also it is advantageous to place the cathode of the injector under voltage only for a very brief instant so that electron injection will be equally as brief.
  • the present invention also makes use of a peaking transformer type of control circuit for energizing the cathode of the electron injector and has for its primary object the provision of a novel arrangement by which the starting instant of the voltage applied to the cathode of the electron injector can be finely adjusted as may be required to obtain the desired exact coincidence between electron injection and the magnetic field of the accelerator which varies periodically between zero and maximum values.
  • the desired result is attained by means of an additional current passed through the peaking transformer, the added current being displaced about 90 in phase relative to the current which energizes the magnetic field producing winding of the accelerator, and the impedance of the circuit which carries the additional current being so great that the inphasecurrent fiowing in this parallel connected circuit has practically no adverse effect upon the voltage produced by the peaking current transformer.
  • Fig l a view in vertical central section through an induction type electron accelerator of conventional construction, shows one arrangement where the secondary of the peaking transformer is connected directly to the oathode element of the electron injector from which streams of electrons are introduced into the annular chamber to be accelerated;
  • Fig. 2 illustrates in a more schematic maner a modification of the Fig. 1 circuit in which the additional current applied to the peaking transformer is obtained from a voltage source displaced 90 in phase relative to the voltage which energizes the field winding of the accelerator rather than from the latter as is done in Fig. 1, and
  • Fig. 3 also a schematic view illustrates still another modified embodiment in which the voltage produced at the peaking transformer is used to trigger thyratron valves which in turn switch the cathode of the electron injector in and out relative to its energizing voltage.
  • numeral l designates the winding of the accelerator, for instance a betatron, which when energized produce the accelerating and guiding magnetic field components for the injected stream of electrons.
  • a typical betatron accelerator comprises a magnetic field structure made up from vertically disposed steel laminations of appropriate contour which includes a pair of cylindrical poles I a, lb separated by an air gap I0 and located concentrically along axis r-a:, and a pair of mutually confronting annular guide poles Id, le'separated by air gap If.
  • Yoke members lg complete the magnetic circuit for the time-varying magnetic flux set up in the annular and cylindrical poles, under the influence of which, an electron stream will be accelerated around and around the tube along orbit Ic.
  • Poles la, lb and Id, l e are surrounded by the annular winding l which is divided into upper and lower sections connected in series.
  • transformer 3- are grouped in series, and this.series group is connected in parallel with the winding 1.
  • a target anode l7 within the tube is struck by the electron stream emitted from cathode fi afte'r the: streamhasbeen fully; accelerated onits orbitals.
  • theaddi' tionalcurrent bywhich the-starting moment of their peaked voltage: wave produced by transformer 3 can be'nshiftedis' supplied by a transformer 9.
  • the primary 9a of this transformer isconnected'across the voltage line 11. and the voltageproducedby-the secondary 9b is connected through an adjustable resistance 8: across the transformer primary 4; Because of the fact that the fieldwinding: i possesses a'highly inductive characteristic, its energizing current and hence the main. current through primary-winding s will lag; almost 90 behind the applied voltage u.
  • windin I transformerSand condensers 2 are connected in the same mannera s in Fig. 1.
  • I for energizing Winding. I" and' producing the additional current to be applied to peaking transformer ii a three phase voltage supply. sourceisutilized- The separate phases are indicated by terminal vectors R,-- S and T andthese-arestar connected tea -common:- voltage point -O Winding i is connected acrossterminalsR and- S,-and-- transformer I8 whichis-toxsupplythe additional current for peaking transformer 3 has its primary lilaconnected across: terminals O-T, the voltage across the latter being of course displaced in phase relativeto that across terminals RS.
  • the choke coil l2. must therefore be provided with a low-capacity type of winding of not ⁇ too greata-numberofturns.
  • the Fig; 2- circuit is preferable to' the Fig. i-arrangement in that the wattage losses for the additional current are less forcoil l2-than for resistances.
  • the'wattless power in the choke will be small and can therefore be disregarded.
  • a condensercould be used and thus establish a 90 leading current but if this bedone, the Capaoity of the condenser must be small -in-relation to the transformer capacity C to prevent a decreasing effect on the peakvoltage, and for this-reason, therequired-voltage across. the condenser would .have. to beinconveniently high in orderto produce the additional current required in thetransformer primary i.
  • Fig. 3 illustrates arr-embodiment of the invention wherein the voltage produced in the secondary winding of the peaking transformers also be takenused' indirectly to effect brief ''nergization of the cathode of the electron injector.
  • the betatron (as described in more detail in my aforesaid application), is adapted to accelerate separate electron streams on both positiveand negativehalves of the alterhating voltage wave u, the electron streams being injected into'the tube alternately and in opposite directions at the beginning of each positive and negative energization of the field winding I.
  • two electron injectors operating 180 apart in phase are provided and each has its own peaking transformer type of control.
  • the secondary of the peaking transformer is connected directly to the cathode of the electron injector.
  • a modified arrangement is utilized, in which a thyratron type of tube connected in the circuit between the cathode of the electron injector and a source of voltage is triggered at the proper instant by the peaked voltage produced in the secondary of the peaking transformer.
  • the energizing circuit for the cathode 6 of the electron ejector producing electron stream 20 includes a diode rectifier I8 connected across condenser 2 through resistor I9, a thyratron tube I4, inductance I! and condenser I6.
  • the energizing circuit for cathode 6' of the electron injector producing electron stream 20' includes diode rectifier I8 connected across condenser 2 through resistor I9, thyratron tube I4, inductance I1 and condenser IS.
  • the grid circuit of thyratron I4 includes a fixed biasing voltage represented by battery l3 and the secondary 5 of peaking transformer 3; similarly the grid circuit of thyratron I 4' includes battery l3 and the secondary 5 of peaking transformer 3'.
  • thyratron I 4 When the voltage peak occurs in transformer secondary 5, thyratron I 4 is triggered to a conductive condition thus connecting the voltage on condensers 2 and 2' through thyratron I4 and rectifier I8 to an oscillatory circuit comprised of condenser I6 and inductance IT.
  • Such voltage is of course likewise applied to cathode 6 and produces the electron stream 20.
  • thyratron tube I4 is triggered thus connecting the voltage on condensers 2 and 2' through thyratron I4 and rectifier I8 to an oscillatory circuit composed of condenser I6 and inductance I1; and the peaked voltage produced across condenser l 6' is similarly impressed upon cathode 6' to produce the other and oppositely directed electron stream
  • the resistors 8 or 8 the voltage peaks produced by transformers 3 or 3' and hence the triggering instants of thyratrons I4, I4 can be advanced or retarded as may be desired to thereby adjust the instant of electron injection relative to the varying magnetic field produced by the winding I.
  • an electron injector including an electron emissive cathode, means including a main winding for cyclically producing a time-varying magnetic field of such space distribution as to confine the electrons emitted from said injector to a desired orbit while continuously accelerating them along such orbit, a peaking transformer for periodically producing in its secondary a peaked voltage effective to briefly energize said cathode to thereby produce electron streams periodically, said transformer being provided with a primary winding which is magnetized by the current flowing through said main winding and means providing said transformer with an additional magnetizing current phase-displaced relative to said first magnetizing current and impedance means in the circuit of said additional current of such a value that the peak voltage in the secondary of said transformer is not appreciably reduced by said additional current circuit.
  • a device for accelerating charged particles as defined in claim 1 wherein said transformer has but one primary winding and both of said magnetizing currents are applied to such wind- 3.
  • a device for accelerating charged particles as defined in claim 1 wherein said additional current is produced by a voltage in phase with the voltage applied to said magnetizing winding of the accelerator and the additional current circuit includes an adjustable resistance.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Particle Accelerators (AREA)
US50868A 1947-09-23 1948-09-23 Circuit for periodic introduction of electrons into an electron accelerator Expired - Lifetime US2546484A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH671335X 1947-09-23

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US2546484A true US2546484A (en) 1951-03-27

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US (1) US2546484A (de)
CH (1) CH265655A (de)
DE (1) DE838934C (de)
FR (1) FR972159A (de)
GB (1) GB671335A (de)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3614638A (en) * 1969-05-07 1971-10-19 Lev Martemianovich Ananiev Betatron
US20090267542A1 (en) * 2006-10-28 2009-10-29 Bermuth Joerg Betatron with a variable orbit radius
US20090267543A1 (en) * 2006-10-28 2009-10-29 Bermuth Joerg Betatron with a removable accelerator block
CN104251948A (zh) * 2014-10-22 2014-12-31 华自科技股份有限公司 一种适用于差动保护检测ct饱和的测试装置及测试方法
DE102007045495B4 (de) * 2006-09-26 2019-06-19 Mitsubishi Electric Corp. Kreisbeschleunigungsvorrichtung, Generator für elektromagnetische Wellen und elektromagnetische Wellen verwendendes Abbildungssystem
CN111537779A (zh) * 2020-04-29 2020-08-14 中国原子能科学研究院 用于回旋加速器偏转引出的暗电流监测装置与方法

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2059863A (en) * 1933-04-22 1936-11-03 Rca Corp High frequency oscillator and modulation circuit
US2297305A (en) * 1940-11-13 1942-09-29 Gen Electric Magnetic induction accelerator
US2394070A (en) * 1942-06-02 1946-02-05 Gen Electric Magnetic induction accelerator
US2394071A (en) * 1942-06-17 1946-02-05 Gen Electric Magnetic induction accelerator

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2059863A (en) * 1933-04-22 1936-11-03 Rca Corp High frequency oscillator and modulation circuit
US2297305A (en) * 1940-11-13 1942-09-29 Gen Electric Magnetic induction accelerator
US2394070A (en) * 1942-06-02 1946-02-05 Gen Electric Magnetic induction accelerator
US2394071A (en) * 1942-06-17 1946-02-05 Gen Electric Magnetic induction accelerator

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3614638A (en) * 1969-05-07 1971-10-19 Lev Martemianovich Ananiev Betatron
DE102007045495B4 (de) * 2006-09-26 2019-06-19 Mitsubishi Electric Corp. Kreisbeschleunigungsvorrichtung, Generator für elektromagnetische Wellen und elektromagnetische Wellen verwendendes Abbildungssystem
US20090267542A1 (en) * 2006-10-28 2009-10-29 Bermuth Joerg Betatron with a variable orbit radius
US20090267543A1 (en) * 2006-10-28 2009-10-29 Bermuth Joerg Betatron with a removable accelerator block
US7994740B2 (en) * 2006-10-28 2011-08-09 Smiths Heimann Gmbh Betatron with a removable accelerator block
US8013546B2 (en) * 2006-10-28 2011-09-06 Smiths Heimann Gmbh Betatron with a variable orbit radius
CN104251948A (zh) * 2014-10-22 2014-12-31 华自科技股份有限公司 一种适用于差动保护检测ct饱和的测试装置及测试方法
CN104251948B (zh) * 2014-10-22 2016-09-07 华自科技股份有限公司 一种适用于差动保护检测ct饱和的测试装置及测试方法
CN111537779A (zh) * 2020-04-29 2020-08-14 中国原子能科学研究院 用于回旋加速器偏转引出的暗电流监测装置与方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CH265655A (de) 1949-12-15
FR972159A (fr) 1951-01-26
GB671335A (en) 1952-04-30
DE838934C (de) 1952-05-15

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