US2701304A - Cyclotron - Google Patents

Cyclotron Download PDF

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Publication number
US2701304A
US2701304A US229077A US22907751A US2701304A US 2701304 A US2701304 A US 2701304A US 229077 A US229077 A US 229077A US 22907751 A US22907751 A US 22907751A US 2701304 A US2701304 A US 2701304A
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United States
Prior art keywords
loop
dee electrodes
transmission lines
dee
cyclotron
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US229077A
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English (en)
Inventor
Theodore M Dickinson
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General Electric Co
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General Electric Co
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Publication date
Application filed by General Electric Co filed Critical General Electric Co
Priority to US229077A priority Critical patent/US2701304A/en
Priority to GB11683/52A priority patent/GB710313A/en
Priority to CH303438D priority patent/CH303438A/de
Priority to DEI5915A priority patent/DE946002C/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2701304A publication Critical patent/US2701304A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03B—GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
    • H03B5/00—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input
    • H03B5/08—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance
    • H03B5/10—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being vacuum tube
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H13/00—Magnetic resonance accelerators; Cyclotrons

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to cyclotron apparatus for accelerating charged particles in spiral paths, and particularly to means for energizing such apparatus.
  • ions are accelerated to high energy levels in spiral paths by the combined action of a cyclically reversible electric field and a unidirectional magnetic field.
  • This apparatus comprises a pair of opposed hollow, D-shaped electrodes, called dees, enclosed by an evacuable tank and energized by a suitable source of oscillatory power. Ions formed in the central space between the dee electrodes are accelerated intermittently by the reversible electric field appearing between the dee electrodes, while they are simultaneously constrained to outwardly spiraling paths by the unidirectional magnetic field which is oriented to be essentially normal to the plane of extension of the dee electrodes.
  • the dee electrodes are usually supported at the ends of transmission lines, whereby the lines with the dee electrodes connected thereto serve as a high Q tank circuit for an electron discharge tube oscillator. While this expedient has provided adequate high voltage and frequency stability, the coupling of the oscillator to the transmission lines has caused considerable difliculty, since the transmission lines have a tendency to oscillate in such a mode that no electric field appears between the dee electrodes. Therefore, it is a principal object of the present invention to provide improved means for energizing the dee electrodes in cyclotron apparatus.
  • cyclotron apparatus having a pair of dee electrodes connected to a parallel wire transmission line.
  • the dee electrodes are energized by an electron discharge tube oscillator which is inductively coupled to the transmission line in such manner as to assure the production of the desired electric field between the dee electrodes.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic, partially broken away, perspective view of cyclotron apparatus suitably embodying the invention
  • Fig. 2 is a fragmentary sectional view taken along line 22 of Fig. 1
  • Fig. 3 is a circuit diagram illustrating preferred connections for the energization of the apparatus of Fig. 1
  • Figs. 4, 5 are diagrammatic representations useful in explaining the invention.
  • like numerals will be employed to identify similar elements in the various figures of the drawings.
  • cyclotron apparatus which comprises opposed, hollow, dee electrodes 1 and 2, suitably supported at the ends of hollow transmission lines 3 and 4, within an evacuable, hollow tank 5.
  • Portion 6 of tank 5 and portions 7, 8 of transmission lines 3, 4, respectively, are reduced in the height dimension in order to facilitate the insertion of this section of the apparatus between the pole pieces of an electromagnet, not shown, whereby a magnetic field having a direction as indicated by the arrow H, essen- 2,701,304 Patented Feb. 1, 1955 "ice tially normal to the plane of extension of dee electrodes 1 and 2, may be provided.
  • an electron discharge tube oscillator is coupled to transmission lines 3 and 4 by means of an anode loop 9 and a cathode feedback loop 10.
  • Anode loop 9 is adjustably supported between transmission lines 3 and 4 by means of conductive rods 11 and 12, which are slidably inserted through hermetic sealing insulators 13 and 14.
  • clamp members 15 and 16 which serve as electrical connections for the anodes 19 and 20 of electron discharge devices 17 and 18 respectively.
  • a center tap is provided for anode loop 9 by means of right-angle conductive rod 21, which is introduced to tank 5 in slidable hermetic relationship by means of an insulator 22.
  • Cathode loop 10 is supported in a manner similar to anode loop 9 by means of conductive rods 23, 24 and insulators 25, 26.
  • rods 27 and 28 Afiixed to the upper ends of conductive rods 23, 24 respectively are rods 27 and 28, the former of which is connected through a flexible lead 29 to one side of the filament of discharge tube 17 and the latter of which is connected through a flexible lead 30 to one side of the filament of discharge tube 18.
  • an electrostatic shield 31 is provided as shown; and the discharge tube oscillator is surrounded by a shield 32 to prevent the generated oscillations from radiating and disturbing nearby equipment.
  • anode loop 9 is connected at one end to the plate electrode 19 of discharge tube 17 and at the other end to the plate electrode 20 of discharge tube 18; while cathode loop 10 is connected at one end to one side of the filament 35 of discharge tube 17 and at the other end to one side of the filament 36 of discharge tube 18.
  • Anode loop 9 and cathode loop 10 are respectively shunted by variable tuning capacitors 37 and 38; and the positive terminal of the B voltage supply, which is connected to ground as indicated conventionally at 39, is introduced into the oscillator circuit at the approximate mid-point 40 of anode loop 9 through an isolating high frequency choke 41a.
  • Alternating heating current is supplied to filaments 35 and 36 from a source of alternating current 41 connected to the primary winding 42 of a filament transformer 43.
  • Current induced in secondary winding 44 of filament transformer 43 is directed to filaments 35 and 36 through a network including high frequency choke coils 45, 46, 47, 48, and bypass capacitors 49, 50, 51, 52.
  • the center tap 53 of secondary winding 44 is connected through a high frequency choke 54 to the minus terminal of the B voltage supply and also through a parallel network, including a crate to generate sustained oscillations within the tank circuit formed by transmission lines 3, 4, and dee electrodes 1, 2.
  • Tuning bar 61 which may be electrically connected through sliding contacts, not shown, to transmission lines 3 and 4 and the inside conducting surface of tank 5 as represented schematically in Fig. 1, may be adjusted through an operating rod 62 such that a desired condition of resonance obtains at the operating frequency of the cyclotron apparatus, whereby transmission lines 3 and 4 may be considered as a shielded parallel wire transmission line having effectively a foreshortened quarter wavelength.
  • Tuning capacitors 37 and 38 may be employed to adjust the relative phases of voltages induced in anode loop 9 and cathode loop 10.
  • the anode loop may be tuned for an impedance match to the load impedance reflected thereinto; and by varying the height of cathode loop 10 in conjunction with the adjustment of tuning capacitor 38, the cathode loop may be tuned for the proper amplitude of feedback voltage to sustain tank circuit oscillation.
  • filaments 35 and 36 may be maintained at substantially high frequency ground potential.
  • a grid feedback loop would be substituted for the cathode feedback loop of the circuit of Fig. 3 and the orientation would be such that open ends of the anode and grid loops are adjacent each other.
  • the grounded grid circuit of Fig. 3 is preferred because difficult neutralization of undesired oscillations is necessary in the grounded cathode circuit.
  • a hermetically sealed partition may be utilized within tank 5 to seal off the dee electrodes from the remainder of tank interior in order to reduce the volume requiring evacuation.
  • Cyclotron apparatus comprising a pair of dee electrodes between which a cyclically reversible electric field may be developed for accelerating charged particles in spiral paths, means for energizing the dee electrodes comprising a parallel wire transmission line connected to said dee electrodes, and an electron discharge tube oscillator inductively coupled to said parallel wire transmission line, said transmission line with said dee electrodes connected thereto being a foreshortened quarter wavelength at the operating frequency of said oscillator, said inductive coupling of said oscillator including an anode loop and a feedback loop both extending in planes essentially parallel to the plane of extension of said transmission line and positioned intermediate said parallel wire transmission lines.
  • Cyclotron apparatus comprising a pair of dee electrodes between which a cyclically reversible electric field may be developed for accelerating charged particles in spiral paths, means for energizing the dee electrodes comprising a shielded parallel wire transmission line connected to said dee electrodes, and an electron discharge tube oscillator inductively coupled to said parallel wire transmission line, said transmission line with said dee electrodes connected thereto being a foreshortened quarter wavelength at the operating frequency of said oscillator, said inductive coupling of said oscillator including an anode loop and a feedback loop both extending in planes essentially parallel to the plane of extension of said transmission line and positioned intermediate said parallel wire transmission lines.
  • said feedback loop comprises a cathode loop, said anode and cathode loops being positioned with the open end of one of the loops adjacent the closed end of the other of the loops.
  • Cyclotron apparatus for accelerating charged particles comprising a pair of dee electrodes, an electron discharge tube oscillator for energizing said dee electrodes, a pair of hollow conductors each of which is connected at one end to one of said pair of dee electrodes, said conductors and said dee electrodes being enclosed by an evacuable tank of conductive material, said pair of conductors with said dee electrodes connected thereto being a foreshortened quarter wave-length at the operating frequency of said oscillator and means hermetically introduced into said tank for coupling said oscillator to said hollow conductors including an anode loop and a feedback loop both extending in planes essentially parallel to a plane including the longitudinal axes of said conductors and positioned intermediate said pair of hollow conductors.
  • Cyclotron apparatus for accelerating charged particles comprising a pair of dee electrodes, a push-pull electron discharge tube oscillator for energizing said dee electrodes, a pair of hollow conductors each of which is connected at one end to one of said pair of dee electrodes, said conductors and said dee electrodes being enclosed by an evacuable tank of conductive material, means coupled to said conductors for tuning said conductors and said dee electrodes to a foreshortened quarter wave-length at the operating frequency of said oscillator and means for coupling said oscillator to said conductors including an anode loop and a feedback loop both extending in planes essentially parallel to a plane including the longitudinal axes of said conductors and positioned intermediate said pair of hollow conductors.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Particle Accelerators (AREA)
  • Lasers (AREA)
US229077A 1951-05-31 1951-05-31 Cyclotron Expired - Lifetime US2701304A (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US229077A US2701304A (en) 1951-05-31 1951-05-31 Cyclotron
GB11683/52A GB710313A (en) 1951-05-31 1952-05-08 Improvements relating to cyclotrons
CH303438D CH303438A (de) 1951-05-31 1952-05-27 Zyklotron.
DEI5915A DE946002C (de) 1951-05-31 1952-05-28 Zyklotron

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US229077A US2701304A (en) 1951-05-31 1951-05-31 Cyclotron

Publications (1)

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US2701304A true US2701304A (en) 1955-02-01

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US229077A Expired - Lifetime US2701304A (en) 1951-05-31 1951-05-31 Cyclotron

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US (1) US2701304A (de)
CH (1) CH303438A (de)
DE (1) DE946002C (de)
GB (1) GB710313A (de)

Cited By (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3689847A (en) * 1970-05-29 1972-09-05 Philips Corp Oscillator for a cyclotron having two dees
US20080218102A1 (en) * 2004-07-21 2008-09-11 Alan Sliski Programmable radio frequency waveform generatior for a synchrocyclotron
US20090140671A1 (en) * 2007-11-30 2009-06-04 O'neal Iii Charles D Matching a resonant frequency of a resonant cavity to a frequency of an input voltage
US8791656B1 (en) 2013-05-31 2014-07-29 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Active return system
US8927950B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2015-01-06 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Focusing a particle beam
US9155186B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2015-10-06 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Focusing a particle beam using magnetic field flutter
US9185789B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2015-11-10 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Magnetic shims to alter magnetic fields
US9301384B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2016-03-29 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Adjusting energy of a particle beam
US9545528B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2017-01-17 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Controlling particle therapy
US9622335B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2017-04-11 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Magnetic field regenerator
US9661736B2 (en) 2014-02-20 2017-05-23 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Scanning system for a particle therapy system
US9681531B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2017-06-13 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Control system for a particle accelerator
US9723705B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2017-08-01 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Controlling intensity of a particle beam
US9730308B2 (en) 2013-06-12 2017-08-08 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Particle accelerator that produces charged particles having variable energies
US9950194B2 (en) 2014-09-09 2018-04-24 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Patient positioning system
US9962560B2 (en) 2013-12-20 2018-05-08 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Collimator and energy degrader
US10254739B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2019-04-09 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Coil positioning system
US10258810B2 (en) 2013-09-27 2019-04-16 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Particle beam scanning
US10646728B2 (en) 2015-11-10 2020-05-12 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Adaptive aperture
US10653892B2 (en) 2017-06-30 2020-05-19 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Configurable collimator controlled using linear motors
US10675487B2 (en) 2013-12-20 2020-06-09 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Energy degrader enabling high-speed energy switching
US10925147B2 (en) 2016-07-08 2021-02-16 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Treatment planning
US11103730B2 (en) 2017-02-23 2021-08-31 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Automated treatment in particle therapy
US11291861B2 (en) 2019-03-08 2022-04-05 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Delivery of radiation by column and generating a treatment plan therefor
CN115800995A (zh) * 2023-02-06 2023-03-14 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院 一种回旋管振荡器的输出波功率控制方法、装置及设备

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL130960C (de) * 1963-12-17

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2516990A (en) * 1942-09-14 1950-08-01 Rca Corp Ultra high frequency mixer circuits
US2531065A (en) * 1950-04-27 1950-11-21 Collins Radio Co Apparatus for changing the ion source of a cyclotron
US2615129A (en) * 1947-05-16 1952-10-21 Edwin M Mcmillan Synchro-cyclotron

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH205250A (de) * 1938-12-19 1939-06-15 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Zyklotron.
US2492324A (en) * 1947-12-24 1949-12-27 Collins Radio Co Cyclotron oscillator system

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2516990A (en) * 1942-09-14 1950-08-01 Rca Corp Ultra high frequency mixer circuits
US2615129A (en) * 1947-05-16 1952-10-21 Edwin M Mcmillan Synchro-cyclotron
US2531065A (en) * 1950-04-27 1950-11-21 Collins Radio Co Apparatus for changing the ion source of a cyclotron

Cited By (45)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3689847A (en) * 1970-05-29 1972-09-05 Philips Corp Oscillator for a cyclotron having two dees
US8952634B2 (en) 2004-07-21 2015-02-10 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Programmable radio frequency waveform generator for a synchrocyclotron
US20080218102A1 (en) * 2004-07-21 2008-09-11 Alan Sliski Programmable radio frequency waveform generatior for a synchrocyclotron
US7626347B2 (en) * 2004-07-21 2009-12-01 Still River Systems, Inc. Programmable radio frequency waveform generator for a synchrocyclotron
US20100045213A1 (en) 2004-07-21 2010-02-25 Still River Systems, Inc. Programmable Radio Frequency Waveform Generator for a Synchrocyclotron
USRE48047E1 (en) 2004-07-21 2020-06-09 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Programmable radio frequency waveform generator for a synchrocyclotron
US20090140671A1 (en) * 2007-11-30 2009-06-04 O'neal Iii Charles D Matching a resonant frequency of a resonant cavity to a frequency of an input voltage
US8933650B2 (en) 2007-11-30 2015-01-13 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Matching a resonant frequency of a resonant cavity to a frequency of an input voltage
US10254739B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2019-04-09 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Coil positioning system
US9723705B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2017-08-01 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Controlling intensity of a particle beam
US9185789B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2015-11-10 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Magnetic shims to alter magnetic fields
US9301384B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2016-03-29 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Adjusting energy of a particle beam
US9545528B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2017-01-17 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Controlling particle therapy
US9622335B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2017-04-11 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Magnetic field regenerator
US9155186B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2015-10-06 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Focusing a particle beam using magnetic field flutter
US9681531B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2017-06-13 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Control system for a particle accelerator
US9706636B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2017-07-11 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Adjusting energy of a particle beam
US10368429B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2019-07-30 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Magnetic field regenerator
US8927950B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2015-01-06 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Focusing a particle beam
US10155124B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2018-12-18 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Controlling particle therapy
US8791656B1 (en) 2013-05-31 2014-07-29 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Active return system
US9730308B2 (en) 2013-06-12 2017-08-08 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Particle accelerator that produces charged particles having variable energies
US10258810B2 (en) 2013-09-27 2019-04-16 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Particle beam scanning
US10456591B2 (en) 2013-09-27 2019-10-29 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Particle beam scanning
US9962560B2 (en) 2013-12-20 2018-05-08 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Collimator and energy degrader
US10675487B2 (en) 2013-12-20 2020-06-09 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Energy degrader enabling high-speed energy switching
US9661736B2 (en) 2014-02-20 2017-05-23 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Scanning system for a particle therapy system
US10434331B2 (en) 2014-02-20 2019-10-08 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Scanning system
US11717700B2 (en) 2014-02-20 2023-08-08 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Scanning system
US9950194B2 (en) 2014-09-09 2018-04-24 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Patient positioning system
US10646728B2 (en) 2015-11-10 2020-05-12 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Adaptive aperture
US11213697B2 (en) 2015-11-10 2022-01-04 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Adaptive aperture
US11786754B2 (en) 2015-11-10 2023-10-17 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Adaptive aperture
US10786689B2 (en) 2015-11-10 2020-09-29 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Adaptive aperture
US10925147B2 (en) 2016-07-08 2021-02-16 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Treatment planning
US12150235B2 (en) 2016-07-08 2024-11-19 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Treatment planning
US11103730B2 (en) 2017-02-23 2021-08-31 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Automated treatment in particle therapy
US10653892B2 (en) 2017-06-30 2020-05-19 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Configurable collimator controlled using linear motors
US11717703B2 (en) 2019-03-08 2023-08-08 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Delivery of radiation by column and generating a treatment plan therefor
US11311746B2 (en) 2019-03-08 2022-04-26 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Collimator and energy degrader for a particle therapy system
US11291861B2 (en) 2019-03-08 2022-04-05 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Delivery of radiation by column and generating a treatment plan therefor
US12161885B2 (en) 2019-03-08 2024-12-10 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Delivery of radiation by column and generating a treatment plan therefor
US12168147B2 (en) 2019-03-08 2024-12-17 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Collimator and energy degrader for a particle therapy system
CN115800995B (zh) * 2023-02-06 2023-05-02 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院 一种回旋管振荡器的输出波功率控制方法、装置及设备
CN115800995A (zh) * 2023-02-06 2023-03-14 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院 一种回旋管振荡器的输出波功率控制方法、装置及设备

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB710313A (en) 1954-06-09
CH303438A (de) 1954-11-30
DE946002C (de) 1956-07-19

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