US2604596A - Bombardment induced conductivity in solid insulators - Google Patents

Bombardment induced conductivity in solid insulators Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US2604596A
US2604596A US44377A US4437748A US2604596A US 2604596 A US2604596 A US 2604596A US 44377 A US44377 A US 44377A US 4437748 A US4437748 A US 4437748A US 2604596 A US2604596 A US 2604596A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
diamond
insulator
bombardment
light
conductivity
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US44377A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Arthur J Ahearn
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
AT&T Corp
Original Assignee
Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US747888A external-priority patent/US2537388A/en
Priority claimed from US789667A external-priority patent/US2543039A/en
Priority to US44377A priority Critical patent/US2604596A/en
Application filed by Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc filed Critical Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc
Priority to FR59056D priority patent/FR59056E/fr
Priority to NL143006A priority patent/NL72953C/xx
Priority to BE485820A priority patent/BE485820A/fr
Priority to GB29781/48A priority patent/GB676424A/en
Priority to CH289903D priority patent/CH289903A/fr
Publication of US2604596A publication Critical patent/US2604596A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/58—Cooling; Heating; Diminishing heat transfer
    • F04D29/586—Cooling; Heating; Diminishing heat transfer specially adapted for liquid pumps
    • F04D29/5893—Cooling; Heating; Diminishing heat transfer specially adapted for liquid pumps heat insulation or conduction
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
    • G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
    • G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
    • G01T1/26—Measuring radiation intensity with resistance detectors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/04—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of carbon-silicon compounds, carbon or silicon
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S313/00—Electric lamp and discharge devices
    • Y10S313/07—Bombardment induced conductivity

Definitions

  • This invention relates to bombardment induced conductivity in solid insulators and to applications thereof in the electrical arts, and is an improvement over the invention of D. E. Wooldridge, Serial No. 747,888, filed May 14, 1947, now Patent 2,537,388 issued January 9,1951.
  • the improvement consists in the irradiation by light of the'solid insulator in question while the insulator is being bombarded inaccordance with the Wooldridge principle; and results in increased current and the reduction of polarization effects.
  • the invention aims at substantially the same result as by the use of a certain McKay improvement of the Wooldridge invention, itmay be thoughtof as an-alternative or additive to that invention as; disclosed in K. G. McKay, Serial No.
  • the McKay invention provides a procedure whereby the direction of flow of current is reversed so often that strong polarization can not build up while in applicants invention polarizationtends' to be destroyed-as rapidly as it is built up. While applicant has achieved success with his method by using alpha particle bombardment ofdiamond, he has every reason to think that like efiectswouldattend bombardment by other types of charged particles; such protons, electrons and beta particles. In fact, in this, as in other respects, the invention is 'quite comparable to the above Wooldridge-McKay alternatives so that the choice of incident radiation or bombardment may range as widely as to include X-rays, gamma rays, and other short-wave electromagnetic radiations.
  • the phenomenon of bombardment induced conductivity in solid insulators is an instance of valve action.
  • the vacuum tube is made conducting under the influence of electrical means (control grid potential) independently “of "the voltage; applied between the other instances of the flow of electricity in conducting media.
  • electrical means control grid potential
  • Each unit of this radiation (note that in the usual practical case it would be a bombardment of charged particles), depending on its energy, can remove a number of valence electrons from their bonds in the material of said solid insulator in such a way that, as multipled by the number of units of radiation, and by the chain reaction consequent on'th'e initial action, render the solid insulator temporarily conducting.
  • the bombarding particles penetrate the insulator, causing a disruptive separation of the positive and negative charges specific to the atoms which are affected thereby. These charges are drawn towards the electrodes which induce the field in which the insulator is contained, by the potential therebetween. This motion of charges constitutes a conduction current, which may be suitable amplified and measured by conventional apparatus.
  • a charged particle bombardment removes a valence electron from its bonds in an insulating target, producing a deficiency of one electron in the atomic structure imme diately affected, this localized electron deficiency is. called; a hole.. field the arrangement of electrons is. changed, and the location f any given hole is similarly changed.
  • the hole may be conveniently regarded as a positive particle which is free to move under the influence of the field; similarly the electron freed from the bond in question constitutes a negative particle likewise free to move under the influence of the field.
  • any free electron or a positive hole moves in virtue of thermal agitation and consequently has a completely random motion. Under an applied electric field, there is a'directional motion superposed upon the random one.
  • the order of mobility of the 'electrons in diamond is about 150 centimeters per second for a field of one volt per centimeter. (F. Seitz, Physical Review 73, 549, 1948.)
  • the mobility of the electrons is affected by the number of traps, that is, by the presence of foreign atoms or imperfections in the crystal. If an electron gets into a trap, it takes a greater or less amount of time to get out, depending upon the thermal energy required. If the time which a free electron spends moving in.
  • the crystal before being trapped is, on the average, less than the transit time, many of the electrons freed by the bombarding particle will effectively move only part of the distance through the crystaland thus will not actually be collected on the electrode. Although this movement of charge through part of thejcrystal will contribute to the total observable conduction current, the contribution will'be less than if the electron had been collected on an electrode. Similar considerations concerning mobility and trapping also apply to conduction by positive holes. In order to minimize the number of effective traps in a given target, so as to realize a substantial conductive current, the length of path in the target, between the electrodes, should be made as small as possible. Also, because of the effect of the fields of the trapped charges in the target, on the corresponding free electrons. which tends to counter balance the pull of the superposed field from the electrodes, said field should exceed a threshold value de- Under an applied electric pendent on the precise conditions; that is, the potentials between said electrodes should exceed a certain threshold value.
  • the primary object of this invention is to increase the bombardment induced conductivity response in solid insulators over that obtained by the prototype Wooldridge invention.
  • a subsidiary object of the invention is to eliminate or avoid the phenomenon of polarization or the like in bombardment induced conductivity applications.
  • the polarization isv eliminated or avoided by irradiation of the solid insulator in question while subjected to the radiation or bombardment Whichtends to induce electric conductivity therein in the presence of an electric field.
  • Applicant has bombardedv diamond crystals with alpha. particles emanating from polonium which is also called radium F, with eminently satisfactory results. Although a considerable degreev of selection was necessary the test results were completely stable, repeatable and unambiguous.
  • the bombardment induced conductivity principle which has so constituted, and particularly as suggested in theabove Wooldridge and McKay specifications. Thefollowing is adduced not only to indicate applicant's reasons for relating his results'to the phenomenon of polarization but to teach the public how to operate hisinvention by a resum V of his own essential procedure.
  • the pulse rate in general, in the absence of light, with a given rate of bombardment by radiation of a given quality (e. g. alpha particles from polonium) the pulse rate at first rises rapidly with increasing applied voltage and then approaches a limiting valueiue. the pulse rate r approaches voltage saturation.
  • voltage saturation is obviously aha-- logous to the term as used in electronics to describe the situation Where there is more than enough voltage to attract to the anode all of the electrons available at the surface of" the cathode.
  • the build up of a given amount of polarization at voltages well below the voltage saturation region should decrease the pulse rate by an amount governed by the decrease in the resultant electric field in the diamond.
  • the same amount of polarization decreases the pulse rate in the neighborhood of voltage saturation by a relatively smaller amount.
  • the effect of the light in increasing the pulse rate is greater at low voltages than is the case at voltages which approach saturation. 1
  • a diamond for example was mounted in an evacuated bell jar with a potential of about 200 volts applied between very thin electrodes on opposite major faces and one entire face was subjected to intense alpha particle bombardment from polonium. It is known that this bombardment could be incident on one of the electrode faces, or any other face of the diamond, and not necessarily in such a way that the motion of the incident radiation is in the direction of the voltage field. Under these conditions the alpha bombardment induced conductivity response (the number of pulses and the height of the pulses) decreased markedly in the course of a minute or so from the initial value, when the voltage was first applied. The test was repeated while the diamond was illuminated with light from an ordinary tungsten lamp.
  • the response was markedly greater than for the previous test after the onset of polarization.
  • the high response persisted as long as the diamond was illuminated but dropped back to the low value determined by polarization in the course of several seconds after the light was turned off.
  • the response was comparable with that initially observed when the volttage was applied, without the illumination, at which time polarization had not had time to become effective, this indicating that the resultof the illumination was an effective antipolarization means, although of course there might be other phenomena coexistent with this.
  • the alpha .(for example) bombardment induced conductivity response decays with'time because the polarization which is built up by the trapped charges (electrons or positive holes) reduces the applied field.
  • the illumination increases the response during the period that would otherwise be characterized bydecay by eliminating or diminishing this polarization.
  • an electrical insulator like diamond can become conducting, a s in bombardment induced conductivity, only when electrons are given at least enough energy to jump across a region of forbidden energy valuesin the energy spectrum. According to the literature, this forbidden region in diamond is about seven electron volts wide.
  • the alpha particle and electron bombardment induced conductivity experiments, including those employing illumination and alternating potentials across the electrode are consistent with this theory because they indicate that the electrons in these conductivity pulses have received ten or more electron volts of energy.
  • the theory v predicts allowed energy levels in this normally forbidden region. These levels constitute electron traps. When electrons in conductivity pulses fall into these traps, they set up a space charge, that is, the diamond or the like becomes polarized. Depending on the nature and degree of the crystal imperfection, these electron traps may be shallow or relatively deep. That is, the electron trap energy levels may be just below the top of the forbidden energy region or they may be relatively far below the top.
  • Figs. 1 and 2 illustrate'two preferred methods of applying the necessary electric fields to the surfaces or parts of surfaces of the insulators in question, with relation to the incidence of the bombarding particles or radiation, while also being irradiated with light, Fig. 1 also showing diagrammatically a somewhat elaborated form of lighting system that has been used in practice, and Fig. 2 showing what might be the same lighting system in an even more diagrammatic form;
  • V Fig. 3 illustrates a system of the invention for indicating the presence of conductivity in an insulator which is affectedby the bombardment of charged particles while, as per the invention, irradiated by light;
  • Fig. 4 illustrates a system similar to that of Fig. 3 for indicating the presence of bombardment induced conductivity in an insulator, here specifically an apparatus for actually counting the incident charged particles, not restricted to a particular type of source of bombarding particles;
  • Fig. 5 illustrates the application of the bombardment induced conductivity principle of the invention to a complete amplifier organization.
  • a charged particle of a conventional type as alhpagbet'a or electron particles, of sufficient energy canremovea valenceelectron from'itsb'onds' as taught herein and in the-McKay and Wooldri'dge patents, so also units- (photons) of electromagnetic radiation, as in X-rays and gamma rays (that is, generally electromagnetic radiation ex-- elusive ofI-l'ertzian; infra-red, visible or ultra-'- violet light, all ofwhich are l'ow'energy electromagnetic waves may possess'suiilci'ent energyto' cause the" removal of valence-electrons from their bonds in-such a way'that thesolid' insulator'is rendered temporarily conducting.
  • Alpha and beta particles usually; and a's'contemplated by the present disclosure, emanate from radio'- active material.
  • certainfigures of' the drawings are so differentiated in order to'indicate such choice of means in theinterest of special considerations. As has already been; intimated, thereis likewise a wide choice of" solidi insulator; as taught 'in the prototype" specification; although applicants work has largelyconcerned diamond;
  • the solid insulator material may bechosen onthe following basis: Itishould have a high insulating characteristidsoi as tobe mostl amenable; without-ambiguity; to. the conditions The: word; diamond imposedby the type of phenomena being treated. To this end, 'and'forotherreasons as well' which are not fullyknownat thistime; the-insulator should have preferably not only good insulating qualities but also should be preferably of'a-single crystal type-wi-th a-high degree of 'chemical purity and'freedomfrom-inelastic strain or'other crystal defects.
  • two conducting metal film electrodes I and 2 are mounted on one surface of insulator 3'.
  • the gap 4 separating the electrodes is relatively small and various widths from .001 to .008 inch have been successfully used'in bombardment induced con-- ductivitytests.
  • These electrodes may be preparedbydividingthe diamond surface roughly in half-'bystretching a wire of appropriate diameter across-and in close contact with the surface and'then-evaporating a conducting metal layer, in vacuum, onto said surface.
  • This layer can be made so thin as to be semitransparent, provided that its electricalresi'stance is so low as notto affect its electrical performance unfavorably.
  • the shadow cast b'ythe wire provides a gap when the wireis'removedl This'gap would'have constant width and represented a uniformly high resistance thereacross'at' any point.
  • Thecharged'particles' (of course comprehending radiation generally as pointed out in the statement'ofinvention) are assumed to conform to a ray'or beamindicated generally'by reference numberiwhich-beamis incident on the diamond surface. of course the beam'tendsto be most effectivewhere itis'incident on thediamond surface atthe'gap'but; depending on the type of charged particles;.theele'ctrodes would no'tnecessarily impose a: substantial barrier however, the electrode systemof Fig; 1 requires that the bombarding'particles strike the gap or very closely adjacent thereto. Laternumbered figures will show,. more specifically and in detail, organizations including the elements which are here showntoia. large extent diagrammatically. The angle ofiincidencehas notbeen observed to be critical.
  • chromatic light the condensing lens I! which is used to parallelize the beam for passage through the prism 20, which may be rotatable as shown so as to play the resultant beam over the aperture plate 2
  • the eventual beam 22 emerging from the aperture is incident on the diamond.
  • the exposure should include that portion of the diamond through which the conduction pulses pass. In Fig.1 strictly as shown this would assume that some of the light penetrates the diamond to the vicinity of the slot 4. Should it be desired to increase the incidence of the light on that portion it would be a simple matter to angle the diamond so as to provide direct exposure of the electrode surface to the light.
  • Fig. 2 to be described were elements [9, 20, and 2
  • the source I8 is described, and diagrammatically shown, as a polychromatic source only because of the related showing of lens, prism, and aperture plates, the whole suggesting a means for choosing light of a given wavelength by this combination of means, since the aperture will pass only a selected portion of the incident beam,selected according to a desired portion of the frequency spectrum of the light beam, as determined by the angular position of the prism 20. It should be understood, that although there may be a differentiation as to the depth of the traps afiectedby the light and depending onthe particularfrequency of the light waves involved, the use of light generally without discrimination'as to frequency would, in
  • Fig. 2 presents the second type ofelectrode
  • the electrodes I and 2 are placed on opposite sides of the diamond 3.
  • a typical diamond specimen for this purpose might be about one-quarter inchin either principal dimension and-about .020 inch thick-.-
  • a potential difference of --1 00 volts fromdirect voltage source 6, across these electrodes will produce a uniform electric fieldof about 2000 volts per centimeter throughout the body of the diamond.
  • some of the induced conductivity pulses observed in the meter or other indicating device shown, pass completely through the body of the diamond as distinguished from the Fig. l-placement in which the pulses pass only in the region of the front surface.
  • the polarization within the diamond which, as explained in the statement of 'invention,,tends to accompany the achievement of bombardment induced conductivity where a ,directvoltage field is used,
  • Fig. 3 illustratingfa practical embodiment of a system operating according to the principles enunciated with respect to Figs. 1 and 2, like elements are again designated by like reference numerals.
  • the diamond 3 is coated with metallic electrodes l and 2 as in Fig. 2.
  • the whole is mounted in an evacuated receptacle 1.
  • the charged particle source 8 first assumed as the source of alpha particles, may consist of a silver sheet 9 on which is deposited a layer of radium sulphate having a given density of radium atoms (in a typical instance, 12 micrograms of radium per square inch).
  • radium sulphate having a given density of radium atoms (in a typical instance, 12 micrograms of radium per square inch).
  • Other sources of alpha particle emanation are well known in the art and may impartially be used in the Fig. 3 organization.
  • the reference numeral l0 indicates diagrammatically a support for the silver sheet.
  • FIG. 2' The reference numeral l0 indicates diagrammatically a support for the silver sheet.
  • the same illustration is applicableto the use of a beta particle source and in'this instance the element 9 could have the form of a piece of glass on which a minute quantity of artificially radioactive strontium had been deposited.
  • the same teaching extends, of course, to other sources of charged particles or electromagnetic radiation
  • the potentiometer l3 may be used as shown to determine a desired fractional part of the Voltage of the primary source 6, the voltage impressed therefrom being indicated by the voltmeter V.
  • the detecting circuit may comprise amplifier M and cathode-ray oscilloscope or the like I 5, both showing diagrammatically, to suggest the comparatively impartial choice of specific means to achieve these functions;
  • Fig. 4 emphasizes the embodiment of the invention as a counter, alternatively, for example, to the well-known Geiger counter. Similar elements are similarly designated as in Fig. 3, the essential difference being the using of the counting device [6 in place of the oscilloscope l5 of Fig. 3, it being recognized that the prior art provides impulse .(pulse) counters of a large variety and scope and'having a greater facility for count.- ing purposes than the oscilloscope of Fig. 3, although, as has been explained, it may be used quantitatively both to measure the intensity of any given pulse and the number of such pulses. A potential of the order of 200 or 300 volts may be applied across the diamond crystal.
  • a solid insulator other than a diamond crystal within the spirit of the invention, may be used.
  • the diamond crystal and electrode structure may be made to occupy a space each of whose dimensions is less than onevquarter of an inch.
  • Fig. 5 illustrates an amplifier organization of the invention, therefore employing irradiation by light of the solid insulator, which here is a diamond with an evaporated gold electrode on either face as the diamond is presented to the bombarding electrons.
  • This suborganization comprising the diamond and its immediately associated circuits and structures is a part of an organization altogether constituting an amplifier which may be considered as applicants version of the prototype amplifier disclosed in Figs. 6 and 7 of the above Wooldridge patent.
  • This figure also, is the same as Fig. 6 of the above McKay patent except for the use of the antipolarization means of the invention as compared with McKays alternative means.
  • the signal wave that is the wave to be amplified, and which "is identified by reference number and the legend Mod., may besinusoidal, a square wave, or a wave of any other conformity. More particularly, having in mind apractical expedient, the organization may be an amplifier of pulse waves.
  • the vacuum tube closure member 32 is comparable with the closure member of a conventional vacuum tube.
  • a vacuum tube is here necessary, as it was not in the earlier numbered figures which illustrates apparatus utilizing alpha and beta particles, because here the charged particles are electrons emanating from the usual cathode source as in conventional vacuum tubes.
  • together indicate an electron gun of a type which is customary in vacuum tubes which generate and utilize ;a conformed cathode .ray or beam. The gun conforms and directs the beam emanating from cathode .24 onto the solid insulator -25, An .aperturerplate might .well be used to further delimit the beam, .as in the earlier numbered figures.
  • the particular .electron gun in question conforms to conventional practice for vsuch'electron guns as used for a variety of purposes.
  • the cathode 24 may be indirectly heated, as disclosed, or be of a. filamentary type.
  • the electron emanations are urged outwardly and concentrated by anode 3!, beyond which the beam passes to the solid in.- sulator, here-again assumed tobe a diamond crystal as disclosed.
  • Electrode 23, which other"- wise constitutes a conventional element of an eleetron gun is also the grid control element on which the signal waves to be amplified are impressed frommodulator 26.
  • the amplifying action here concerned has no relationship to the amplifying action inherent in the conventional vacuum tube which the organization would somewhat resernble without the diamond orystal solid insulator. jQn the contrary, the amplifying ac tion results irom the inherent ability of the solid dielectric (diamond e-rystal) under the conditions imposed to become conductive "when bombarded by the electrons.
  • the method applicable to a solid insulator which comprises, establishing an electrical field in the region of said insulator, impressing radiation exclusive of low energy electromagnetic waves on said insulator while affected. by said field, while at the same time continuously irradiating said insulator with light, and utilizing the resultant induced electrical conductivity current which, at least in part, flows in said insulator.
  • the method applicable to a solid insulator which comprises, applying an electric field in the region of said insulator, bombarding said insulator with electrically charged particles while afiected by said field, while at the same time continuously irradiating said insulator with light, and utilizing the resultant induced electrical conductivity current which, at least in part, flows in said insulator.
  • the method applicable to a diamond which comprises, impressing an electric field on said diamond from a Voltage source connected to conducting electrodes or coatings on boundary surfaces of said diamond, impressing radiation exclusive of low energy electromagnetic waves on said diamond, irrespective of direction, while irradiating said diamond with light, also irrespective of direction, and utilizing the'resultant induced conductivity current which traverses at least a portion of said diamond, in the circuit including said source.
  • an electrical insulator means for applying an electric field across at least a portion of said insulator, means for impressing radiation exclusive of low energy electromagnetic waves on said insulator, means for irradiating with light at least a portion of said insulator affected by said field, and a current responsive means in circuit with said field impressing means for indicating the resultant bombardment induced current in said insulator.
  • an electrical insulator conductive coatings on relative opposed surfaces thereof, means for impressing an electric field across at least a portion of said insulator, using said coatings, means for bombarding said insulator with electrically charged particles, and a current responsive means in circuit with said field impressing means for indicating the resultant bombardment induced current in said insulator.
  • an electrically insulating crystal two conducting electrodes applied to separated portions of the surface of said crystal, a circuit connecting said electrodes and including a source of voltage for impressing an electric field across the crystal and including a current responsive means, means for bombarding said crystal with electrically charged particles, and
  • said current responsive means being adapted to respond to current impulses corresponding individually to the incident corresponding charged particles.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
  • Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
  • Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
US44377A 1947-05-14 1948-08-14 Bombardment induced conductivity in solid insulators Expired - Lifetime US2604596A (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US44377A US2604596A (en) 1947-05-14 1948-08-14 Bombardment induced conductivity in solid insulators
FR59056D FR59056E (fr) 1947-05-14 1948-10-07 Procédé et appareils pour induire une conductibilité électrique dans les isolants
NL143006A NL72953C (nl) 1947-05-14 1948-10-27 Werkwijze voor het bepalen van de intensiteit van een stroom electrisch geladen deeltjes.
BE485820A BE485820A (fr) 1947-05-14 1948-11-16 Perfectionnements aux procédés et appareils pour induire une conductibilité électrique dans des isolants.
GB29781/48A GB676424A (en) 1947-05-14 1948-11-16 Improvements in bombardment induced conductivity devices
CH289903D CH289903A (fr) 1947-05-14 1948-12-04 Procédé pour créer un courant électrique dans un isolant solide.

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US747888A US2537388A (en) 1947-05-14 1947-05-14 Beam amplifier
US789667A US2543039A (en) 1947-05-14 1947-12-04 Bombardment induced conductivity in solid insulators
US44377A US2604596A (en) 1947-05-14 1948-08-14 Bombardment induced conductivity in solid insulators

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US2604596A true US2604596A (en) 1952-07-22

Family

ID=21932054

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US44377A Expired - Lifetime US2604596A (en) 1947-05-14 1948-08-14 Bombardment induced conductivity in solid insulators

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US2604596A (fr)
BE (1) BE485820A (fr)
CH (1) CH289903A (fr)
FR (1) FR59056E (fr)
GB (1) GB676424A (fr)
NL (1) NL72953C (fr)

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2663802A (en) * 1951-12-11 1953-12-22 Philip E Ohmart Neutron detector
US2706790A (en) * 1950-10-18 1955-04-19 Gen Electric X-ray detection
US2706791A (en) * 1951-06-18 1955-04-19 Gen Electric Semi-conductor
US2706792A (en) * 1951-05-25 1955-04-19 Gen Electric X-ray detection
US2732503A (en) * 1956-01-24 jacobs
US2760078A (en) * 1952-05-27 1956-08-21 Well Surveys Inc Conduction counter for radioactivity well logging
US2786145A (en) * 1952-10-10 1957-03-19 Vitro Corp Compound detector
US2803779A (en) * 1950-04-20 1957-08-20 Philips Corp Electron switching device
US2806989A (en) * 1953-08-31 1957-09-17 Rca Corp Electronic synchronous converters
US2809306A (en) * 1951-08-15 1957-10-08 Radiation Res Corp Nuclear current converter
US2876368A (en) * 1953-04-06 1959-03-03 Tracerlab Inc Nuclear electret battery
US2909662A (en) * 1955-07-18 1959-10-20 Research Corp Dielectric field emission methods and apparatus
US2936373A (en) * 1953-10-20 1960-05-10 Siemens Ag Controllable semiconductor devices
US2975286A (en) * 1957-12-26 1961-03-14 Rca Corp Radiation detection
US2998365A (en) * 1954-04-19 1961-08-29 Ind Distributors 1946 Ltd Treatment of diamonds
US3123511A (en) * 1964-03-03 Radioactive treatment of insulating materials
US6753469B1 (en) * 2002-08-05 2004-06-22 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Very high efficiency, miniaturized, long-lived alpha particle power source using diamond devices for extreme space environments

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2508098A (en) * 1945-06-15 1950-05-16 Chilowsky Constantin Method and apparatus for improving the response of radio-sensitive salts
US2537388A (en) * 1947-05-14 1951-01-09 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Beam amplifier
US2543039A (en) * 1947-05-14 1951-02-27 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Bombardment induced conductivity in solid insulators

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2508098A (en) * 1945-06-15 1950-05-16 Chilowsky Constantin Method and apparatus for improving the response of radio-sensitive salts
US2537388A (en) * 1947-05-14 1951-01-09 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Beam amplifier
US2543039A (en) * 1947-05-14 1951-02-27 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Bombardment induced conductivity in solid insulators

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3123511A (en) * 1964-03-03 Radioactive treatment of insulating materials
US2732503A (en) * 1956-01-24 jacobs
US2803779A (en) * 1950-04-20 1957-08-20 Philips Corp Electron switching device
US2706790A (en) * 1950-10-18 1955-04-19 Gen Electric X-ray detection
US2706792A (en) * 1951-05-25 1955-04-19 Gen Electric X-ray detection
US2706791A (en) * 1951-06-18 1955-04-19 Gen Electric Semi-conductor
US2809306A (en) * 1951-08-15 1957-10-08 Radiation Res Corp Nuclear current converter
US2663802A (en) * 1951-12-11 1953-12-22 Philip E Ohmart Neutron detector
US2760078A (en) * 1952-05-27 1956-08-21 Well Surveys Inc Conduction counter for radioactivity well logging
US2786145A (en) * 1952-10-10 1957-03-19 Vitro Corp Compound detector
US2876368A (en) * 1953-04-06 1959-03-03 Tracerlab Inc Nuclear electret battery
US2806989A (en) * 1953-08-31 1957-09-17 Rca Corp Electronic synchronous converters
US2936373A (en) * 1953-10-20 1960-05-10 Siemens Ag Controllable semiconductor devices
US2998365A (en) * 1954-04-19 1961-08-29 Ind Distributors 1946 Ltd Treatment of diamonds
US2909662A (en) * 1955-07-18 1959-10-20 Research Corp Dielectric field emission methods and apparatus
US2975286A (en) * 1957-12-26 1961-03-14 Rca Corp Radiation detection
US6753469B1 (en) * 2002-08-05 2004-06-22 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Very high efficiency, miniaturized, long-lived alpha particle power source using diamond devices for extreme space environments

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL72953C (nl) 1953-08-15
GB676424A (en) 1952-07-30
FR59056E (fr) 1954-04-22
CH289903A (fr) 1953-03-31
BE485820A (fr) 1948-12-15

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US2604596A (en) Bombardment induced conductivity in solid insulators
US2543039A (en) Bombardment induced conductivity in solid insulators
US2537388A (en) Beam amplifier
Mckay Electron bombardment conductivity in diamond
US2692948A (en) Radiation responsive circuits
US2678400A (en) Photomultiplier utilizing bombardment induced conductivity
US2706792A (en) X-ray detection
Henderson Changes in the charge of an α-particle passing through matter
US2967934A (en) Apparatus for measuring the thickness of a deposit
Frerichs The Cadmium Sulfide X‐Ray Detector
Backus The Beta-Ray Spectra of Cu 64 at Low Energies
Crane et al. Radioactivity from carbon and boron oxide bombarded with deutons and the conversion of positrons into radiation
US2617955A (en) Apparatus for detecting atomic and nuclear radiations
Gross Compton Dosimeter for Measurement of Penetrating X-Rays and Gamma Rays
US2706790A (en) X-ray detection
US2694112A (en) Amplifier utilizing bombardment induced conductivity
US2724771A (en) Pulse generator utilizing bombardment induced conductivity
US2998524A (en) Monochromatic X-ray source
Kennedy Ionization effects produced in diamonds subjected to mono-energetic β-ray bombardment
Evans Fundamentals of radioactivity and its instrumentation
US3375372A (en) Photo-stimulated radiation dosimetry
US2989662A (en) Radiographic device
Carr A New Method for Recording Electrons
US2512247A (en) Antimagnetically shielded photocell
Benny et al. Neutron bombardment of counting diamonds