US2654594A - Operation of vertical shaft furnaces - Google Patents

Operation of vertical shaft furnaces Download PDF

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US2654594A
US2654594A US127753A US12775349A US2654594A US 2654594 A US2654594 A US 2654594A US 127753 A US127753 A US 127753A US 12775349 A US12775349 A US 12775349A US 2654594 A US2654594 A US 2654594A
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shaft
centre
nodules
cement
briquettes
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Somogyi Francis Paul
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B1/00—Shaft or like vertical or substantially vertical furnaces
    • F27B1/10—Details, accessories or equipment specially adapted for furnaces of these types
    • F27B1/20—Arrangements of devices for charging

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  • This invention relates to improvements in or relating to the construction and operation of vertical shaft furnaces of the kind in which discrete material comprising raw material mixed with solid fuel is charged from the top and passes down in countercurrent to an ascending air-blast through a reaction zone and is finally removed from the bottom of the shaft in a solid condition.
  • An example of a vertical shaft furnace of the kind specified is furnished by a vertical cement kiln, in which a charge of nodules or briquettes comprising a mixture of coke or anthracite with lime and marle or clay passes downwards through the shaft, is burnt by the ascending air blast and near the middle of the shaft reaches a telnperature high enough to sinter the charge to form cement.
  • the adverse thermal and aerodynamic conditions experienced at varying radial distances from the centre may be rendered more nearly uniform by causing the composition and in some instances also the particle size of the charge to vary radially outwards from the centre of the shaft, continuously or in one or more steps.
  • a vertical shaft furnace of the kind specified is provided with means for feeding two or more different charges of discrete material separately into the top of the furnace, each at a different radial distance from the centr of the shaft.
  • the means for feeding different charges may comprise hoppers, funnels or chutes having outlets adapted to direct the material into the shaft.
  • One outlet may direct material to the centre of the shaft; and another outlet or outlets may direct material to a point or points spaced radially from the centre.
  • the other outlet or outlets may be arranged to revolve around the first-mentioned outlet to give an annular feed.
  • a revoluble, angularly-adjustable chute may, for example, be used to effect an annular feed.
  • this object is attained by a method of operating vertical shaft furnaces of the kind specified, when additionally the particle siz of the charge is caused to decrease rapidly outwards from the centre of the shaft, continuously or in one or more steps.
  • the desired variation may be obtained by using material of varying particle size and charging the material circumferentially.
  • the surface of the material so charged slopes down to the centre, and in settling to itsnatural slope the larger particles are automatically segregated. to.
  • two or more charges of different particle size may be fed separately into the top of the furnace at different radial distances from.
  • the nodules at the center of the shaft will have a larger size as well as a smaller fuel content than those nearer the circumference.
  • the temperature gradient from the centre to the circumference of the shaft is reduced by a method of operating shaft furnaces of the kind specified wherein the composition of the charge 1s caused to vary in such a way that the quantity of heat liberated by a unit elementary volume of the charge passing down the shaft at a given radial distance from the centre increases continuously or in one or more steps as the said radial distance increases.
  • the charge may contain exothermic, endo-.
  • An exothermic component such as coke
  • An endothermic component such as cementmakin mixture of lime and marle or clay
  • An inert component such as slag, clinker or ash, undergoes no chemical reaction. All the components, of course, absorb heat physically as their temperature is raised. 7
  • a given elementary unit volume of the charge may contain one, two or all, of the above components, and the number and proportion of the components will determine the quantity of heat to be liberated.
  • the desired variation in composition may be obtained by feeding in separate charges of material of different composition as described above.
  • the nodules charged at or near the centre may contain a higher proportion of cement-forming material and a lower proportion of solid fuel than the nodules charged nearer the circumference.
  • the nodules may contain a proportion of under-burnt cement from a previous opera+ tion, which is still capable of exothermic reaction in the furnace, or of inert material, the nodules charged at the centre, containing a higher proportion of under-burnt cement than the nodules charged at the circumference.
  • exothermic or inert material may be added separately at the centre.
  • a vertical cement kiln i has a vertical shaft 2 into which a mixture comprising cement-forming material and solid fuel in the form of briquettes is fed from above.
  • Means for feedingthe material into the furnace comprise three hoppers, 3, 4 and. each having outlet chutes, 6, I and 8 respectively.
  • the hopper 3 and the chute 6 are disposed vertically above the top and centrally of the shaft 2, whilst the hoppers 4 and 5 are disposed cencentrically around the chute 6 at different levels, the hopper 5 being on a higher level than the hopper 4 and so arranged that the outlet chute '1 from the hopper t discharges material into the shaft 2 at a radial distance intermediate the centre and the circumference of the shaft and the outlet chute 8 of the hopper 5 discharges material in the opposite direction and at, a radial distance nearer to the circumference of the shaft.
  • the chute I has a lower portion 9 pivotally attached to the upper portion thereof by hinges It whereby the flow of material from the hopper 6 can be directed radially into the shaft 2 at varying radial distances from the centre thereof.
  • hoppers 3, 5 and 5 are arranged to be re volved together about the axis of the chute 6 by any known means and in this way the kiln I is provided with a central feed and an annular feed from each of the chutes 1 and 8.
  • the hoppers and the chutes are enclosed in a housing H mounted concentrically on top of the kiln.
  • the material is fed into the hoppers 4 and 5 from overhead conveyors l2 and I3 through chutes l4 and I5 erspectively, the hopper 3 being similarly fed by means not shown.
  • Example Cement-forming material and solid fuel are charged into a kiln of the above dimensions and at a rate of approximately 10 tons per hour the material in this case being in the form of nodules or briquettes of substantially uniform size but of different compositions, namely:
  • cubes of 6", 3", and 1" may be employed, and discharged by the hoppers, respectively, at the center and at radial distances of 2'6" and 3'6" therefrom.
  • compositions rate of charging and particle sizes have been given, solely by way of illustration in the foregoing examples, it should be understood that sizes and compositions may of course vary to some considerable extent depending on the available raw material and on the particular requirements in each individual case.
  • the method of operating vertical shaft furnaces comprising the steps of introducing at the top of the shaft near the center axis thereof a prepared mixture of cement-formingsolid mate.- rial to be treated and of solid fuel, introducing concurrently at the top of the shaft at least near the wall thereof another prepared mixture of similar material to be treated and solid fuel, the relative fuel content of the latter mixture being greater than the relative fuel content of said first mixture, passing said mixtures downwardly through the reaction zone of the shaft in substantially parallel streams in counter-current to an ascending air-blast wherein the material is heat-treated, and removing the solid reaction products from the bottom of the shaft.
  • the method of operating vertical shaft furnaces comprising the steps of introducing at the top of the shaft near the center axis thereof nodules or briquettes of substantially uniform size and individually comprising cement-forming material to be treated and solid fuel, introducing concurrently at the top of the shaft near the wall thereof nodules or briquettes of a relatively smaller size and individually comprising cementforming material to be treated and solid fuel, the
  • the method of operating vertical shaft furnaces comprising the steps of introducing at the top of the shaft near the center axis thereof nodules or briquettes individually comprising cement-forming material to be treated, solid fuel and inert material, introducing concurrently at the top of the shaft near the wall thereof nodules or briquettes individually comprising cementforming material to be treated, a relatively higher fuel content and a relatively lower content of inert material than said nodules or briquettes introduced near the center axis, passing said two types of nodules or briquettes downwardly through the reaction zone of the shaft in substantially parallel streams in counter-current to an ascending air-blast wherein the material is heattreated, and removing the solid reaction products from the bottom of the shaft.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Vertical, Hearth, Or Arc Furnaces (AREA)

Description

Oct. 6, 1953 F. P. SOMOGYI 2,654,594
OPERATION OF VERTICAL SHAFT FURNACES Filed Nov. 16. 1949 INVENTOR FRANCIS PAUL SOMOGYI ATTORNEY Patented Oct. 6, 1953 UNITED STATES OFFICE OPERATION OF VERTICAL SHAFT FURNACES Francis Paul Somogyi, London, England 4 Claims. (Cl. 26353) This invention relates to improvements in or relating to the construction and operation of vertical shaft furnaces of the kind in which discrete material comprising raw material mixed with solid fuel is charged from the top and passes down in countercurrent to an ascending air-blast through a reaction zone and is finally removed from the bottom of the shaft in a solid condition.
An example of a vertical shaft furnace of the kind specified is furnished by a vertical cement kiln, in which a charge of nodules or briquettes comprising a mixture of coke or anthracite with lime and marle or clay passes downwards through the shaft, is burnt by the ascending air blast and near the middle of the shaft reaches a telnperature high enough to sinter the charge to form cement.
It is evident that other examples could be given of shaft furnaces of the kind specified.
The conditions experienced by the material passing down through these furnaces vary with the radial distance of the material from the centre of the shaft. In particular, since heat is lost by radiation in a radial direction, the temperature of the material decreases from the centre to the circumference with the result that the boundary of the reaction zone is considerably deeper in the center of the shaft and sometimes even reaches the bottom of the kiln.
It has now been found, according to the invention, that the adverse thermal and aerodynamic conditions experienced at varying radial distances from the centre may be rendered more nearly uniform by causing the composition and in some instances also the particle size of the charge to vary radially outwards from the centre of the shaft, continuously or in one or more steps.
According to one feature of the invention a vertical shaft furnace of the kind specified is provided with means for feeding two or more different charges of discrete material separately into the top of the furnace, each at a different radial distance from the centr of the shaft. By feeding different charges of different composition and, if desired, also of particle size into the furnace in this manner, the composition and, respectively, particle size of the charge is caused to vary radially outwards from the centre of the shaft in the desired manner.
The means for feeding different charges may comprise hoppers, funnels or chutes having outlets adapted to direct the material into the shaft. One outlet may direct material to the centre of the shaft; and another outlet or outlets may direct material to a point or points spaced radially from the centre. The other outlet or outlets may be arranged to revolve around the first-mentioned outlet to give an annular feed. A revoluble, angularly-adjustable chute may, for example, be used to effect an annular feed.
In conventional shaft furnaces, since the temperature at the centre is higher than th temperature near the circumference, the ascendin air blast is at a higher temperature and is therefore of lower density at the centre than near the circumference. This factor tends to make the mass rate of flow of the air blast lower at the centre than near the circumference. The tendency is reinforced in many cases, as for example in cement-making, by the material of higher temperature at the centre tending to aggregate more, and thus to become less permeable, than the material nearer the circumference. It is an object of the invention, to reduce this tendency.
According to a further feature of the invention, this object is attained by a method of operating vertical shaft furnaces of the kind specified, when additionally the particle siz of the charge is caused to decrease rapidly outwards from the centre of the shaft, continuously or in one or more steps.
The desired variation may be obtained by using material of varying particle size and charging the material circumferentially. The surface of the material so charged slopes down to the centre, and in settling to itsnatural slope the larger particles are automatically segregated. to.
the centre.
Alternatively, two or more charges of different particle size may be fed separately into the top of the furnace at different radial distances from.
the centre.
For example in a cement kiln, by using different-sized nodules or briquettes of cement-forming material and fuel, the nodules at the center of the shaft will have a larger size as well as a smaller fuel content than those nearer the circumference.
According to a further feature of the invention the temperature gradient from the centre to the circumference of the shaft is reduced by a method of operating shaft furnaces of the kind specified wherein the composition of the charge 1s caused to vary in such a way that the quantity of heat liberated by a unit elementary volume of the charge passing down the shaft at a given radial distance from the centre increases continuously or in one or more steps as the said radial distance increases.
The charge may contain exothermic, endo-.
thermic and inert components. An exothermic component, such as coke, undergoes a chemical reaction in the furnace with liberation of heat. An endothermic component, such as cementmakin mixture of lime and marle or clay, undergoes a chemical reaction involving the taking in of heat. An inert component, such as slag, clinker or ash, undergoes no chemical reaction. All the components, of course, absorb heat physically as their temperature is raised. 7
A given elementary unit volume of the charge may contain one, two or all, of the above components, and the number and proportion of the components will determine the quantity of heat to be liberated.
The desired variation in composition may be obtained by feeding in separate charges of material of different composition as described above.
In the case of cement-making, the nodules charged at or near the centre may contain a higher proportion of cement-forming material and a lower proportion of solid fuel than the nodules charged nearer the circumference. In addition the nodules may contain a proportion of under-burnt cement from a previous opera+ tion, which is still capable of exothermic reaction in the furnace, or of inert material, the nodules charged at the centre, containing a higher proportion of under-burnt cement than the nodules charged at the circumference. Alternatively exothermic or inert material may be added separately at the centre.
A preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described by Way of example with reference to the accompanying drawing, the single 1 figure of which shows a vertical cross-section of the top of a vertical shaft cement kiln with material feeding hoppers and chutes according to the invention.
Referring to the drawing a vertical cement kiln i has a vertical shaft 2 into which a mixture comprising cement-forming material and solid fuel in the form of briquettes is fed from above. Means for feedingthe material into the furnace comprise three hoppers, 3, 4 and. each having outlet chutes, 6, I and 8 respectively. The hopper 3 and the chute 6 are disposed vertically above the top and centrally of the shaft 2, whilst the hoppers 4 and 5 are disposed cencentrically around the chute 6 at different levels, the hopper 5 being on a higher level than the hopper 4 and so arranged that the outlet chute '1 from the hopper t discharges material into the shaft 2 at a radial distance intermediate the centre and the circumference of the shaft and the outlet chute 8 of the hopper 5 discharges material in the opposite direction and at, a radial distance nearer to the circumference of the shaft.
Preferably the chute I has a lower portion 9 pivotally attached to the upper portion thereof by hinges It whereby the flow of material from the hopper 6 can be directed radially into the shaft 2 at varying radial distances from the centre thereof.
'Ihe hoppers 3, 5 and 5 are arranged to be re volved together about the axis of the chute 6 by any known means and in this way the kiln I is provided with a central feed and an annular feed from each of the chutes 1 and 8. The hoppers and the chutes are enclosed in a housing H mounted concentrically on top of the kiln.
The material is fed into the hoppers 4 and 5 from overhead conveyors l2 and I3 through chutes l4 and I5 erspectively, the hopper 3 being similarly fed by means not shown.
Example Cement-forming material and solid fuel are charged into a kiln of the above dimensions and at a rate of approximately 10 tons per hour the material in this case being in the form of nodules or briquettes of substantially uniform size but of different compositions, namely:
(1) At the centre, through the hopper 3,
16.4 percent silica 7.8 percent alumina and iron oxide 50.9 percent lime, and 22.3 percent solid fuel.
(2) Intermediate the centre and the periphery through the hopper 4: r
14.7 percent silica 6.9 percent alumina and iron oxide 44.8 percent lime, and 31.9 percent solid fuel.
At the periphery, through hopper 5, 11.7 percent silica 5.6 percent alumina and iron oxide 36.3 percent lime, and
45.3 percent solid fuel.
When briquettes of different size are used, cubes of 6", 3", and 1" may be employed, and discharged by the hoppers, respectively, at the center and at radial distances of 2'6" and 3'6" therefrom.
Whilst specific figures of dimensions, compositions rate of charging and particle sizes have been given, solely by way of illustration in the foregoing examples, it should be understood that sizes and compositions may of course vary to some considerable extent depending on the available raw material and on the particular requirements in each individual case.
What I claim is:
1. The method of operating vertical shaft furnaces comprising the steps of introducing at the top of the shaft near the center axis thereof a prepared mixture of cement-formingsolid mate.- rial to be treated and of solid fuel, introducing concurrently at the top of the shaft at least near the wall thereof another prepared mixture of similar material to be treated and solid fuel, the relative fuel content of the latter mixture being greater than the relative fuel content of said first mixture, passing said mixtures downwardly through the reaction zone of the shaft in substantially parallel streams in counter-current to an ascending air-blast wherein the material is heat-treated, and removing the solid reaction products from the bottom of the shaft.
2. The process set forth in claim 1 wherein the cement-forming solid material and fuel is in the form of nodules or briquettes.
3. The method of operating vertical shaft furnaces comprising the steps of introducing at the top of the shaft near the center axis thereof nodules or briquettes of substantially uniform size and individually comprising cement-forming material to be treated and solid fuel, introducing concurrently at the top of the shaft near the wall thereof nodules or briquettes of a relatively smaller size and individually comprising cementforming material to be treated and solid fuel, the
relative fuel content of the nodules or briquettes of the relatively smaller size being greater than the relative fuel content of said first nodules or briquettes, passing said two types of nodules or briquettes downwardly through the reaction zone of the shaft in substantially parallel streams in counter-current to an ascending air-blast wherein the material is heat-treated, and removing the solid reaction products from the bottom of the shaft.
4. The method of operating vertical shaft furnaces comprising the steps of introducing at the top of the shaft near the center axis thereof nodules or briquettes individually comprising cement-forming material to be treated, solid fuel and inert material, introducing concurrently at the top of the shaft near the wall thereof nodules or briquettes individually comprising cementforming material to be treated, a relatively higher fuel content and a relatively lower content of inert material than said nodules or briquettes introduced near the center axis, passing said two types of nodules or briquettes downwardly through the reaction zone of the shaft in substantially parallel streams in counter-current to an ascending air-blast wherein the material is heattreated, and removing the solid reaction products from the bottom of the shaft.
FRANCIS PAUL SOMOGYI.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 766,903 Ronay Aug. 9, 1904 809,295 George Jan. 6, 1906 1,267,005 Slick May 21, 1918 1,938,580 Clutts Dec. 12, 1933 2,194,454 Greenawalt Mar. 19, 1940 2,219,954 Geiger et a1 Oct. 29, 1940 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 27,186 Great Britain Dec. 9, 1907 341,857 Great Britain Jan. 21, 1931 554,182 Great Britain June 23, 1943
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Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3014603A (en) * 1957-06-21 1961-12-26 Fellner & Ziegler Gmbh Charging top construction for blast furnaces
US3022989A (en) * 1954-04-07 1962-02-27 Union Commerce Bank Hydraulic cement process
US3039939A (en) * 1958-04-14 1962-06-19 Union Oil Co Hydrocarbon eduction apparatus and process
US3077274A (en) * 1959-09-07 1963-02-12 Rheinische Kalksteinwerke Supply apparatus for shaft furnaces and the like
US3091444A (en) * 1958-02-03 1963-05-28 Ohio Kilns Inc Kilns
DE1169474B (en) * 1959-09-07 1964-05-06 Rheinische Kalksteinwerke Rotatable charging device of a shaft to be continuously filled with a level mirror, in particular a blast furnace
US3159290A (en) * 1961-05-31 1964-12-01 Johns Manville Continuous feed cupola
US3190470A (en) * 1958-03-05 1965-06-22 Knapsack Ag Apparatus for distributing solids
US3220567A (en) * 1961-05-12 1965-11-30 Lonza Werke Elektrochemische Apparatus for charging shaft furnaces
US3402225A (en) * 1966-10-07 1968-09-17 Komarek Greaves And Company Method of preparing vertical shaft kiln feed for production of portland cement
US3511643A (en) * 1964-05-06 1970-05-12 Enn Vallak Method for cooling of combustion or high temperature reaction chambers
US3799368A (en) * 1970-12-04 1974-03-26 J Wieczorek Loading system for blast-furnace
US4405340A (en) * 1980-09-02 1983-09-20 Metallgesellschaft Aktiengesellschaft Process and apparatus for charging solid fuels into a fixed-bed gasifier
WO2012018406A1 (en) * 2010-07-27 2012-02-09 Flsmidth A/S High capacity shaft kiln

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US766903A (en) * 1903-02-09 1904-08-09 Arpad Ronay Charging device for furnaces, gas-generators, &c.
US809295A (en) * 1903-07-10 1906-01-09 Morgan Construction Co Gas-producer.
GB190727186A (en) * 1907-12-09 1908-10-01 Charles Claude Carpenter Improved Apparatus for Charging Gas Retorts
US1267005A (en) * 1915-04-16 1918-05-21 Edwin E Slick Blast-furnace operation.
GB341857A (en) * 1929-08-21 1931-01-21 Pistorius O Improvements in, or relating to, fuel distributors for furnaces and the like
US1938580A (en) * 1931-03-27 1933-12-12 Joshua K Clutts Blast furnace and process of charging same
US2194454A (en) * 1936-09-03 1940-03-19 William E Greenawalt Metallurgical process and apparatus
US2219954A (en) * 1937-01-18 1940-10-29 Carborundum Co Apparatus for distributing granular material and method of distribution
GB554182A (en) * 1942-02-20 1943-06-23 St Joseph Lead Co Furnace charge distribution

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US766903A (en) * 1903-02-09 1904-08-09 Arpad Ronay Charging device for furnaces, gas-generators, &c.
US809295A (en) * 1903-07-10 1906-01-09 Morgan Construction Co Gas-producer.
GB190727186A (en) * 1907-12-09 1908-10-01 Charles Claude Carpenter Improved Apparatus for Charging Gas Retorts
US1267005A (en) * 1915-04-16 1918-05-21 Edwin E Slick Blast-furnace operation.
GB341857A (en) * 1929-08-21 1931-01-21 Pistorius O Improvements in, or relating to, fuel distributors for furnaces and the like
US1938580A (en) * 1931-03-27 1933-12-12 Joshua K Clutts Blast furnace and process of charging same
US2194454A (en) * 1936-09-03 1940-03-19 William E Greenawalt Metallurgical process and apparatus
US2219954A (en) * 1937-01-18 1940-10-29 Carborundum Co Apparatus for distributing granular material and method of distribution
GB554182A (en) * 1942-02-20 1943-06-23 St Joseph Lead Co Furnace charge distribution

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3022989A (en) * 1954-04-07 1962-02-27 Union Commerce Bank Hydraulic cement process
US3014603A (en) * 1957-06-21 1961-12-26 Fellner & Ziegler Gmbh Charging top construction for blast furnaces
US3091444A (en) * 1958-02-03 1963-05-28 Ohio Kilns Inc Kilns
US3190470A (en) * 1958-03-05 1965-06-22 Knapsack Ag Apparatus for distributing solids
US3039939A (en) * 1958-04-14 1962-06-19 Union Oil Co Hydrocarbon eduction apparatus and process
US3077274A (en) * 1959-09-07 1963-02-12 Rheinische Kalksteinwerke Supply apparatus for shaft furnaces and the like
DE1169474B (en) * 1959-09-07 1964-05-06 Rheinische Kalksteinwerke Rotatable charging device of a shaft to be continuously filled with a level mirror, in particular a blast furnace
US3220567A (en) * 1961-05-12 1965-11-30 Lonza Werke Elektrochemische Apparatus for charging shaft furnaces
US3159290A (en) * 1961-05-31 1964-12-01 Johns Manville Continuous feed cupola
US3511643A (en) * 1964-05-06 1970-05-12 Enn Vallak Method for cooling of combustion or high temperature reaction chambers
US3402225A (en) * 1966-10-07 1968-09-17 Komarek Greaves And Company Method of preparing vertical shaft kiln feed for production of portland cement
US3799368A (en) * 1970-12-04 1974-03-26 J Wieczorek Loading system for blast-furnace
US4405340A (en) * 1980-09-02 1983-09-20 Metallgesellschaft Aktiengesellschaft Process and apparatus for charging solid fuels into a fixed-bed gasifier
WO2012018406A1 (en) * 2010-07-27 2012-02-09 Flsmidth A/S High capacity shaft kiln

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