US2996407A - Method and apparatus for porcelain enameling - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for porcelain enameling Download PDF

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Publication number
US2996407A
US2996407A US714120A US71412058A US2996407A US 2996407 A US2996407 A US 2996407A US 714120 A US714120 A US 714120A US 71412058 A US71412058 A US 71412058A US 2996407 A US2996407 A US 2996407A
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United States
Prior art keywords
sheets
articles
slurry
stage
coating
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Expired - Lifetime
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US714120A
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English (en)
Inventor
Daniel M Meeker
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Toledo Porcelain Enamel Products Co
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Toledo Porcelain Enamel Products Co
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Priority to US714120A priority Critical patent/US2996407A/en
Priority to FR809014A priority patent/FR1239633A/fr
Priority to GB38176/59A priority patent/GB878884A/en
Priority to BE584800A priority patent/BE584800A/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2996407A publication Critical patent/US2996407A/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23D—ENAMELLING OF, OR APPLYING A VITREOUS LAYER TO, METALS
    • C23D11/00—Continuous processes; Apparatus therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23D—ENAMELLING OF, OR APPLYING A VITREOUS LAYER TO, METALS
    • C23D5/00—Coating with enamels or vitreous layers
    • C23D5/02—Coating with enamels or vitreous layers by wet methods

Definitions

  • Porcelain enameling consists of depositing upon a prepared Surface of metal, e.g. iron or steel, a coating of pulverulent glass composition, known in the art as frit, which when applied is suspended in water to make a slurry; drying the coating to leave a chalky layer of frit adhering to the surface and then fusing the frit into a tightly adherent vitreous glaze.
  • frit pulverulent glass composition
  • the coating of slurry is sometimes applied by dipping i.e.
  • the coating has been usually applied by atomizing, i.e. air blast spraying.
  • Both dipping and spraying have disadvantages. Dipping involves handling, either manually or by machine, of the articles and if the excess slurry is not drained directly back into the vat in which the articles were immersed the excess slurry must either be wasted or be reconditioned and reblended with fresh slurry.
  • the dipping process thus is elaborate and slow and liable to produce products which are imperfect because of the formation of stalactites during drainage or because of marring during handling.
  • Atomizing is wasteful of frit much of which is blown away by the air blast or taken away by exhaust ventilation to be disposed of as a dirty nuisance.
  • the coating applied by atomizing may be non-uniform, thick in some areas and thin in others, with edges and prominences left partially or completely bare, and it may contain pores which are the remains of minute bubbles of atomizing air that have formed upon surfaces being coated.
  • a further object is to provide a method and apparatus for porcelain enameling articles with vitreous glaze which covers edges and prominences as well as even surfaces.
  • Another object is to provide a method and apparatus for porcelain enameling which involves a minimum of waste of glazing material.
  • Another object is to provide porcelain enameling apparatus in which glazing materials can be readily replenished as they are consumed and articles can be readily supplied to be porcelain enameled and removed after being porcelain enameled all without halting the operation of the apparatus.
  • Another object is to provide porcelain enameling apparatus having the characteristics indicated above which occupies minimum space and is not liable to get out of order.
  • FIG. I is a small scale schematic general layout in Patented Aug. 15, 1961 plan of one form of apparatus embodying the instant invention
  • FIG. II is a side elevational view on a larger scale of the portion of the apparatus utilized in a step of applying a coating of slurry to articles being processed;
  • FIG. III is an end elevational view of the portion of the apparatus illustrated in FIG. II;
  • FIG. IV is a view in plan showing on an inter-mediate scale a portion of the apparatus illustrated in FIG. I with articles being carried around a turn in their path through the apparatus, and
  • FIG. V is an isometric View on a further enlarged scale showing parts of articles hung from a carriage as it rounds the turn.
  • an oblong conveyor 1 conveys previously cleaned and prepared sheets 2 (which may be of corrugated steel and the dimensions of which may be e.g. 2' x 10) between upright pipes 3 the tops of which are closed and which have vertical slits 4 adjacent their tops.
  • the lower ends of the pipes 3 are connected to a manifold 5 which in turn is connected to a pump 6, the pump 6 being operated by a motor 7.
  • a conduit 8 leads from the pump 6 to the bottom of a tank 9 which is positioned directly below the pipes 3 and the manifold 5.
  • the walls of the tank 9 are flared, the top is open and the tank is relatively shallow as compared to dipping vats heretofore used.
  • the apparatus so far described with the exception of the conveyor 1 and the sheets 2, is mounted on a framework 10 having casters 11, so that the framework 10 and the mechanism mounted thereon may be conveniently rolled about and may be exactly positioned relatively to the paths of the sheets 2.
  • the pipes 3 are telescopic so that the heights of the slits 4 may be adjusted to discharge slurry most eflicaciously.
  • the conveyor 1 in the form shown in the drawings comprises a track 12 under which carriages 13 are slung by means of hanger rods 14 which have rollers 15 that are journaled at the upper ends of the hanger rods and roll upon the track 12, there being a pair of hanger rods 14- and rollers 15 for each carriage 13.
  • the lower ends of the hanger rods 14 are formed with hooks 16 which are engaged in openings 17 in a main hanger bar 18 in such manner as to permit slight swiveling and articulation at the joints between the hanger rods 14 and the main hanger bar 18.
  • a yoke 19 Straddling the main hanger bar 18 at its center and pivotally and swivelly supported thereby is a yoke 19 having laterally extending equal arms 19'.
  • the yoke 19 may also have downwardly extending legs 19 that can be utilized in carrying articles having shapes not adapted to being carried by the laterally extending arms.
  • Pivotally and swivelly supported at their centers upon the outer ends of the laterally extending arms of the yoke 19 Pivotally and swivelly supported at their centers upon the outer ends of the laterally extending arms of the yoke 19 are beams 20, and hung, for limited pivotal and swivel movement, from the ends of the beams 20 are short lengths of wire 21 with hooks formed at their lower ends. The lower ends of the short lengths of wire 21 are hooked into eyelets or holes 22 in the upper margins of the sheets 2.
  • the carriages 13 are coupled into an endless train by means of links 25 and 26 which reach from each hanger rod 14 to the following hanger rod 14, the dimensions of the links 25 and 26 being such as to accommodate sheets 2 of the particular size to be porcelain enameled.
  • Two carriages 13 linked in tandem carry a pair of sheets 2 suspended side by side.
  • the ends of the pair of sheets carried by each tandem of carriages 13 are spaced sufiiciently from the ends of the pair of sheets carried by the following tandem to avoid interference between the ends of the sheets Whether they are being carried along a straight stretch of'track 12 or around a curve in the track.
  • the train of carriages 13 ' is pulled at appropriate slow speed around the track 12 by any preferred type of traction mechanism, many types of which are commercially available. Since traction mechanism per se is not a feature of this invention it is not shown or described herein.
  • Each tandem of carriages 13 is loaded by hooking the lower ends of the short lengths 21 of wire into the holes 22 in the upper margins ofthe sheets 2 while the train is in continuous motion and before that tandem of carriages reaches the space above the tank 9.
  • the mobility and momentum of the downwardly flushing, layer causes rapid drainage as well as uniform coating.
  • the only place where residues are liable to form welts or stalactites on the sheets coated by flushing according to the instant invention is along the lower edges of the sheets.
  • resilient wipers 27 are so mounted upon the tank 9 as to engage lightly the lower edges of the sheets 2 as the sheets move out of the space about the tank 9. Where the wipers 27 engage the lower edges of the sheets 2 drainage has been completed except for droplets which if they wereto remain would form nodules or welts. The action of the wipers, however, removes the droplets and butters the alluvial frit smoothly along the edges. All of the slurry that returns to the tank 9 is reusable.
  • the conveyor 1 extends through a drying oven 28 preferably located on the same straight stretch as that on which the slurry applying mechanism is positioned.
  • the casters 11 with the framework 10 constitute a cart 29 which enables the pipes 35 and the tank 9 to be positioned at such distances from the drying oven 28 that the coating, though damp, will not be too wet when the sheets enter the drying oven.
  • the drying oven may be of any preferred type. Since the drying oven per se is not a feature of this invention it is not illustrated or described in detail herein.
  • the sheets travel from the drying oven around a curve in the track 12 and enter a fusing furnace 30 the particular form of which is not a feature of this invention and which therefore is not illustrated or described in detail herein.
  • the chalky coating on the sheets after drying is very fragile and liable to damage by scratching or scraping if the sheets should touch each other or anything else as they travel around the curved portion of the track 12 which leads from the drying oven 28 to the fusing furnace 30.
  • the path of one of the sheets carried by each tandem of carriages 13 is shorter than the path of the other sheet but the construction and articulation of the carriages 13 as hereinbefore described permits the carriages to yield and go askew in a manner that results in the avoidance of damage and at the same time completes the preparation of the dried coating for fusing. It will be noted bc the examination of FIG.
  • the short lengths 21 of wire are not vertical when the sheets 2 are loaded on the carriage '13 but are so pulled out of plumb that they prevent the sheets *2 from swinging endwise or getting out of level to any important degree, though they hold the sheets-against vagrant movements without imparting significant strains thereto.
  • the yieldability of the carriage assemblies allows such relative movement of the sheets as occurs when they move along their shorter and longer inside ancloutside paths around the curved portion of the track 12-without setting up strains or bending in the carriage and without bending or otherwise deforming the sheets.
  • the particles of pulverulent frit are fused together and fused to the metal of the sheets so that when the sheets cool below fusing temperature they are glazed uniformly with an imperforate, smooth, fire polished covering of porcelain enamel of superior quality.
  • the sheets After leaving the fusing furnace 30 the sheets are carried around a second curve of the conveyor 1 where the carriages 13 function in the same way that they functioned while carrying the sheets from the drying oven around the first mentioned curve to the fusing furnace.
  • the porcelain enameled sheets After rounding the second curve, the porcelain enameled sheets having cooled to temperatures at which they can be handled by persons wearing asbestos mittens or gloves, are manually removed from the carriages 13 and replaced by precleaned and prepared sheets to be porcelain enameled.
  • the flushing mechanism comprises a combination of features which enable articles to be coated with alluvial frit quickly and uniformly and with important economy of material.
  • the carriages of special design, proportioning and articulation are new and useful in themselves and in combination with the flushing mechanism and with the conveyor.
  • the products i.e. the corrugated sheets porcelain enameled by means of the process and apparatus hereinabove described, has outstanding characteristics of appearance, durability and low cost which are very valuable in a highly competitive market. Although these valuable characteristics of the product may be looked upon as matters of degree rather than matters of kind, the fact that they exist in the product enhances the attributes of patentability possessed by the method and apparatus by which the product is produced.
  • a method of porcelain enameling metal articles which comprises the steps of making eyelets in said articles adjacent an edge thereof; hanging said articles from supporting means passing through said eyelets; moving a series of such supporting means to carry a succession of said articles horizontally through a coating stage, a drying stage and a fusing stage; applw'ng vertically flat streams of slurry, consisting of a suspension of pulverulent frit in water, to the upper edges and to the upper margins of both sides of said articles as they move through said coating stage, whereby such slurry is flushed downwardly over both sides of said articles; applying wiping means to the lower edges of said sheets while said sheets are in motion and thereby removing excess slurry from the lower edges only of said articles; moving said supporting means in a straight path from said coating stage through said drying stage and in a curved path from said drying stage toward said fusing stage; rocking said supporting means in said eyelets to crumble dried residues of slurry from said eyelets while said supporting means are moving along said curved path; and moving said supporting
  • a method of porcelain enameling a metal article which comprises the steps of supporting said article with the surface to be enameled generally vertical, applying a flat, solid stream of slurry consisting of a suspension of frit in water to the upper edge of said surface of said metal article in a quantity suificient to flow across said surface whereby an alluvial coating of damp frit is deposited on said surface; and fusing said frit remaining on said surface into an imperforate layer of porcelain.
  • a method of porcelain enameling as described in claim 2 further characterized in that said flat streams of slurry are substantially vertical.
  • a method of porcelain enameling a metal article which comprises the steps of supporting said article with the surface to be enameled generally vertical while moving it successively through a coating stage, a drying stage, and a fusing stage; applying a flat, solid stream of slurry, consisting of frit in water, to the upper edge of said surface of said article in said coating stage in a quantity sufficient to flow across said surface whereby an alluvial coating of damp frit remains on said surface; drying said surface in said drying stage; and fusing said frit into an imperforate layer on said surface in said fusing stage.
  • a method of porcelain enameling as described in claim 4 further characterized in that said flat stream of slurry is substantially vertical.
  • a conveyor adapted to position articles with their surface to be enameled in a substantially vertical position and to move said articles through a coating stage and a fusing stage; means including a nozzle having an elongated orifice for applying a flat stream of slurry consisting of a suspension of frit in water to a surface of said articles whereby an alluvial coating of damp frit remains on said surface; and means to position said nozzle orifice to direct said stream of slurry onto the upper margin of said surface to be coated.
  • a conveyor adapted to position articles so that the surface to be enameled is substantially vertical and to move said articles through a coating stage and a fusing stage; means including a nozzle having a vertically elongated orifice for applying a flat stream of slurry consisting of a suspension of frit in water to a surface of said articles whereby an alluvial coating of damp frit remains on said surface; means to position said nozzle to direct the stream of slurry upon the upper margin of the surface to be coated; and means removing excess slurry from the lower edge of said surface prior to said fusing stage.
  • a conveyor adapted to position said articles so that their surfaces to be enameled are substantially vertical and to move said articles through a coating stage and a fusing stage; said conveyor supporting said metal articles by means engaging holes formed in the upper portions of said articles; means including a nozzle having a vertically elongated orifice for applying a flat stream of slurry consisting of a suspension of frit in water to a surface of said articles whereby an alluvial coating of damp frit remains on said surface; means to position said nozzle orifice to direct said stream to the upper margin of the surface to be enameled; said con veyor adapted to move said engaging means in said holes formed in said articles after said coating stage to crumble dried residues of said slurry from said holes before said fusing stage.
  • a conveyor comprising a closed oblong track, a series of carriages movable along said track and hung there from by hanger rods, each of said carriages having an articulated frame consisting of a horizontal main hanger bar to the ends of which the lower ends of said hanger rods are connected for limited pivoting and swiveling, a member having arms extending laterally, said member being connected at its center to the center of said main hanger bar for limited pivotal and swiveling movement, a pair of beams pivotally and swivelly supported at ends of said laterally extending arms, and short lengths of wire swingingly depending from the opposite ends of said beams, said lengths of wire having hooked lower ends adapted to be hooked into eyelets in metal sheets, said carriages being linked into tandems of two carriages each, and said tandems being linked into endless trains, whereby each tandem is capable of carrying a pair of sheets along straight stretches of said oblong track and around curves thereof; flushing mechanism
  • flushing mechanism for applying slurry to metal sheets
  • said flushing mechanism including a tank having an open top, a manifold abovesaid tank, a pump and conduits for pumping slurry from. said tank into said manifold, pipes extending upwardly from said manifold above said tank, said pipes having their upper ends closed and having vertical slits adjacent their upper ends and being adjustable in height, whereby the vertical slits may be positioned to discharge vertically fiat streams of slurry upon the upper edges and margins of moving metal sheets so that layers of such slurry are flushed downwardly over both sides of said sheets leaving alluvial coatings of damp frit on the sides of said sheets and returning excess slurry to-said tank.
  • a conveyor comprising a closed oblong track, a series of carriages movable along said track and hung therefrom by hanger rods, each of said carriages having an articulated frame consisting of a horizontal main hanger bar to the ends of which the lower ends of said hanger rods are connected for limited pivoting and swiveling, a member having arms extending laterally, said member being connected at its center to the center of said main hanger bar for limited pivotal and swiveling movement, a pair of beams pivotally and swivelly supported at ends of said laterally extending arms, and short lengths of wire swingly depending from the opposite ends of said beams, said lengths of wire having hooked lower ends adapted to be hooked into eyelets in metal sheets, said carriages being linked into tandems of two carriages each, and said tandems being linked into endless trains, whereby each tandem is capable of carrying a pair of sheets along straight stretches of said oblong track and around curves thereof; flushing mechanism located
  • a conveyor passing through a coating stage, a drying stage and a fusing stage, means for supporting such metal sheets from said conveyor with their major surfaces generally vertical, means at said coating stage for applying vertically flat streams of slurry from both sides to the upper edges of said sheets, and means for wiping excess slurry from the lower edges only of said sheets while they are being conveyed.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Coating Apparatus (AREA)
US714120A 1958-02-10 1958-02-10 Method and apparatus for porcelain enameling Expired - Lifetime US2996407A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US714120A US2996407A (en) 1958-02-10 1958-02-10 Method and apparatus for porcelain enameling
FR809014A FR1239633A (fr) 1958-02-10 1959-10-31 Procédé et installation d'émaillage des objets métalliques
GB38176/59A GB878884A (en) 1958-02-10 1959-11-11 Method and apparatus for porcelain enamelling
BE584800A BE584800A (fr) 1958-02-10 1959-11-18 Procédé et installation d'émaillage des objets métalliques

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US714120A US2996407A (en) 1958-02-10 1958-02-10 Method and apparatus for porcelain enameling

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BE (1) BE584800A (fr)
FR (1) FR1239633A (fr)
GB (1) GB878884A (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4290383A (en) * 1979-07-31 1981-09-22 Creative Craftsmen, Inc. Spraying arrangement
US4411930A (en) * 1981-08-03 1983-10-25 Mitsubishi Rayon Company Ltd. Method and apparatus for surface-hardening treatment of synthetic resin articles
US4606495A (en) * 1983-12-22 1986-08-19 United Technologies Corporation Uniform braze application process

Citations (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1237860A (en) * 1915-03-19 1917-08-21 Standard Varnish Works Article-holder for liquid-coating machines.
US1417528A (en) * 1919-10-08 1922-05-30 Hydraulic Pressed Steel Co Elevated carrier for handling frames and the like
US1955491A (en) * 1932-02-18 1934-04-17 Youngstown Pressed Steel Compa Enameling apparatus
US2010946A (en) * 1931-06-24 1935-08-13 Northwestern Barb Wire Company Galvanizing apparatus and method
US2279686A (en) * 1941-06-09 1942-04-14 Douglas Aircraft Co Inc Method and apparatus for cleaning and painting
US2469123A (en) * 1945-01-20 1949-05-03 Smith Corp A O Apparatus for progressively enameling continuous metal sheeting
US2560270A (en) * 1947-01-23 1951-07-10 Taylor Stoker Company Ltd Apparatus for use in glazing earthenware articles
US2561198A (en) * 1944-03-23 1951-07-17 A C Lawrence Leather Company Spraying apparatus for spraying moving plates
US2570299A (en) * 1947-02-14 1951-10-09 Metalwash Machinery Co Porcelain enameling process
US2661310A (en) * 1949-06-25 1953-12-01 Spra Con Co Apparatus for and method of painting
US2721646A (en) * 1953-03-20 1955-10-25 John H Yoder Overhead conveyor
US2786443A (en) * 1953-09-14 1957-03-26 Buckbee Mears Co Apparatus for producing light-sensitive coatings on metal sheets
US2838023A (en) * 1955-10-28 1958-06-10 Phillip C Jaime Conveyer apparatus with coating, shaking, heating, and cooling of metal panels

Patent Citations (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1237860A (en) * 1915-03-19 1917-08-21 Standard Varnish Works Article-holder for liquid-coating machines.
US1417528A (en) * 1919-10-08 1922-05-30 Hydraulic Pressed Steel Co Elevated carrier for handling frames and the like
US2010946A (en) * 1931-06-24 1935-08-13 Northwestern Barb Wire Company Galvanizing apparatus and method
US1955491A (en) * 1932-02-18 1934-04-17 Youngstown Pressed Steel Compa Enameling apparatus
US2279686A (en) * 1941-06-09 1942-04-14 Douglas Aircraft Co Inc Method and apparatus for cleaning and painting
US2561198A (en) * 1944-03-23 1951-07-17 A C Lawrence Leather Company Spraying apparatus for spraying moving plates
US2469123A (en) * 1945-01-20 1949-05-03 Smith Corp A O Apparatus for progressively enameling continuous metal sheeting
US2560270A (en) * 1947-01-23 1951-07-10 Taylor Stoker Company Ltd Apparatus for use in glazing earthenware articles
US2570299A (en) * 1947-02-14 1951-10-09 Metalwash Machinery Co Porcelain enameling process
US2661310A (en) * 1949-06-25 1953-12-01 Spra Con Co Apparatus for and method of painting
US2721646A (en) * 1953-03-20 1955-10-25 John H Yoder Overhead conveyor
US2786443A (en) * 1953-09-14 1957-03-26 Buckbee Mears Co Apparatus for producing light-sensitive coatings on metal sheets
US2838023A (en) * 1955-10-28 1958-06-10 Phillip C Jaime Conveyer apparatus with coating, shaking, heating, and cooling of metal panels

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4290383A (en) * 1979-07-31 1981-09-22 Creative Craftsmen, Inc. Spraying arrangement
US4411930A (en) * 1981-08-03 1983-10-25 Mitsubishi Rayon Company Ltd. Method and apparatus for surface-hardening treatment of synthetic resin articles
US4606495A (en) * 1983-12-22 1986-08-19 United Technologies Corporation Uniform braze application process

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Publication number Publication date
GB878884A (en) 1961-10-04
FR1239633A (fr) 1960-08-26
BE584800A (fr) 1960-03-16

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