US2697201A - Adjustable nonlinear resistance - Google Patents

Adjustable nonlinear resistance Download PDF

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US2697201A
US2697201A US118023A US11802349A US2697201A US 2697201 A US2697201 A US 2697201A US 118023 A US118023 A US 118023A US 11802349 A US11802349 A US 11802349A US 2697201 A US2697201 A US 2697201A
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resistance
voltage
linear
circuits
circuit
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Edwin L Harder
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Westinghouse Electric Corp
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Westinghouse Electric Corp
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06G—ANALOGUE COMPUTERS
    • G06G7/00—Devices in which the computing operation is performed by varying electric or magnetic quantities
    • G06G7/12—Arrangements for performing computing operations, e.g. operational amplifiers specially adapted therefor
    • G06G7/26—Arbitrary function generators
    • G06G7/28—Arbitrary function generators for synthesising functions by piecewise approximation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06G—ANALOGUE COMPUTERS
    • G06G7/00—Devices in which the computing operation is performed by varying electric or magnetic quantities
    • G06G7/48—Analogue computers for specific processes, systems or devices, e.g. simulators
    • G06G7/57—Analogue computers for specific processes, systems or devices, e.g. simulators for fluid flow ; for distribution networks

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an electrical circuit for simulating an adjustable non-linear resistance and more particularly to a non-linear resistance circuit for an analog computer.
  • non-linear devices in the past have been chiefly of three types, namely, the type employing non-linear resistance materials, such as treated silicon carbide, the type employing grid-controlled circuits, and the type employing tapered potentiometers which are adjustable to effect non-linear resistances.
  • an adjustable non-linear resistance device employing a plurality of parallel circuits, one or more of which is conductive depending upon the magnitude of the current flowing through the device, to produce any desired variation of voltage across the device. It is frequently necessary to have available such a readily adjustable non-linear resistance device for various applications of the analog computer with sufficient flexibility and accuracy for such analysis work. In some cases it is necessary to operate such a device at high speeds, such as up to several thousand cycles per second and to operate such device over a range of single valued functions which do not necessarily pass through the origin.
  • lt is a further object to provide a circuit for effecting a non-linear resistance curve comprising a plurality of parallel circuits, the resistance of any one of the parallel circuits being adjustable without affecting the conductivity of other parallel circuits.
  • Figure l is a diagrammatic showing of a non-linear resistance circuit capable of effecting a decrease in resistance with an increase in the flow of current through the circuit.
  • Fig. la illustrates a typical voltage-current curve that may be effected by the circuit of Fig. l.
  • Fig. 2 is a diagrammatic showing of a non-linear resistance circuit capable of effecting an increase in resistance with an increase in the flow of current through the 2,697,201 Patented Dec. 14, 1954 ice circuit.
  • Fig. 2a illustrates a typical Voltage-current curve that may be effected by the circuit of Fig. 2.
  • Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic showing of a non-linear resistance circuit employing a potentiometer instead of batteries to energize the parallel and other circuits in the non-linear resistance circuit and employing certain features of Figs. l and 2 collectively to effect an irregular voltage current curve.
  • Fig. 3a illustrates an irregular voltage-current curve that may be effected by the circuit of Fig. 3.
  • Fig. 4 illustrates a typical representation of a simplified physical or hydraulic system.
  • Fig. 4a illustrates a pressure differential-flow curve representing the characteristics of a particular fluid they may be employed in the hydraulic system of Fig. 4.
  • Fig. 5 is a diagrammatic showing of an electrical analog circuit employing non-linear resistors, as the electrical analog of the hydraulic problem illustrated in Fig. 4.
  • Fig. 5a illustrates a voltage-current curve effected by the non-linear resistors in the diagram of Fig. 5 to closely approximate the curve of Fig. 4a.
  • Fig. 6 is a diagrammatic showing of a versatile and adjustable non-linear resistance circuit which is adaptable to produce any one of a large variety of curves including the curves illustrated in Figs. la, 2a, 3a and 5a.
  • Fig. l three branches of the nonlinear resistance device are connected between terminals 1 and 3.
  • Such flow is, for convenience in description, considered a positive direction of ow and the branch through which such current flows is considered the positive branch.
  • When current flows from terminal 3 to 1, such flow is, for convenience in description, considered a negative direction of flow and the branch through which such current ow is considered the negative branch.
  • the terms positive and negative are frequently employed to designate such distinction.
  • the three branches are identified as a linear resistance branch 5, a positive non-linear branch 7, and a negative non-linear branch 9.
  • the linear resistance branch 5 comprises, in series, a switch 11 which, for the purpose of the following description, is considered open, and an adjustable substantially linear resistance 13.
  • the positive non-linear branch 7 comprises a crystal diode or rectifier 15 in series with a plurality of resistance circuits 17, 19, 21 and 23.
  • the resistance circuit 17 comprises a substantially linear and adjustable resistor 25.
  • the resistance circuit 19 comprises, in series, a unidirectional device or rectifier 27, a source of electrical energy, such as a battery 29, and an adjustable substantially linear resistor 31.
  • the battery 29 has its polarity so arranged as to buck or oppose a positive flow of current from the terminal 1 through the parallel resistance circuit 19 to terminal 3, the positive terminal of the battery 29 being connected so that terminal 1 is, in effect, made positive with respect to terminal 3.
  • the rectifier 15 has its polarity arranged so as to permit the positive flow of current from terminal 1 through the positive non-linear branch 7 to terminal 3 but to oppose the fiow of current in the opposite or negative direction through branch 7.
  • the polarity of the rectifier 27 is arranged so as to conduct a positive flow of current between terminals 1 and 3 and to oppose the flow of :urrent from the battery 29 through the resistance circuit 19.
  • the resistance circuits 21 and 23 are similar to the resistance circuit 19 except that the batteries or iias in each of the resistance circuits 21 and 23 have 'ifferent potentials, and usually progressively higher otentials than the potential of the battery 29.
  • the negative non-linear branch 9 in Fig. l comprises a crystal diode or rectifier 32 in series with a plurality of parallel resistance circuits 33, 35, 37, and 39.
  • the resistance circuit 33 comprises an adjustable substantiallylinear resistance 41.
  • the resistance circuit 35 comprises, in series, a unidirectional device er rectitier 43, a source of electrical energy, such as a battery 45, and an adjustable substantially linear resistor 47.
  • T he rectifier 32 has its polarity arranged so as to permit a negative iiow of current from the terminal 3 through the negative nonlinear branch 9 to the terminal 1, but to oppose the flow of current through branch 9 in the opposite or positive direction.
  • the battery 45 has its polarity arranged so that the battery 45 causes the terminal 3 to be positive with respect to the terminal 1.
  • the rectifier 43 has its polarity arranged so as to conduct a negative flow of current from terminal 3 to terminal 1 and to oppose or buck any flow of current supplied by the battery 45.
  • the resistance circuits 37 and 39 are similar to the resistance circuit 35 except that the potentials supplied by the batteries in the resistance circuits 35, 37, and 39 differ from each other.
  • the negative non-linear branch 9 may comprise still additional resistance circuits similar to the negative resistance circuits 35, 37 and 39
  • the potentials supplied by the batteries in the resistance circuits 19, 21, and 23 are successively of greater magnitude, and that the greatest potential is supplied by the battery in the resistance circuit 23.
  • the polarity of the rectifier is arranged so as to permit the current iiow to iow through the positive non-linear branch 7.
  • the effective conductance of the positive non-linear branch 7 is the conductance of the resistance circuit 17, namely Go, as long as the voltage drop between terminals 1 and 3 is less than the voltage supplied by any of the batteries in the resistance circuits 19, 21 and 23, respectively. It will be observed that current can not flow through the resistance circuit 19, for example, because the back voltage of the battery 29 exceeds the voltage applied to the circuit 19. Since progressively higher voltages are supplied by the batteries in the resistance circuits 21 and 23, such voltages also effectively block the circuits.
  • the current iiowing in the positive direction from the terminal 1 through the positive non-linear branch 7 divides and fiows through both the resistance circuits 17 and 19, and the conductance is Go plus G1, the conductances of the resistance circuits 17 and 19.
  • current will divide and ow through resistance circuits 17, 19 and 21 but will not iiow through resistance circuit 23 because the voltage of the battery in resistance circuit 23 would be of such magnitude as to effectively block any fiow of current therethrough.
  • the conductance is the sum of the conductances of the three circuits namely, Go, G1 and G2, respectively.
  • the conductance is the sum of the conductances of the four circuits, namely Go, G1, G2 and G3, respectively.
  • Fig. la illustrates a typical current-voltage curve or non-linear resistance curve obtainable by the device shown in Fig. l.
  • E1, E2, and E3 represent the potentials supplied by the batteries in the resistance circuits 19, 21, and 23, respectively
  • Go, G1, G2, and G3 represent the conductances of the resistance circuits 172 19, 21, and 23, respectively.
  • the horizontal ax1s represents the voltage-drop between the terminals 1 and 3 and the vertical axis represents the ow of current between the terminals 1 and 3.
  • the positive portion of the current wave flows in the positive direction through the positive non-linear branch 7 and the negative portion of the current wave flows in the negative direction through the negative non-linear branch 9.
  • the curve illustrated in Fig. la in its entirety represents a typical non-linear resistance curve obtainable when an alternating current is applied to the terminals 1 and 3 of the non-linear resistance device shown in Fig. l.
  • the positive and negative portions of the curve are not and need not be symmetrical.
  • Fig. 2 is similar to Fig. l except that the polarities of the rectifiers in the resistance circuits are reversed and that a source of electrical energy, such as batteries, are connected in series in each of the two non-linear branches similar to the positive and negative non-linear branches 7 and 9 of Fig. l.
  • two branches of the non-linear resistance device are connected between terminals 51 and 53, namely a positive non-linear branch 57 and a negative non-linear branch 59.
  • the positive non-linear branch 57 comprises a rectifier 65 and a battery 66 in series with a plurality of resistance circuits 67, 69, 71 and 73.
  • the resistance circuit 67 comprises an adjustable resistor 75.
  • the resistance circuit 69 comprises, in series, a unidirectional device or rectifier 77, a source of electrical energy, such as a battery 79, and an adjustable resistor 81.
  • the negative non-linear branch 59 when tracing the circuit from terminal 51 to terminal 53, comprises in series a rectifier 84, a source of direct current, such as a battery 82, and a plurality of resistance circuits 83, 85, 87 and 89.
  • the resistance circuit'83 comprises an adjustable resistor 91.
  • the resistance circuit comprises in series, a rectifier 93, a battery and an adjustable resistor 97.
  • the resistance circuits 87 and 89 are similar to resistance circuit 85 except that the voltages of the batteries in the circuits 87 and 89 are progressively of higher potential.
  • the resistance circuits 71 and 73 are similar to the resistance circuit 69 except that the batteries in the circuits 71 and 73 are of progressively higher potentials.
  • Fig. 2 differs from Fig. 1 in only two respects, namely, the polarities of the rectiiiers in the resistance circuits 69, 71, 73, 85, 87 and 89 of Fig. 2 are reversed from the polarities of the rectifiers in the resistance circuits 19, 21, 23, 35, 37 and 39, respectively, of Fig. l, and batteries are added in series in the non-linear branches 57 and 59, the battery 66 being connected in series between the rectilier 65 and the parallel resistance circuits 67, 69, 71 and 73 and the battery 82 being connected in series between the rectifier 84 and the parallel resistance circuits 83, 85, 87 and 89.
  • the non-linear resistance device of Fig. 2 does not contain a linear branch such as the linear branch 5 of Fig. 1.
  • the linear branch 5 may be employed in or with any non-linear resistance device such as the device shown in Fig. 2.
  • the linear branch 5 When the linear branch 5 is employed with a non-linear branch, the current flowing through the linear branch 5 adds to the current owing through the non-linear branch. In other words, the linear branch 5 adds to the flexibility of the non-linear resistance dev1ce.
  • the rectiiers in each of the resistance circuits 69, 71, 73, 85, 87 and 89 have their polarities arranged so as to conduct current supplied by the batteries in such circuits, respectively, and to oppose a ow of current between the terminals 51 and 53 through such resistance circuits in the opposite direction.
  • the current supplied by the resistance circuits 69, 71 and 73 ilows through the resistance 75, when the voltage across the resistance circuit 6'7 is less than the lowest battery voltage, the voltage of the battery 79, such flow of current between the terminals 51 and 53 being etectively blocked by the rectifier 65.
  • Fig. 2a illustrates a typical curve in which the resistance increases with increased current flowing between terminals 51 and 53.
  • G2 and G3 are the conductance of resistance circuits 67, 69, 71 and 73, respectivelv, and Ei', E2 and E3 are the voltages, in order of magnitude. of the batteries in the resistance circuits 69, 71 and 73, respectively the resistance is at a minimum when the voltage across the positive non-linear branch 57 is less than the Voltage E1 the voltage of battery 79.
  • E1 the conductance is the sum of the four conductances namely the sum of Go', G1', G2" and G3.
  • the conductance is the sum of Go', G2', and G3.
  • the conductances for the various voltages are illustrated in Fig. 2a. It may be observed that the batteries 66 and 82, can be adiusted so I that with no current flowing between terminals 51 and 53 the voltage of the battery 66 just balances the back voltage of the positive non-linear branch 57 and the voltage of the battery 82 just balances the back voltage of the negative non-linear branch 59 to cause the curve of Fig. 2a to pass through the origin, or with some sum of the voltages supplied by the batteries 66 and 82, the ratio can be altered to produce a bias so that the curve of Fig. 2a will not pass through the origin.
  • the battery 66 Since a voltage-drop or voltage loss occurs, across the positive non-linear branch 57 even when no current flows between the terminals 51 and 53, the battery 66 is usually inserted to supply such voltage-drop or voltage loss, and to nullify any such voltage loss in the positive non-linear branch 57. Furthermore, the battery 66 may be of a selected value so as to have the curve cross the zero current axis at a desired value of voltage E.
  • both the positive non-linear branch 57 and the negative non-linear branch 59 would be employed, the positive portion of the current owing through the positive branch 57 and the negative portion of the current flowing through the negative branch 59.
  • the negative non-linear branch 59 performs in the same manner as the positive non-linear branch 57 except that it conducts the negative portion of the current ow, the same as the negative non-linear branch 9 in Fig. 1.
  • a non-linear resistance device is shown with terminals 101 and 103 and two branches, namely a positive non-linear branch 107 and a negative non-linear branch 109, connected between the terminals.
  • the positive non-linear branch 107 comprises a rectier 115 in series with a plurality of parallel resistance circuits 117, 119, 121, 123 and 124 which are connected through a potentiometer or voltage divider 111 to the terminal 103.
  • the non-linear branch 109 when tracing the circuit from terminal 101 to terminal 103, comprises a rectifier 132 in series with a plurality of parallel resistance circuits 133, 135, 137, 139 and 140 which are connected through a potentiometer or voltage divider 113 to the terminal 103.
  • the resistance circuit 117 comprises an adjustable resistor 125.
  • the resistance circuit 119 comprises a rectier 129 and an adjustable resistance 131 in series.
  • the resstance circuit 133 comprises an adjustable resistor 141
  • the resistance circuit 135 comprises in series a rectier 143 and an adjustable resistance 147.
  • Each of the remaining resistance circuits namely circuits 121, 123, 124, 137, 139 and 140 comprise a rectifier and an adjustable resistance in series.
  • the Voltage divider 111 has its end-terminals connected across a source of potential energy such as battery 149.
  • Each of the resistance circuits 117, 119, 121, 123 and 124 of the positive non-linear resistance branch 107 is connected to slider-contacts on the voltage divider 111 so that each of the resistance circuits is energized by a progressively higher potential relative to the potential applied to the resistance circuit 117.
  • the voltage divider 111 makes it possible to supply a voltage to the respective resistance circuits 119, 121, 123 and 124 without using batteries in such circuits.
  • the terminal 103 is connected to a slider contact adjustable to an intermediate position on the voltage divider 111 so that a voltage, if desired, can be inserted in series in the positive nonlinear branch 107 of the non-linear resistance device of Fig. 3 to serve the same purpose as the battery 66 in the positive non-linear branch 57 of the non-linear resistance device of Fig. 2.
  • the resistance circuits 133, 135, 137, 139 and 140 are connected to slider contacts on the voltage divider 113 so that the circuits are respectively energized by a progressively higher potential, relative to the potential applied to the resistance circuit 133 the voltage divider 113 being energized at its end-terminals by a battery 151.
  • the terminal 103 is connected to a slider contact adjustable to an intermediate position on the voltage divider 113 to permit supplying a voltage to nullify any undesired voltage-drop across the resistance circuit 133.
  • Fig. 3 is a variation of Figs. l and 2, one of the principal differences being the voltage dividers 111 and 113 in Fig. 3 which are employed to supply the various voltages required by the circuits.
  • the polarities of the rectiers in the resistance circuits 121 and 124 are the same as the polarities of the rectitiers in the resistance circuits 19, 21 and 23 of the positive non-linear branch 7 of Fig.
  • the positive non-linear branch 107 we will consider that the voltages applied to the resistance circuits 117, 119, 121, 123 and 124 by the voltage divider 111 are zero, E1, E2, E3, and EA" respectively. We will also consider the conductances of the resistance circuits 117', 119, 121, 123, and 124 to be Go", G1, G2, and G3, and G4 respectively. It will be observed that as the positive voltage E across the positive non-linear branch 107 increases certain of the resistance circuits 119, 121, 123 and 124 cut in and other cut out producing any desired variation of conductance G with the positive voltage E or the current I through the positive non-linear branch 107.
  • FIG. 5 The electrical analog of Fig. 4 is illustrated in Fig. 5.
  • a potentiometer or voltage-divider 211 has a battery 213 connected across its terminals to supply a potential to the circuit of Fig. 5.
  • a non-linear resistance 215 to represent the fluid resistance of the series pipe 203 is connected in a series circuit 214 between the voltage divider 211 and parallel circuits 217 and 219 which embody nonlinear resistors 221, and, 223 respectively, to represent the iiuid resistance of the lines 205 and 207, respectively.
  • Each of the non-linear resistors 215, 221 and 223 is adjusted to produce a voltage current curve as illustrated in Fig. 5a which closely approximates the pressure differential-ow curve illustrated in Fig. 4a.
  • the voltage-divider 211 may be adjusted to represent in the circuit of Fig. 5 the various pressure dilerentials to be supplied by the pump 201 in Fig. 4.
  • circuits 214, 217 and 219 By taking current readings in circuits 214, 217 and 219, one may readily determine the flow of the uid in the lines 203, 205 and 207, respectively and the distribution of flow between the lines 205 and 207.
  • non-linear resistors 215, 221 and 223 are to eiect a curve in which the resistance increases with an increase in flow and such resistors are energized by a direct current
  • a circuit may be employed similar to the positive non-linear branch 57 of the non-linear resistance device shown in Fig. 2.
  • Fig. 6 are shown two non-linear resistance circuits 251 and 253 connected to terminals 255 and 257.
  • a plurality of parallel resistance circuits such as circuits 259, 261 and 263, are connected between conductors 265 and 267, conductor 265 being connected through a rectifier 269 by means of a reversing switch 271, and through a two pole switch 273, to terminal 257.
  • the conductor 267 is connected through a switch 275, and the two-pole switch 273 to the terminal 255.
  • rIhe resistance circuit 259 comprises, when traced from the conductor 265 to the conductor 267, a switch 277, an adjustable resistance element 279, a jack 231 to facilitate inserting additional voltage in the resistance circuit 259, and a voltage divider 283.
  • a resistance measuring jack 285 is connected from conductor 267 across the adjustable resistance element 279 to facilitate measuring the resistance in the resistance circuit 259.
  • the resistance circuit 261 comprises when traced from the conductor 265 to the conductor 267, a reversing switch 237, a crystal diode or rectilier 289, an adjustable resistance element 291, a voltage jack 292, a voltage divider 293 having its terminals energized by a battery 295, and a voltage divider 297.
  • the voltage jack 292 is supplied to permit inserting additional voltage in the resistance circuit 261.
  • a resistan-ce jack 299 is connected in parallel with the adjustable resistance element 291, the voltage jack 292, and the voltage divider 293 to permit measuring the resistance in the resistance circuit 261.
  • a battery 301 has its positive terminal connected through an adjustable resistance 303 and a double-throw double-pole switch 305 to the conductor 267, the negative terminal of the battery being connected to an endterminal of the voltage divider 283 the other end-terminal of the voltage divider 283 being connected to the conductor 267, and the resistance circuit 259 being connected to the slider arm of the voltage divider 283.
  • the voltage divider 297 has its end-terminals connected to conductors 267 and 307 and its slider arm connected to an end-terminal of the voltage divider 293.
  • a second battery 309 has its negative terminal connected to the positive terminal of the battery 301, and its positive terminal connected through an adjustable resistance 311, and through the double-throw double-pole switch 305 to the conductor 267 or 307.
  • resistance circuit 263 may be connected between the conductor 265 and the conductors 267 and 307. It has been found desirable to employ as a unit, in parallel, a resistance circuit 259, four resistance circuits each similar to resistance circuit 261 but omitting the voltage jack 292 and the voltage divider 293 with its associated battery 295, and four additional resistance circuits, each similar to resistance circuit 261 employing either the voltage jack 292 or the voltage divider 293 and battery 295, but not both for supplying voltage to the associated resistance circuit.
  • the variations therein, are optional with the designer and are governed largely by the requirements of the nonlinear unit.
  • the non-linear resistance circuit 253 may be similar to the non-linear resistance circuit 251 and by reversing its connections to terminals 255 and 257 it will serve as the negative non-linear branch in an alternating current systern and the non-linear unit 251 will serve as the positive non-linear branch.
  • the polarity of the rectifier 269 may be reversed by the reversing switch 271.
  • the polarity of the rectifier 289 in the resistance circuit 261 may be reversed by means of the reversing switch 287 so that the rectifier 289 may have the polarity of the rectifiers in the resistance circuits of the positive non-linear branch 7 of Fig. l or the polarity of the rectifier in the resistance circuits of the positive non-linear branch 57 of Fig. 2, as the particular situation may require.
  • the non-linear circuit 251 of Fig. 6 employs the same principal of operation as the devices shown in Figs.
  • a voltage jack 313 is connected between terminals f 255 and 257 to permit taking voltage measurements
  • a current jack 315 is inserted in the conductor connected to the -terminal 257 to permit measuring the fiow of current between terminals 255 and 257 through the nonlinear circuit.
  • Non-linear resistance devices Numerous variations in the non-linear resistance devices shown in Figs. l, 2, 3 and 6 are possible such as the use of vacuum tube diodes, barrier-layer rectifiers or other unidirectional devices for the diode crystals or rectifiers employed in the devices described above. It has been found, however, that it is more difficult to provide power supplies for vacuum tube types of non-linear, resistance devices. For low impedances the barrier layer type of rectifier is preferable and for high impedances the vacuum tube type of rectifier is preferable. It is to be observed that the voltage-current curves produced by the non-linear resistance devices described above are a combination of straight line segments to approximate the desired curves.
  • the segments do not intersect at an angle but that such intersections are rounded so that the segments more nearly approximate the desired curve.
  • the positive and negative portions of the voltage-current curve can be symmetrical or unsymmetrical as the occasion may require. It is also possible to add or subtract voltages and make adjustments so that the curve need not pass through the zero point or origin of the voltage-current axes.
  • non-linear resistance devices have been described as employing substantially linear resistors in the non-linear resistors in the resistor circuits.
  • the use of such non-linear resistors would facilitate obtaining certain extreme non-linear resistance curves, and the segments of the curves would not necessarily be straight lines.
  • a first circuit cornprising, in series, a rectifier and an adjustable resistor, and at least one additional circuit shunting said resistor, said additional circuit comprising in series a rectifier, a source of voltage and an adjustable resistor.
  • a first circuit comprising in series a rectifier and an adjustable resistor, a resistor shunting said first circuit, and at least one additional circuit shunting said adjustable resistor, said additional circuit comprising in series a rectifier, a source of voltage and a resistor.
  • a first circuit connected between a pair of terminals, comprising in series a rectifier and a resistor, and at least one additional circuit shunting said resistor, said additional circuit comprising in series a rectifier, a source of voltage and a resistor, said rectifiers being oppositely poled relative to the termin'als.
  • an adjustable impedance unit for effecting a nonlinear reisstance between a pair of terminals when energized by a unidirectional current from an external source, comprising a voltage divider having first, second and third connection points and a plurality of adjustable contacts thereon, the first connection point being connected to one of the terminals, a plurality of parallel resistance circuits connected between the adjustable contacts on the voltage divider and the other one of the terminals, and a first voltage source connected across the voltage divider between the second and the third connection points thereon, at least one of said parallel resistance circuits comprising in series a unidirectional element and an adjustable resistor and being connected to one of said adjustable contacts on the voltage divider to permit applying to such circuit a potential which will tend to oppose a flow of current from the external source in the circuit.
  • an alternating-current adjustable resistance device as claimed in claim 5 wherein at least one branch has a unidirectional element connected in series with the first resistor between said terminals, said unidirectional element having its polarity arranged so as to oppose a flow of current between said terminals from said voltage supply in the last-named branch.
  • an alternating-current adjustable resistance device as claimed in claim 5 wherein at least one branch has a voltage source in series with said first resistor, the polarity of said voltage source with respect to said terminals being opposite to the polarity of said voltage supply in said branch.
  • An impedance device for simulating in an analog computer a non-linear impedance curve with sinuouslike portions in the slope thereof between a pair of terminals when a unidirectional current is supplied to such terminals from an external source
  • a first impedance circuit connected between the terminals arid at least two parallel circuits connected in shunt with .said first impedance circuit, each of said parallel circuits comprising a rectifier and an adjustable resistor and being biased by a voltage supply with its polarity so arranged as to tend to oppose the flow of current through such parallel circuit from the external source, the polarity of the rectifier in one parallel circuit with respect to the terminals being opposite to the polarilty of the rectifier in another of such parallel circuits.
  • a pair of terminals, rst and second circuits connected in parallel across such terminals the first and second circuits comprising respectively, first and second resistors and first and second rectifiers, said rectifiers being poled to permit fi'ow of currents 1n opposite directions between the terminals, a plurality of first auxiliary circuits connected in parallel with the first resistor for energization only through the first rectifier, each of the first auxiliary circuits comprising a -resistor, a source of direct voltage and a rectifier in series, said sources establishing different voltages between the terminals for the first auxiliary circuits, and a plurality of second auxiliary circuits connected in parallel with the second resistor for energization only through the second rectifier, each of the second auxiliary circuits comprising a resistor, a source of direct voltage and' 'a rectifier in series, the number of the second auxiliary circuits that are conductive being determined by the magnitude of the current liowing through the second rectifier.
  • an impedance unit a pair of terminals, first and second circuits connected in parallel across such terminals, the first and second circuits comprising, respectively, rst and second resistors and first and second rectiers, said rectifiers being poled to permit flow of currents in opposite directions between the terminals, a plurality of first auxiliary circuits connected in parallel with the first resistor for energization only through the first rectifier, each of the first auxiliary circuits comprising a resistor, a source of direct voltage and a rectier in series, the rectifiers in the first auxiliary circuits being poled similarly to the first rectifier, and a plurality of second auxiliary circuits connected in parallel with the second resistor for energization only through the second rectifier, each of the second auxiliary circuits comprising a resistor, a source of direct voltage and a rectifier in series, the number of the second auxiliary circuits that are conductive being determined by the magnitude of the current owing through the second rectifier.
  • first and second circuits connected in parallel across such terminals, the first and second circuits comprising, respectively, first and second resistors and first and second rectifiers, said rectifiers being poled to permit flow of currents in opposite directions between the terminals, a plurality of first auxiliary circuits connected in parallel with the first resistor for energization only through the first rectifier, each of the first auxiliary circuits comprising, a resistor, a source of direct voltage and a rectifier in series, the rectifiers in a portion of the first auxiliary circuits being poled similarly to the first rectifier and the rectifiers in the remaining portion of the first auxiliary circuits being poled oppositely to the first rectifier, and a plurality of second auxiliary circuits connected in parallel with the second resistor for energization only through the second rectifier, each of the second auxiliary circuits comprising, a resistor, a
  • the number of the second auxiliary circuits that are conductive being determined by the magnitude of the current owing through the second rectier.
  • an adjustable impedance unit comprising a pair of terminals between which a non-linear impedance is simulated when current from an external source fiows in a predetermined direction between the terminals, a first impedance circuit connected between the terminals, and at least one additional impedance circuit shunting said first impedance circuit, such additional impedance circuit comprisilng in series a voltage supply, a rectifier and an adjustable substantially linear resistor, the polarities of said voltage supply and said rectifier being arranged so as to oppose a iiow of current from the external source through the additional impedance circuit, a unidirectional element connected in series with the impedance circuits between the terminals, the polarity of the unidirectional element being arranged so as to permit current from the external source to iiow between the terminals and to oppose a flow of current from said voltage supply between the terminals.

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US118023A 1949-09-27 1949-09-27 Adjustable nonlinear resistance Expired - Lifetime US2697201A (en)

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CA556448A CA556448A (fr) 1949-09-27 Resistance non lineaire ajustable
US118023A US2697201A (en) 1949-09-27 1949-09-27 Adjustable nonlinear resistance

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CA556448T
US118023A US2697201A (en) 1949-09-27 1949-09-27 Adjustable nonlinear resistance

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Cited By (47)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2769137A (en) * 1953-11-13 1956-10-30 Melville C Creusere Single bias voltage curve shaping network
US2782268A (en) * 1954-03-29 1957-02-19 William E Ayer Instantaneous automatic gain control amplifier
US2801383A (en) * 1956-09-24 1957-07-30 Sorensen & Company Inc Voltage regulator
US2810107A (en) * 1955-07-22 1957-10-15 Ballantine Lab Electrical measuring instrument
US2831107A (en) * 1951-07-26 1958-04-15 Electronique & Automatisme Sa Electric simulators of arbitrary functions
US2841720A (en) * 1954-02-08 1958-07-01 Bosch Arma Corp Function shaping network
US2842733A (en) * 1954-11-01 1958-07-08 Itt Function generator
US2894145A (en) * 1952-11-18 1959-07-07 Lehovec Kurt Double modulator utilizing photo emissive material
US2897359A (en) * 1953-11-28 1959-07-28 Electronique & Automatisme Sa Electronic switching means
US2899550A (en) * 1954-08-26 1959-08-11 meissinger etal
US2917689A (en) * 1957-03-28 1959-12-15 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electrical control apparatus for rolling mill
US2920291A (en) * 1956-03-06 1960-01-05 Itt Signal transmission systems
US2923876A (en) * 1953-11-02 1960-02-02 Gilfillan Bros Inc Biased diode function generator
US2936404A (en) * 1957-08-14 1960-05-10 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Current supply apparatus
US2937330A (en) * 1958-01-06 1960-05-17 Gen Precision Inc Alternating current function generator
US2937341A (en) * 1957-01-11 1960-05-17 Zenith Radio Corp Television receiver
US2943268A (en) * 1957-07-30 1960-06-28 Texaco Inc Automatic gain control amplifier circuit
US2959639A (en) * 1956-03-05 1960-11-08 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Transmission at reduced bandwith
US2975369A (en) * 1955-12-30 1961-03-14 Goodyear Aircraft Corp Electronic function generator
US2986708A (en) * 1956-08-29 1961-05-30 Hughes Aircraft Co Expander circuit
US2989683A (en) * 1956-08-06 1961-06-20 Ohio Commw Eng Co Power supply particularly for automatic fault locator
US3005148A (en) * 1957-06-13 1961-10-17 Bofors Ab Voltage derivation network
US3032719A (en) * 1958-04-14 1962-05-01 Ibm Automatic gain control circuits
US3032704A (en) * 1958-06-17 1962-05-01 Ibm Variable impedance network for automatic gain control circuit
US3034038A (en) * 1959-06-23 1962-05-08 Honeywell Regulator Co Control apparatus
US3065911A (en) * 1955-09-27 1962-11-27 Melville C Creusere Square summing multiplier
US3078713A (en) * 1959-01-15 1963-02-26 Blaw Knox Co Means for generating electric functions
US3088671A (en) * 1960-06-22 1963-05-07 Robert L Chase Multiplier circuit
US3157822A (en) * 1960-12-30 1964-11-17 Haskell Boris Impedance networks and display panels utilizing the networks
US3163750A (en) * 1960-02-01 1964-12-29 Phillips Petroleum Co Signal correlation measurement
US3173024A (en) * 1960-07-18 1965-03-09 Richard Peretz Non-linear functional operator
US3174060A (en) * 1961-04-26 1965-03-16 Telefunken Patentverwertung G Temperature compensating circuit employing plurality of semiconductive diodes connected in series
US3178634A (en) * 1961-04-03 1965-04-13 Basic Products Corp Voltage regulator with a saturable reactor utilizing predetermined nonlinear feedback means
US3182206A (en) * 1962-01-29 1965-05-04 Electronic Comm Inc Multidimensional pulse height trackers
US3188493A (en) * 1962-12-20 1965-06-08 Paul E Malagari Shaping network for ferrite attenuator
US3206556A (en) * 1961-04-05 1965-09-14 Columbia Broadcasting Syst Inc Signal compression and expansion system
US3207889A (en) * 1960-09-21 1965-09-21 Naz Metanodotti S P A Soc Analogue pipe network analyzer
US3253135A (en) * 1962-02-20 1966-05-24 Systron Donner Corp Quarter square analog multiplier
US3277318A (en) * 1964-04-30 1966-10-04 Gen Electric Gamma correction circuits
US3457394A (en) * 1966-03-25 1969-07-22 Astrodata Inc Electronic resolver
US3510695A (en) * 1966-07-06 1970-05-05 Oerlikon Maschf Apparatus providing constant adjustment of the partial current in a non-linear resistance network
US3599233A (en) * 1970-01-12 1971-08-10 Richard W Meyer Apparatus for analyzing pipeline networks and computing elements therefor
FR2211664A1 (fr) * 1972-12-21 1974-07-19 Schlumberger Prospection
US4916389A (en) * 1982-12-17 1990-04-10 Hitachi, Ltd. Semiconductor integrated circuit with voltage limiter having different output ranges from normal operation and performing of aging tests
US5493572A (en) * 1981-04-17 1996-02-20 Hitachi, Ltd. Semiconductor integrated circuit with voltage limiter having different output ranges for normal operation and performing of aging tests
USRE35313E (en) * 1981-04-17 1996-08-13 Hitachi, Ltd. Semiconductor integrated circuit with voltage limiter having different output ranges from normal operation and performing of aging tests
US5566185A (en) * 1982-04-14 1996-10-15 Hitachi, Ltd. Semiconductor integrated circuit

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2104336A (en) * 1932-07-30 1938-01-04 Gen Radio Co Electric system
US2248563A (en) * 1936-10-02 1941-07-08 Loewe Radio Inc Circuit arrangement for current or potential distortion
US2401404A (en) * 1942-08-29 1946-06-04 Rca Corp Electrical multiplying circuit
US2434155A (en) * 1943-09-27 1948-01-06 Rca Corp Electronically controlled variable gain amplifier
US2548913A (en) * 1946-04-17 1951-04-17 Edmund D Schreiner Radio receiver with logarithmic response circuit
US2581124A (en) * 1947-07-23 1952-01-01 Time Inc Alternating-volatge compression network

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2104336A (en) * 1932-07-30 1938-01-04 Gen Radio Co Electric system
US2248563A (en) * 1936-10-02 1941-07-08 Loewe Radio Inc Circuit arrangement for current or potential distortion
US2401404A (en) * 1942-08-29 1946-06-04 Rca Corp Electrical multiplying circuit
US2434155A (en) * 1943-09-27 1948-01-06 Rca Corp Electronically controlled variable gain amplifier
US2548913A (en) * 1946-04-17 1951-04-17 Edmund D Schreiner Radio receiver with logarithmic response circuit
US2581124A (en) * 1947-07-23 1952-01-01 Time Inc Alternating-volatge compression network

Cited By (48)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2831107A (en) * 1951-07-26 1958-04-15 Electronique & Automatisme Sa Electric simulators of arbitrary functions
US2894145A (en) * 1952-11-18 1959-07-07 Lehovec Kurt Double modulator utilizing photo emissive material
US2923876A (en) * 1953-11-02 1960-02-02 Gilfillan Bros Inc Biased diode function generator
US2769137A (en) * 1953-11-13 1956-10-30 Melville C Creusere Single bias voltage curve shaping network
US2897359A (en) * 1953-11-28 1959-07-28 Electronique & Automatisme Sa Electronic switching means
US2841720A (en) * 1954-02-08 1958-07-01 Bosch Arma Corp Function shaping network
US2782268A (en) * 1954-03-29 1957-02-19 William E Ayer Instantaneous automatic gain control amplifier
US2899550A (en) * 1954-08-26 1959-08-11 meissinger etal
US2842733A (en) * 1954-11-01 1958-07-08 Itt Function generator
US2810107A (en) * 1955-07-22 1957-10-15 Ballantine Lab Electrical measuring instrument
US3065911A (en) * 1955-09-27 1962-11-27 Melville C Creusere Square summing multiplier
US2975369A (en) * 1955-12-30 1961-03-14 Goodyear Aircraft Corp Electronic function generator
US2959639A (en) * 1956-03-05 1960-11-08 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Transmission at reduced bandwith
US2920291A (en) * 1956-03-06 1960-01-05 Itt Signal transmission systems
US2989683A (en) * 1956-08-06 1961-06-20 Ohio Commw Eng Co Power supply particularly for automatic fault locator
US2986708A (en) * 1956-08-29 1961-05-30 Hughes Aircraft Co Expander circuit
US2801383A (en) * 1956-09-24 1957-07-30 Sorensen & Company Inc Voltage regulator
US2937341A (en) * 1957-01-11 1960-05-17 Zenith Radio Corp Television receiver
US2917689A (en) * 1957-03-28 1959-12-15 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electrical control apparatus for rolling mill
US3005148A (en) * 1957-06-13 1961-10-17 Bofors Ab Voltage derivation network
US2943268A (en) * 1957-07-30 1960-06-28 Texaco Inc Automatic gain control amplifier circuit
US2936404A (en) * 1957-08-14 1960-05-10 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Current supply apparatus
US2937330A (en) * 1958-01-06 1960-05-17 Gen Precision Inc Alternating current function generator
US3032719A (en) * 1958-04-14 1962-05-01 Ibm Automatic gain control circuits
US3032704A (en) * 1958-06-17 1962-05-01 Ibm Variable impedance network for automatic gain control circuit
US3078713A (en) * 1959-01-15 1963-02-26 Blaw Knox Co Means for generating electric functions
US3034038A (en) * 1959-06-23 1962-05-08 Honeywell Regulator Co Control apparatus
US3163750A (en) * 1960-02-01 1964-12-29 Phillips Petroleum Co Signal correlation measurement
US3088671A (en) * 1960-06-22 1963-05-07 Robert L Chase Multiplier circuit
US3173024A (en) * 1960-07-18 1965-03-09 Richard Peretz Non-linear functional operator
DE1224064B (de) * 1960-07-18 1966-09-01 Acec Schaltungsanordnung zur Erzeugung einer Ausgangsspannung, die sich als Funktion der Eingangsspannung nach einem vorgegebenen Gesetz aendert
US3207889A (en) * 1960-09-21 1965-09-21 Naz Metanodotti S P A Soc Analogue pipe network analyzer
US3157822A (en) * 1960-12-30 1964-11-17 Haskell Boris Impedance networks and display panels utilizing the networks
US3178634A (en) * 1961-04-03 1965-04-13 Basic Products Corp Voltage regulator with a saturable reactor utilizing predetermined nonlinear feedback means
US3206556A (en) * 1961-04-05 1965-09-14 Columbia Broadcasting Syst Inc Signal compression and expansion system
US3174060A (en) * 1961-04-26 1965-03-16 Telefunken Patentverwertung G Temperature compensating circuit employing plurality of semiconductive diodes connected in series
US3182206A (en) * 1962-01-29 1965-05-04 Electronic Comm Inc Multidimensional pulse height trackers
US3253135A (en) * 1962-02-20 1966-05-24 Systron Donner Corp Quarter square analog multiplier
US3188493A (en) * 1962-12-20 1965-06-08 Paul E Malagari Shaping network for ferrite attenuator
US3277318A (en) * 1964-04-30 1966-10-04 Gen Electric Gamma correction circuits
US3457394A (en) * 1966-03-25 1969-07-22 Astrodata Inc Electronic resolver
US3510695A (en) * 1966-07-06 1970-05-05 Oerlikon Maschf Apparatus providing constant adjustment of the partial current in a non-linear resistance network
US3599233A (en) * 1970-01-12 1971-08-10 Richard W Meyer Apparatus for analyzing pipeline networks and computing elements therefor
FR2211664A1 (fr) * 1972-12-21 1974-07-19 Schlumberger Prospection
US5493572A (en) * 1981-04-17 1996-02-20 Hitachi, Ltd. Semiconductor integrated circuit with voltage limiter having different output ranges for normal operation and performing of aging tests
USRE35313E (en) * 1981-04-17 1996-08-13 Hitachi, Ltd. Semiconductor integrated circuit with voltage limiter having different output ranges from normal operation and performing of aging tests
US5566185A (en) * 1982-04-14 1996-10-15 Hitachi, Ltd. Semiconductor integrated circuit
US4916389A (en) * 1982-12-17 1990-04-10 Hitachi, Ltd. Semiconductor integrated circuit with voltage limiter having different output ranges from normal operation and performing of aging tests

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